National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096) PDF

The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES MALACAÑANG Manila PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1096 ADOPTING A NATIONAL BUILD...

The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES MALACAÑANG Manila PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1096 ADOPTING A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES THEREBY REVISING REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SIXTY-FIVE HUNDRED FORTY ONE WHEREAS, the country’s accelerating economic and physical development, coupled with urbanization and population growth, makes imperative the formulation and adoption of a uniform building code which shall embody up-to-date and modern technical knowledge on building design, construction, use, occupancy and maintenance; WHEREAS, while there is Republic Act. No. 6541, entitled “An Act to Ordain and Institute a National Building Code of the Philippines”, the same does not conform with the developmental goals and infrastructure program of the Government and does not adequately provide for all the technological requirements of buildings and structures, in terms of up-to-date design and construction standards and criteria; WHEREAS, in the formation of new national building code, it is the desire and policy of the Government to avail of and harness the technical expertise and professional know-how of men not only in the public but in the private sectors as well, NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree the revision of Republic Act. No. 6541 to read as follows: 1  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS SECTION 101. Title This Decree shall be known as the “National Building Code of the Philippines” and shall hereinafter be referred to as the “Code”. SECTION 102. Declaration of Policy It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare, consistent with the principles of sound environmental management and control; and to this end, make it the purpose of this Code to provide for all buildings and structures, a framework of minimum standards and requirements to regulate and control their location, site, design, quality of materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance. SECTION 103. Scope and Application (a) The provisions of this Code shall apply to the design, location, siting, construction, alteration, repair, conversion, use, occupancy, maintenance, moving, demolition of, and addition to public and private buildings and structures, except traditional indigenous family dwellings as defined herein. (b) Buildings and/or structures constructed before the approval of this Code shall not be affected thereby except when alterations, additions, conversions or repairs are to be made therein in which case, this Code shall apply only to portions to be altered, added, converted or repaired. SECTION 104. General Building Requirements (a) All buildings or structures as well as accessory facilities thereto shall conform in all respects to the principles of safe construction and must be suited to the purpose for which they are designed. (b) Buildings or structures intended to be used for the manufacture and/or production of any kind of article or product shall observe adequate environmental safeguards. (c) Buildings or structures and all parts thereof as well as all facilities found therein shall be maintained in safe, sanitary and good working condition. SECTION 105. Site Requirements The land or site upon which will be constructed any building or structure, or any ancillary or auxillary facility thereto, shall be sanitary, hygienic or safe. In the case of sites or buildings intended for use as human habitation or abode, the same shall be at a safe distance, as determined by competent authorities, from streams or bodies of water and/or sources of air considered to be polluted; from a volcano or volcanic site and/or any other building considered to be a potential source of fire or explosion. SECTION 106. Definitions As used in this Code, the words, terms and phrases enumerated in Annex “A” hereof shall have the meaning or definition, correspondingly provided therein. 2 The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) 3  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 2 ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT SECTION 201. Responsibility for Administration and Enforcement The administration and enforcement of the provisions of this Code including the imposition of penalties for administrative violations thereof is hereby vested in the Secretary of Public Works, Transportation and Communications, hereinafter referred to as the “Secretary”. SECTION 202. Technical Staff The Secretary is hereby authorized to constitute and provide in his Department a professional staff composed of highly qualified architects, engineers and technicians who possess diversified and professional experience in the field of building design and construction. SECTION 203. General Powers and Functions of the Secretary under this Code For purposes of carrying out the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall exercise the following general powers and functions: (1) Formulate policies, plans, standards and guidelines on building design, construction, use, occupancy and maintenance, in accordance with this Code. (2) Issue and promulgate rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this Code and ensure compliance with policies, plans, standards and guidelines formulated under paragraph 1 of this Section. (3) Evaluate, review, approve and/or take final action on changes and/or amendments to existing Referral Codes as well as on the incorporation of other referral codes which are not yet expressly made part of this Code. (4) Prescribe and fix the amount of fees and other charges that the Building Official shall collect in connection with the performance of regulatory functions. SECTION 204. Professional and Technical Assistance The Secretary with the assistance of his technical staff shall provide such professional, technical, scientific and other services including testing laboratories and facilities as may be required to carry out the provisions of this Code; Provided that the Secretary may secure such services as he may deem necessary from other agencies of the National Government and may make arrangement for the compensation of such services. He may also engage and compensate within appropriations available therefore, the services of such number of consultants, experts and advisers on full or part- time basis, as may be necessary, coming from the government or private businesses, entities or associations to carry out the provisions of this Code. SECTION 205. Building Officials Except as otherwise provided herein, the Building Official shall be responsible for carrying out the provisions of this Code in the field as well as the enforcement of orders and decisions made pursuant thereto. Due to the exigencies of the service, the Secretary may designate incumbent Public Works District Engineers, City Engineers and Municipal Engineers to act as Building Officials in their respective areas of jurisdiction. The designation made by the Secretary under this Section shall continue until regular positions of Building Official are provided or unless sooner terminated for causes provided by law or decree. 