Drug Dosage Forms PDF

DRUG DOSAGE FORMS Dr. Salma Naqvi Asst. Prof., Pharmacology GMU, Ajman Learning objectives At the end of the lecture, should be able to: Differentiate between tablets and capsules Identify different types of tablets, capsules and other solid and semi-solid dosage forms Id...

DRUG DOSAGE FORMS Dr. Salma Naqvi Asst. Prof., Pharmacology GMU, Ajman Learning objectives At the end of the lecture, should be able to: Differentiate between tablets and capsules Identify different types of tablets, capsules and other solid and semi-solid dosage forms Identify and state the properties of different liquid dosage forms (including solutions, suspensions and injections) List different gaseous dosage forms Understand the concept of NDDS  Solid dosage forms TABLET: compressed powder with active drug + inert ingredients (fillers, lubricants, adhesives, and disintegrants). The inert ingredients include specific components that provide bulk, prevent sticking, to the punch during manufacture, maintain, tablet stability in the bottle, and facilitate solubilization of the tablet when it reaches GI fluids. Uncoated, film coated, sugar coated, enteric coated, sustained release. Scored tablet: has an indented line running across it, so that it can be broken easily and accurately into two or three equal doses, depending on the number of score marks on the tablet. Effervescent tablet: dissolves in a glass of water before being swallowed.  Enteric coated tablet does not dissolve in stomach. It dissolves in the alkaline environment of small intestine. used to protect drugs that would otherwise be destroyed by gastric acid and to slow the release and absorption of a drug when a large dose is given at one time. Sustained-release/ extended-release/ slow – release product: release the drug from the preparation over many hours. Dissolves slowly over 12 or 24 hours: Less tablets required. Lozenges: medicated sugar candies: slowly dissolve in mouth. Troche: Disintegrates into a medicated paste in mouth. Pessary: oval tablet for vaginal use. Suppository: Oval tablet for rectal use, may provide either localized or systemic drug therapy. The drug is incorporated into a solid base that melts or dissolves at body temperature  Insert / Pallet / Beads / Wafers / device: for local effect in body cavities. Urethral ‘Muse pallet’ to treat erectile dysfunction. Ocular & uterine inserts & devices. Gliadel wafer for cancerous tumors CAPSULE: made of gelatin (obtained from collagen from skin & bones of animals) Hard capsules: contain dry powder. Soft capsules contain oily preparation: e.g. vitamin A & D. Spansule / time release capsule / sustained release capsule Hard shell capsules contain the drug in a granular form.  POWDERS: Solid substances reduced to a fine state. For local and systemic (oral) use. Semi – solid dosage forms: OINTMENT: A semisolid emulsion of oil & water for topical application of a drug to the skin or mucous membranes. Is greasy, oily: difficult to wash off. CREAM: A semisolid emulsion of oil & water. Water soluble: easy to remove.  Transdermal patch. Transdermal patches release drugs slowly over a long period of time. They are used to treat chronic conditions, such as to prevent angina attacks in patients with heart disease; Scopolamine patch for motion sickness; estrogen and testosterone patches, nicotine patches.  LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS MIXTURE: solid in liquid or liquid in liquid. Solution: when the ingredients are in dissolved state. Suspension: solute particles are not fully dissolved: settled at bottom. Shake bottle before use. Sterile solutions and suspensions are available for parenteral administration Emulsion: Oil & water. Not mixed together. Shake well before use. SYRUP: Solutions and suspensions for oral administration often sweetened and flavored to increase palatability. 66% sugar in water as a vehicle for cough mixtures etc. Elixirs: sweetened aqueous-alcoholic solutions. Alcohol is included in elixirs as a solvent for drugs that are not sufficiently soluble in water alone. LOTION: suspension of drug in a water base: absorbed into skin and exert a local effect. For external use: Calamine lotion. INJECTIONS: Ampule: is a single dose, small, slender glass container. An alcohol swab is placed around the neck of the ampule, and the ampule is quickly snapped. The drug solution is withdrawn using a syringe. An ampule can be used only once and the remaining, unused drug must be discarded because it contains no preservative. Vial: It is a small glass bottle with a rubber cap, contains multiple doses. To withdraw the liquid drug from a vial, the vial is turned upside down, the needle of a syringe is inserted through the rubber stopper, air is injected into the vial, and the drug dose is withdrawn. A vial can be used multiple times. The rubber stopper is cleansed with alcohol before each dose is withdrawn.  Infusion bottles: 5% dextrose, normal saline, Ringer’s lactate, dextrose+ normal saline bottles. These are administered by i.v. infusion.  Gaseous (inhaled) dosage forms Aerosol (Inhaler) & nebulizer: administered by inhalation through the nose or mouth. Useful for treating respiratory disorders because they deliver the drug directly to the site of action and may thereby minimize the risk of systemic side effects. Gases: Oxygen (white cylinder) Anaesthetic gases: Nitrous oxide (N2O - laughing gas – blue cylinder) Isoflurane, sevoflurane. Volatile Liquids (for general anaesthesia [GA]): Halothane → gets converted into gas for anesthesia. Special drug delivery systems: Ocusert: kept under lower eyelid for glaucoma. Progestasert: Intra uterine contraceptive device. Computerized miniature pumps for insulin infusion in diabetic patients.  Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) NDDS refers to the formulations, systems and technologies for transporting a drug/ pharmaceutical compound in the body as required/needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effects. The drugs are carried via carriers like nanosphere, micelles, liposomes etc. E.g., Pain drug delivery systems are effective treatments for pain management such as chronic non-malignant pain, cancer pain or cramps. The drug usually circulates throughout the body in the bloodstream, but the analgesic delivery system releases the drug directly into the fluid around the spinal cord, reducing drug side effects. The pain medication delivery system relieves Reference: George M.B, Craig W.S, Pharmacology, 4th edition, ISBN: 978-1-4557-0282-4. p 14-16