4  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) SECTION 206. Qualifications of Building Officials No person shall be appointed as a Building Official unless he possesses the following qualifications: 1. A Filipino citizen and of good moral character. 2. A duly registered architect or civil engineer. 3. A member of good standing of a duly accredited organization of his profession for not less than two years. 4. Has at least five years of diversified and professional experience in building design and construction. SECTION 207. Duties of a Building Official In his respective territorial jurisdiction, the Building Official shall be primarily responsible for the enforcement of the provisions of this Code as well as of the implementing rules and regulations issued therefor. He is the official charged with the duties of issuing building permits. In the performance of his duties, a Building Official may enter any building or its premises at all reasonable times to inspect and determine compliance with the requirements of this Code, and the terms and conditions provided for in the building permit as issued. When any building work is found to be contrary to the provisions of this Code, the Building Official may order the work stopped and prescribe the terms and/or conditions when the work will be allowed to resume. Likewise, the Building Official is authorized to order the discontinuance of the occupancy or use of any building or structure or portion thereof found to be occupied or used contrary to the provisions of this Code. SECTION 208. Fees Every Building Official shall keep a permanent record and accurate account of all fees and other charges fixed and authorized by the Secretary to be collected and received under this Code. Subject to existing budgetary, accounting and auditing rules and regulations, the Building Official is hereby authorized to retain not more than twenty percent of his collection for the operating expenses of his office. The remaining eighty percent shall be deposited with the city or municipal treasurer and shall accrue to the General Fund of the province, city or municipality concerned. SECTION 209. Exemption Public buildings and traditional indigenous family dwellings shall be exempt from payment of building permit fees. As used in this Code, the term “traditional indigenous family dwelling” means a dwelling intended for the use and occupancy by the family of the owner only and constructed of native materials such as bamboo, nipa, logs, or lumber, the total cost of which does not exceed fifteen thousand pesos. SECTION 210. Use of Income from Fees Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, the Secretary is hereby authorized to prescribe the procedures for the use of all net income realized by the office of the Building Official from the collection of fees and charges not exceeding twenty percent thereof in accordance with Section 208. Such income may be used to cover necessary operating expenses including the purchase of equipment, supplies and materials, traveling expenses, obligation expenses and sheriff’s fees and payment of other prior years’ obligations not adequately funded, subject to existing budgetary and auditing rules and regulations. 5  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) SECTION 211. Implementing Rules and Regulations In the implementation of the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall formulate necessary rules and regulations and adopt design and construction standards and criteria for buildings and other structures. Such standards, rules and regulations shall take effect after their publication once a week for three consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation. SECTION 212. Administrative Fines For the violation of any of the provisions of this Code or any of the rules or regulations issued thereunder, the Secretary is hereby empowered to prescribe and impose fines not exceeding ten thousand pesos. SECTION 213. Penal Provisions It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, to erect, construct, enlarge, alter, repair, move, improve, remove, convert, demolish, equip, use, occupy, or maintain any building or structure or cause the same to be done contrary to or in violation of any provision of this Code. Any person, firm or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of this Code and/or commit any act hereby declared to be unlawful shall upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than twenty thousand pesos or by imprisonment of not more than two years or by both such fine and imprisonment: Provided, that in the case of a corporation firm, partnership or association, the penalty shall be imposed upon its officials responsible for such violation and in case the guilty party is an alien, he shall immediately be deported after payment of the fine and/or service of his sentence. SECTION 214. Dangerous and Ruinous Buildings or Structures Dangerous buildings are those which are herein declared as such or are structurally unsafe or not provided with safe egress, or which constitute a fire hazard, or are otherwise dangerous to human life, or which in relation to existing use, constitute a hazard to safety or health or public welfare because of inadequate maintenance, dilapidation, obsolescence, or abandonment; or which otherwise contribute to the pollution of the site or the community to an intolerable degree. SECTION 215. Abatement of Dangerous Buildings When any building or structure is found or declared to be dangerous or ruinous, the Building Official shall order its repair, vacation or demolition depending upon the degree of danger to life, health, or safety. This is without prejudice to further action that may be taken under the provisions of Articles 482 and 694 to 707 of the Civil Code of the Philippines. SECTION 216. Other Remedies The rights, actions and remedies provided in this Code shall be in addition to any and all other rights of action and remedies that may be available under existing laws. 6  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 3 PERMITS AND INSPECTION SECTION 301. Building Permits No person, firm or corporation, including any agency or instrumentality of the government shall erect, construct, alter, repair, move, convert or demolish any building or structure or cause the same to be done without first obtaining a building permit therefor from the Building Official assigned in the place where the subject building is located or the building work is to be done. SECTION 302. Application for Permits In order to obtain a building permit, the applicant shall file an application therefor in writing and on the prescribed form from the Office of the Building Official. Every application shall provide at least the following information: (1) A description of the work to be covered by the permit applied for; (2) Certified true copy of the TCT covering the lot on which the proposed work is to be done. If the applicant is not the registered owner, in addition to the TCT, a copy of the contract of lease shall be submitted; (3) The use or occupancy for which the proposal work is intended; (4) Estimated cost of the proposed work. To be submitted together with such application are at least five sets of corresponding plans and specifications prepared, signed and sealed by a duly registered mechanical engineer in case of mechanical plans, and by a registered electrical engineer in case of electrical plans, except in those cases exempted or not required by the Building Official under this Code. SECTION 303. Processing of Building Permits The processing of building permits shall be under the overall administrative control and supervision of the Building Official and his technical staff of qualified professionals. In processing an application for a building permit, the Building Official shall see to it that the applicant satisfies and conforms with approved standard requirements on zoning and land use, lines and grades, structural design, sanitary and sewerage, environmental health, electrical and mechanical safety as well as with other rules and regulations promulgated in accordance with the provisions of this Code. SECTION 304. Issuance of Building Permits When satisfied that the work described in an application for building permit and the plans and specifications submitted therewith, conform to the requirements of this Code and other pertinent rules and regulations, the Building Official shall, within fifteen days from payment of the required fees by the applicant, issue the building permit applied for. The Building Official may issue a permit for the construction of only a part or portion of a building or structure whenever the plans and specifications submitted together with the application do not cover the entire building or structure. Approved plans and specifications shall not be changed, modified or altered without the approval of the Building Official and the work shall be done strictly in accordance thereto. SECTION 305. Validity of Building Permits The issuance of a building permit shall not be construed as an approval or authorization to the permittee to disregard or violate any of the provisions of this Code. 7  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) Whenever the issuance of a permit is based on approved plans and specifications which are subsequently found defective, the Building Official is not precluded from requiring permittee to effect the necessary corrections in said plans and specifications or from preventing or ordering the stoppage of any or all building operations being carried on thereunder which are in violation of this Code. A building permit issued under the provisions of this Code shall expire and become null and void if the building or work authorized therein is not commenced within a period of one year from the date of such permit, or if the building or work so authorized is suspended or abandoned at any time after it has been commenced, for a period of 120 days. SECTION 306. Non-Issuance, Suspension or Revocation of Building Permits The Building Official may order or cause the non-issuance, suspension or revocation of building permits on any or all of the following reasons or grounds: (a) Errors found in the plans and specifications; (b) Incorrect or inaccurate data or information supplied; (c) Non-compliance with the provisions of this Code or of any rule or regulation. Notice of non-issuance, suspension or revocation of building permits shall always be made in writing, stating the reason or grounds therefor. SECTION 307. Appeal Within fifteen (15) days from the date of receipt of advice of the non-issuance, suspension or revocation of permits, the applicant/permittee may file an appeal with the Secretary who shall render his decision within fifteen days from date of receipt of notice of appeal. The decision of the Secretary shall be final subject only to review by the Office of the President. SECTION 308. Inspection and Supervision of Work The owner of the Building who is issued or granted a building permit under this Code shall engage the services of a duly licensed architect or civil engineer to undertake the full time inspection and supervision of the construction work. Such architect or civil engineer may or may not be the same architect or civil engineer who is responsible for the design of the building. It is understood however that in either case, the designing architect or civil engineer is not precluded from conducting inspection of the construction work to check and determine compliance with the plans and specifications of the building as submitted. There shall be kept at the jobsite at all times a logbook wherein the actual progress of construction including tests conducted, weather conditions and other pertinent data are to be recorded. Upon completion of the construction, the said licensed architect or civil engineer shall submit the logbook, duly signed and sealed, to the Building Official. He shall also prepare and submit a Certificate of Completion of the project stating that the construction of building conforms to the provisions of this Code as well as with the approved plans and specifications. SECTION 309. Certificate of Occupancy No building or structure shall be used or occupied and no change in the existing use or occupancy classification of a building or structure or portion thereof shall be made until the Building Official has issued a Certificate of Occupancy therefor as provided in this Code. A Certificate of Occupancy shall be issued by the Building Official within thirty (30) days if after final inspection and submittal of a Certificate of Completion referred to in the preceding Section, it is found that the building or structure complies with the provisions of this Code. The Certificate of Occupancy shall be posted or displayed in a conspicuous place on the premises and shall not be removed except upon order of the Building Official. 8  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) The non-issuance, suspension and revocation of Certificates of Occupancy and the procedure for appeal therefrom shall be governed in so far as applicable, by the provisions of Section 306 and 307 of this Code. 9  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION SECTION 401. Types of Construction For purposes of this Code, all buildings proposed for construction shall be classified or identified according to the following types: (1) Type I – Type I buildings shall be of wood construction. The structural elements may be any of the materials permitted by this Code. (2) Type II – Type II buildings shall be of wood construction with protective fire-resistant materials and one-hour fire-resistive throughout: Except, that permanent non-bearing partitions may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly. (3) Type III – Type III buildings shall be of masonry and wood construction. Structural elements may be any of the materials permitted by this Code: Provided, that the building shall be one-hour fire-resistive throughout. Exterior walls shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction. (4) Type IV – Type IV buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls, ceilings, and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction: Except, that permanent non-bearing partitions of one-hour fire-resistive construction may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly. (5) Type V – Type V buildings shall be fire-resistive. The structural elements shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls, ceilings, and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction. SECTION 402. Changes in Types No change shall be made in the type of construction of any building which would place the building in a different sub-type or type of construction unless such building is made to comply with the requirements for such sub-type of construction: Except, when the changes is approved by the Building Official upon showing that the new or proposed construction is less hazardous, based on life and fire risk, than the existing construction. SECTION 403. Requirements on Type of Construction Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, the Secretary shall prescribe standards for each type of construction, and promulgate rules and regulations therefor, relating to structural framework, exterior walls and openings, interior walls and enclosures, floors, exits and stairs construction, and roofs. 10 The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) 11  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 5 REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE ZONES SECTION 501. Fire Zones Defined Fire zones are areas within which only certain types of buildings are permitted to be constructed based on their use or occupancy, type of construction, and resistance to fire. SECTION 502. Buildings located in more than One Fire Zone A building or structure which is located partly in one fire zone and partly in another shall be considered to be in the more highly restrictive fire zone, when more than one-third of its total floor area is located in such zone. SECTION 503. Moved Building Any building or structure moved within or into any fire zone shall be made to comply with all the requirements for buildings in that fire zone. SECTION 504. Temporary Buildings Temporary buildings such as reviewing stands and other miscellaneous structures conforming to the requirements of this Code, and sheds, canopies and fences used for the protection of the public around and in conjunction with construction work, may be erected in the fire zones by special permit from the Building Official for a limited period of time, and such buildings or structures shall be- completely removed upon the expiration of the time limit stated in such permits. SECTION 505. Center Lines of Streets For the purpose of this Chapter, the center line of an adjoining street or alley may be considered an adjacent property line. Distances shall be measured at right angles to the street or alley. SECTION 506. Restrictions on Existing Buildings Existing buildings or structures in fire zones that do not comply with the requirements for a new building erected therein shall not hereafter be enlarged, altered, remodeled, repaired or moved except as follows: (a) Such building is entirely demolished; (b) Such building is to be moved outside the limits of the more highly restrictive Fire Zone to a zone where the building meets the minimum standards; (c) Changes, alterations and repairs may be made provided that in any 12-month period, the value of the work does not exceed twenty percent of the value of the existing building, and provided that, such changes do not add additional combustible material, and do not, in the opinion of the Building Official, increase the fire hazard; (d) Additions thereto are separated from the existing building by fire walls, as set forth in Sub-section 604 (b); (e) Damage from fire or earthquake, typhoons or any fortuitous event may be repaired, using the same kind of materials of which the building or structure was originally constructed, provided that, the cost of such repair shall not exceed twenty percent of the replacement cost of the building or structure. 12  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) SECTION 507. Designation of Fire Zones The Secretary shall promulgate specific restrictions for each type of Fire Zone. Cities and municipalities shall be divided into such Fire Zones in accordance with local, physical, and spatial framework plans submitted by city or municipal planning and/or development bodies. 13  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 6 FIRE-RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION SECTION 601. Fire-Resistive Rating defined Fire-resistive rating means the degree to which a material can withstand fire as determined by generally recognized and accepted testing methods. SECTION 602. Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating Fire-resistive time period rating is the length of time a material can withstand being burned which may be one-hour, two-hours, three-hours, four-hours, etc. SECTION 603. Fire-Resistive Standards All materials of construction, and assemblies or combinations thereof shall be classified according to their fire-retardant or flame-spread ratings as determined by general accepted testing methods and/or by the Secretary. SECTION 604. Fire-Resistive Regulations The Secretary shall prescribe standards and promulgate rules and regulations on the testing of construction materials for flame-spread characteristics, tests on fire damages, fire tests of building construction and materials, door assemblies and tinclad fire doors and window assemblies, the installation of fire doors and windows and smoke and fire detectors for fire protective signaling system, application and use of controlled interior finish, fire-resistive protection for structural members, fire-resistive walls and partitions, fire-resistive floor or roof ceiling, fire-resistive assemblies for protection of openings and fire-retardant roof coverings. 14  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 7 CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF ALL BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY SECTION 701. Occupancy Classified (a) Buildings proposed for construction shall be identified according to their use or the character of its occupancy and shall be classified as follows: (1) Group A – Residential Dwellings Group A Occupancies shall be dwellings. (2) Group B – Residentials, Hotels and Apartments Group B Occupancies shall be multiple dwelling units including boarding or lodging houses, hotels, apartment buildings, row houses, convents, monasteries and other similar building each of which accommodates more than 10 persons. (3) Group C – Education and Recreation Group C Occupancies shall be buildings used for school or day-care purposes, involving assemblage for instruction, education, or recreation, and not classified in Group I or in Division 1 and 2 or Group H Occupancies. (4) Group D – Institutional Group D Occupancies shall include: Division 1 – Mental hospitals, mental sanitaria, jails, prisons, reformatories, and buildings were personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained. Division 2 – Nurseries for full-time care of children under kindergarten age, hospitals, sanitaria, nursing homes with non-ambulatory patients, and similar buildings each accommodating more than five persons. Division 3 – Nursing homes for ambulatory patients, homes for children of kindergarten age or over, each accommodating more than five persons: Provided, that Group D Occupancies shall not include buildings used only for private or family group dwelling purposes. (5) Group E – Business and Mercantile Group E Occupancies shall include: Division 1 – Gasoline filling and service stations, storage garages and boat storage structures where no work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding, or the use of highly flammable liquids. Division 2 – Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining establishments having an occupant load of less than one hundred persons, printing plants, police and fire stations, factories and workshops using not highly flammable or combustible materials and paint stores without bulk handlings. Division 3 – Aircraft hangars and open parking garages where no repair work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding or the use of highly flammable liquids. (6) Group F – Industrial Group F Occupancies shall include: ice plants, power plants, pumping plants, cold storage, and creameries, factories and workshops using incombustible and non-explosive materials, and storage and sales rooms for incombustible and non-explosive materials. (7) Group G – Storage and Hazardous Groups G Occupancies shall include: Division 1 – Storage and handling of hazardous and highly flammable material. Division 2 – Storage and handling of flammable materials, dry cleaning plants using flammable liquids; paint stores with bulk handling, paint shops and spray painting rooms. Division 3 – Wood working establishments, planning mills and box factories, shops, factories where loose combustible fibers or dust are manufactured, processed or generated; warehouses where highly combustible materials is stored. Division 4 – Repair garages. Division 5 – Aircrafts repair hangars. (8) Group H – Assembly Other Than Group I Group H Occupancies shall include: 15  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) Division 1 – Any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load of less than 1000 in the building. Division 2 – Any assembly building without stage and having an occupant load of 300 or more in the building. Division 3 – Any assembly building without a stage and having an occupant load of less than 300 in the building. Division 4 – Stadia, reviewing stands, amusement park structures not included within Group I or in Division 1, 2, and 3 of this Group. (9) Group I – Assembly Occupant Load 1000 or More Group I Occupancies shall be any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load of 1000 or more in the building. (10) Group J – Accessory Group J Occupancies shall include: Division 1 – Private garage, carports, sheds and agricultural buildings. Division 2 – Fences over 1.80 meters high, tanks and towers. (b) Other subgroupings or divisions within Groups A to J may be determined by the Secretary. Any other occupancy not mentioned specifically in this Section, or about which there is any question, shall be included in the Group which it most nearly resembles based on the existing or proposed life and fire hazard. SECTION 702. Change in Use No change shall be made in the character of occupancy or use of any building which would place the building in a different division of the same group of occupancy or in a different group of occupancies, unless such building is made to comply with the requirements of this Code for such division or group of occupancy. The character of occupancy of existing buildings may be changed subject to the approval of the Building Official and the building may be occupied for purposes set forth in other Groups: Provided the new or proposed use is less hazardous, based on life and fire risk, than the existing use. SECTION 703. Mixed Occupancy (a) General Requirements When a building is of mixed occupancy or used for more than one occupancy, the whole building shall be subject to the most restrictive requirement pertaining to any of the type of occupancy found therein except in the following: (1) When a one-storey building houses more than one occupancy, each portion of the building shall conform to the requirement of the particular occupancy housed therein and; (2) Where minor accessory uses do not occupy more than ten percent of the area of any floor or a building, nor more than ten percent of the basic area permitted in the occupancy requirements, in which case, the major use of the building shall determine the occupancy classification. (b) Forms of Occupancy Separation Occupancy separations shall be vertical or horizontal or both, or when necessary, of such other forms as may be required to afford a complete separation between the various occupancy divisions in the building. (c) Types of Occupancy Separation Occupancy separation shall be classified as “One-Hour Fire-Resistive”, “Two-Hour Fire- Resistive”, “Three-Hour Fire-Resistive” and “Four-Hour Fire-Resistive.” (1) A “One-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation” shall be of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction. All openings in such separation shall be protected by a fire- assembly having a one-hour fire-resistive rating. 16  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) (2) A “Two-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation” shall be of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction. All openings in such separation shall be protected by a fire assembly having a two-hour fire-resistive rating. (3) A “Three-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation” shall be of not less than three- hour fire-resistive construction. All openings in walls forming such separation shall be protected by a fire assembly having a three-hour fire-resistive rating. The total width of all openings in any three-hour fire-resistive occupancy separation wall in any one-storey shall not exceed 25 percent of the length of the wall in that storey and no single opening shall have an area greater than 10.00 square meters. All openings in floors forming a “Three-Hour Fire- Resistive Occupancy Separation” shall be protected by vertical enclosures extending above and below such openings. The walls of such vertical enclosures shall be of not less than two- hour fire-resistive construction, and all openings therein shall be protected by a fire assembly having a three-hour fire-resistive rating. (4) A “Four-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation” shall have no openings therein and shall be of not less than four-hour fire-resistive construction. (d) Fire Rating for Occupancy Separation Occupancy Separations shall be provided between groups, subgroupings, or divisions of occupancies. The Secretary shall promulgate rules and regulations for appropriate occupancy separations in buildings of mixed occupancy; Provided, that, where any occupancy separation is required, the minimum shall be a “One-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation”; and where the occupancy separation is horizontal, structural members supporting the separation shall be protected by an equivalent fire-resistive construction. SECTION 704. Location on Property (a) General No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access to a public space, yard or street on at least one of its sides. For the purpose of this Section, the center line of an adjoining street or alley shall be considered an adjacent property line. Eaves over required windows shall not be less than 750 millimeters from the side and rear property lines. (b) Fire Resistance of Walls Exterior walls shall have fire resistance and opening protection in accordance with the requirements set forth by the Secretary. Projections beyond the exterior wall shall not exceed beyond a point one-third the distance from an assumed vertical plane located where the fire-resistive protection of openings is first required to the location on property whichever is the least restrictive. Distance shall be measured at right angles from the property line. When openings in exterior walls are required to be protected due to distance from property line, the sum of the areas of such openings in any storey shall not exceed 50 percent of the total area of the wall in that storey. (c) Buildings on Same Property and Buildings Containing Courts For the purpose of determining the required wall and opening protection, buildings on the same property and court walls shall be assumed to have a property line between them. When a new building is to be erected on the same property with an existing building, the assumed property line from the existing building shall be the distance to the property line for each occupancy as set forth by the Secretary: Provided, that two or more buildings on the same property may be considered as one building if the aggregate area of such building is within the limits of allowable floor areas for a single building, and when the buildings so considered, house different occupancies or are of different types of construction, the area shall be that allowed for the most restrictive occupancy or construction. SECTION 705. Allowable Floor Areas 17  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) The allowable floor areas for one-storey building and buildings over one-storey shall not exceed the limits prescribed by the Secretary for each occupancy groups and/or types of construction. For purposes of this Section, each portion of a building separated by one or more area separation walls may be considered a separate building provided the area separation walls meet the requirements prescribed therefor by the Secretary. SECTION 706. Allowable Floor Area Increases The floor areas hereinabove provided may be increased in certain specific instances and under appropriate conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets or yards extending along and adjoining two or more sides of the building or structure subject to the approval of the Building Official. SECTION 707. Maximum Height of Buildings The maximum height and number of storeys of every building shall be dependent upon the character of occupancy and the type of construction as determined by the Secretary considering population density, building bulk, widths of streets and car parking requirements. The height shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface: Provided, that the height measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum height by more than 3.00 meters: Except, that towers, spires, and steeples, erected as part of a building and not used for habitation or storage are limited as to height only by structural design if completely of incombustible materials, or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters above the height limits for each occupancy group if of combustible materials. SECTION 708. Minimum Requirements for Group A Dwellings (a) Dwelling Location and Lot Occupancy The dwelling shall occupy not more than ninety percent of a corner lot and eighty percent of an inside lot, and subject to the provisions on Easements of Light and View of the Civil Code of Philippines, shall be at least 2 meters from the property line. (b) Light and Ventilation Every dwelling shall be so constructed and arranged as to provide adequate light and ventilation as provided under Section 805 to Section 811, of this Code. (c) Sanitation Every dwelling shall be provided with at least one sanitary toilet and adequate washing and drainage facilities. (d) Foundation Footings shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load of the dwelling and shall be at least 250 millimeters thick and 600 millimeters below the surface of the ground. (e) Post The dimensions of wooden posts shall be those found in Table 708-A: Dimensions of Wooden Posts (Annex B-1). Each post shall be anchored to such footing by straps and bolts of adequate size. (f) Floor 18  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per square meter and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms per square meter. (g) Roof The wind load for roofs shall be at least 120 kilograms per square meter for vertical projection. (h) Stairs Stairs shall be at least 750 millimeters in clear width, with a rise of 200 millimeters and a minimum run of 200 millimeters. (i) Entrance and Exit There shall be at least one entrance and another one for exit. (j) Electrical Requirements All electrical installation shall conform to the requirements of the Philippine Electrical Code. (k) Mechanical Requirements Mechanical systems and/or equipment installation shall be subject to the requirement of the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code. SECTION 709. Requirements for Other Group Occupancies Subject to the provisions of this Code, the Secretary shall promulgate rules and regulations for each of the other Group Occupancies covering: allowable construction, height, and area; location on property, exit facilities, light, ventilation, and sanitation; enclosures of vertical openings; fire extinguishing systems; and special hazards. 19  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 8 LIGHT AND VENTILATION SECTION 801. General Requirements of Light and Ventilation (a) Subject to the provisions of the Civil Code of the Philippines on Easements of Light and View, and to the provisions of this part of the Code, every building shall be designed, constructed, and equipped to provide adequate light and ventilation. (b) All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a private street which has been duly approved. (c) No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce the size of any room or the relative area of windows to less than that provided for buildings under this Code, or to create an additional room, unless such additional room conforms to the requirements of this Code. (d) No building shall be enlarged so that the dimensions of the required court or yard would be less than that prescribed for such building. SECTION 802. Measurement of Site Occupancy (a) The measurement of site occupancy or lot occupancy shall be taken at the ground level and shall be exclusive of courts, yards, and light wells. (b) Courts, yards, and light wells shall be measured clear of all projections from the walls enclosing such wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall copings, sills, or steel fire escapes not exceeding 1.20 meters in width. SECTION 803. Percentage of Site Occupancy (a) Minimum site occupancy shall be governed by the use, type of construction, and height of the building and the use, area, nature, and location of the site; and subject to the provisions of the local zoning requirements and in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary. SECTION 804. Size and Dimensions of Courts (a) Minimum size of courts and their least dimensions shall be governed by the use, type of construction, and height of the building as provided in the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary, provided that the minimum horizontal dimension of court shall be not less than 2.00 meters. (b) All inner courts shall be connected to a street or yard, either by a passageway with a minimum width of 1.20 meters or by a door through a room or rooms. SECTION 805. Ceiling Heights (a) Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have ceiling heights not less than 2.40 meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; Provided that for buildings of more than one- storey, the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second storey 2.40 meters and succeeding storeys shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less than 2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above stated rooms with a natural ventilation shall have ceiling heights not less than 2.70 meters. (b) Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 meters above and below it. SECTION 806. Size and Dimension of Rooms 20  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows: 1. Rooms for Human Habitations – 6.00 square meters with a least dimension of 2.00 meters; 2. Kitchens – 3.0 square meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters; 3. Bath and toilet – 1.20 square meters with a least dimension of 0.90 meter. SECTION 807. Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of Rooms Minimum air space shall be provided as follows: 1. School Rooms – 3.00 cubic meters with 1.00 square meter of floor area per person; 2. Workshops, Factories, and Offices – 12.00 cubic meters of air space per person; 3. Habitable rooms – 14.00 cubic meters of air space per person. SECTION 808. Window Openings Every room intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system as herein specified in this Code, shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of openings and equal to at least ten percent of the floor area of room, and such window shall open directly to a court, yard, public street or alley, or open water courses. SECTION 809. Vent Shafts (a) Ventilation or vent shafts shall have a horizontal cross-sectional area of not less than 0.10 square meter for every meter of height of shaft but in no case shall the area be less than 1.00 square meter. No vent shaft shall have its least dimension less than 600 millimeters. (b) Skylights – Unless open to the outer air at the top for its full area, vent shaft shall be covered by a skylight having a net free area or fixed louver openings equal to the maximum required shaft area. (c) Air ducts shall open to a street or court by a horizontal duct or intake at a point below the lowest window opening. Such duct or intake shall have a minimum unobstructed cross-sectional area of not less than 0.30 square meter with a minimum dimension of 300 millimeters. The openings to the duct or intake shall be not less than 300 millimeters above the bottom of the shaft and the street surface or level of court, at the respective ends of the duct or intake. SECTION 810. Ventilation Skylights Skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for the windows that are replaced. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or louvers with an aggregate net free area not less than that required for openable parts in the window that are replaced or provided with approved artificial ventilation of equivalent effectiveness. SECTION 811. Artificial Ventilation (a) Rooms or spaces housing industrial or heating equipment shall be provided with artificial means of ventilation to prevent excessive accumulation of hot and/or polluted air. (b) Whenever artificial ventilation is required, the equipment shall be designed and constructed to meet the following minimum requirements in air changes: 1. For rooms entirely above grade and used for office, clerical, or administrative purposes, or as stores, sales rooms, restaurants, markets, factories, workshops, or machinery rooms, not less than three changes of air per hour shall be provided. 21  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) 2. For rooms entirely above grade and used as bakeries, hotel or restaurant kitchens, laundries other than accessory to dwellings, and boiler rooms – not less than ten changes of air per hour shall be provided. 3. For auditorium and other rooms used for assembly purposes, with seats or other accommodations – not less than 0.30 cubic meter of air per minute shall be supplied for each person. 4. For wards and dormitories of institutional buildings – not less than 0.45 cubic meter of air per minute shall be supplied for each person accommodated. 5. For other rooms or spaces not specifically covered under this Section of the Code, applicable provisions of the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code, shall be followed. 22  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 9 SANITATION SECTION 901. General Requirements Subject to the provisions of Book II of the Civil Code of the Philippines on Property, Ownership, and its Modification, all buildings hereafter erected, altered, remodeled, relocated or repaired for human habitation shall be provided with adequate and potable water supply, plumbing installation, and suitable wastewater treatment or disposal system, storm water drainage, pest and vermin control, noise abatement device, and such other measures required for the protection and promotion of health of persons occupying the premises and others living nearby. SECTION 902. Water Supply System (a) Whenever available, the potable water requirements for a building used for human habitation shall be supplied from existing municipal or city waterworks system. (b) The quality of drinking water from meteoric, surface or underground sources shall conform to the criteria set in the latest approved National Standards for Drinking Water. (c) The design, construction and operation of deepwells for the abstraction of groundwater shall be subject to the provisions of the Water Code of the Philippines. (d) The design, construction and operation of independent waterworks systems private housing subdivisions or industrial estates shall be governed by existing laws relating to local waterworks system. (e) The water piping installations inside buildings and premises shall conform to the provisions of the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines. SECTION 903. Wastewater Disposal System (a) Sanitary sewage from buildings and neutralized or pre-treated industrial wastewater shall be discharged directly into the nearest street sanitary sewer main of existing municipal or city sanitary sewerage system in accordance with the criteria set by the Code on Sanitation and the National Pollution Control Commission. (b) All buildings located in areas where there are no available sanitary sewerage system shall dispose their sewage “Imhoff” or septic tank and subsurface absorption field. (c) Sanitary and industrial plumbing installations inside buildings and premises shall conform to the provisions of the National Plumbing Code. SECTION 904. Storm Drainage System (a) Rainwater drainage shall not discharge to the sanitary sewer system. (b) Adequate provisions shall be made to drain low areas in buildings and their premises. SECTION 905. Pest and Vermin Control (a) All buildings with hollow and/or wood construction shall be provided with rat proofing. (b) Garbage bins and receptacles shall be provided with ready means for cleaning and with positive protection against entry of pest and vermins. (c) Dining rooms for public use without artificial ventilation shall be properly screened. SECTION 906. Noise Pollution Control 23  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) Industrial establishments shall be provided with positive noise abatement devices to tone down the noise level of equipment and machineries to acceptable limits set down by the Department of Labor and the National Pollution Control Commission. SECTION 907. Pipe Materials All pipe materials to be used in buildings shall conform to the Standard Specifications of the Philippine Standard Council. 24  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 10 BUILDING PROJECTION OVER PUBLIC STREETS SECTION 1001. General Requirements (a) No part of any building or structure or any of its appendages shall project beyond the property line of the building site, except as provided in this Code. (b) The projection of any structure or appendage over a public property shall be the distance measured horizontally from the property line to the uttermost point of the projection. SECTION 1002. Projection into Alleys or Streets (a) No part of any structure or its appendage shall project into any alley or street, national road or public highway except as provided in this Code. (b) Footings located at least 2.40 meters below grade along national roads or public highway may project not more than 300 millimeters beyond the property line. (c) Foundations may be permitted to encroach into public sidewalk areas to a width not exceeding 500 millimeters; provided, that the top of the said foundations is not less than 600 millimeters below the established grade; and provided further, that said projection does not obstruct any existing utility such as power, communication, gas, water, or sewer lines, unless the owner concerned shall pay the corresponding entities for the rerouting of the parts of the affected utilities. SECTION 1003. Projection of Balconies and Appendages Over Streets (a) The extent of any projection over an alley or street shall be uniform within a block and shall conform to the limitations set forth in Table 1003-A; Projection of Balconies and Appendages (Annex B-2). (b) The clearance between the established grade of the street and/or sidewalk and the lowest under surface of any part of the balcony shall not be less than 3.00 meters. SECTION 1004. Arcades (a) Whenever required by existing building and zoning regulations, arcades shall be constructed on sidewalks of streets. The width of the arcade and its height shall be uniform throughout the street provided, that in no case, shall an arcade be less than 3.00 meters above the established sidewalk grade. SECTION 1005. Canopies (Marquees) (a) Definition: A canopy or marquee is a permanent roofed structure above a door attached to and supported by the building and projecting over a wall or sidewalk. This includes any object or decoration attached thereto. (b) Projection and Clearance. The horizontal clearance between the outermost edge of the marquee and the curb line shall be not less than 300 millimeters. The vertical clearance between the pavement or ground line and the undersurface of any part the marquee shall not be less than 3.00 meters. (c) Construction. A marquee shall be constructed of incombustible material or materials of not less than two-hours fire-resistive construction. It shall be provided with necessary drainage facility. (d) Location. Every marquee shall be so located as not to interfere with the operation of any exterior standpipe connection or to obstruct the clear passage from stairway exits from the building or the installation or maintenance of electroliers. 25  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) SECTION 1006. Movable Awnings or Hoods (a) Definition. An awning is a movable shelter supported entirely from an exterior wall of a building and of a type which can be retracted, folded, or collapsed against the face of a supporting building. (b) Clearance. The horizontal clearance between the awning and the curb line shall not be less than 300 millimeters. The vertical clearance between the undermost surface of the awning and the pavement or ground line shall be not less than 2.40 meters. Collapsible awnings shall be so designated that they shall not block a required exit when collapsed or folded. SECTION 1007. Doors, Windows, and the like Doors, windows, and the like less than 2.40 meters above the pavement or groundline shall not, when fully opened or upon opening, project beyond the property line except fire exit doors. SECTION 1008. Corner Buildings with Chaflans (a) Every corner building or solid fence on a public street or alley less than 3.60 meters in width shall be truncated at the corner. The face of the triangle so formed shall be at right angles to the bisector of the angle of the intersection of the street lines; provided, that in no case, the Secretary shall determine the size and form of the chaflan. (b) If the building is arcaded, no chaflan is required notwithstanding the width of the public street or alley, less than 12.00 meters. 26  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 11 PROTECTION OF PEDESTRIANS DURING CONSTRUCTION OR DEMOLITION SECTION 1101. General Requirements (a) No person shall use or occupy a street, alley or public sidewalk for the performance of work covered by a building permit except in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter. (b) No person shall perform any work on any building or structure adjacent to a public way in general use for pedestrian travel, unless the pedestrians are protected as specified in this Chapter. (c) Any material or structure temporarily occupying public property, including fence, canopies, and walkways, shall be adequately lighted, between sunset and sunrise. SECTION 1102. Storage in Public Property Materials and equipment necessary for work to be done under a permit when placed or stored on public property shall not obstruct free and convenient approach to and use of any fire hydrant, fire or police alarm box, utility box, catch basin, or manhole and shall not interfere with any drainage of any street or alley gutter. SECTION 1103. Mixing Mortar on Public Property The mixing of mortar, concrete, or similar materials on public streets shall not be allowed. SECTION 1104. Protection of Utilities All public or private utilities above or below the ground shall be protected from any damage by any work being done under the permit. The protection shall be maintained while such work is being done and shall not obstruct the normal functioning of any such utility. SECTION 1105. Walkway (a) When the Building Official authorizes a sidewalk to be fenced or closed, or in case there is no sidewalk in front of the building site during construction or demolition, a temporary walkway of not less than 1.20 meters wide shall be provided. (b) The walkway shall be capable of supporting a uniform live load of 650 kilograms per square meter. A durable wearing surface shall be provided throughout the construction period. SECTION 1106. Pedestrian Protection (a) Protection Required. Pedestrian traffic shall be protected by a railing on the street side when the walkway extends into the roadway, by a railing when adjacent to excavations, and by such as set forth in Table 1106-A: Type of Protection Required for Pedestrians (Annex B-2). (b) Railings. Adequate railings when required shall be built substantially strong and should be at least 1.00 meter in height. (c) Fences. Fences shall be built of an approved material, not less than 2.40 meters in height above grade, and be placed on the side of the walkway nearest to the building site. Fences shall enclose entirely the building site. Openings in such fences shall be provided with doors which shall be kept closed at all times. (d) Canopies. The protective canopy shall have a clear height of 2.40 meters above the railway, and shall be structurally safe. Every canopy shall have a solid fence built along its entire length on the construction side. If materials are stored or work is done on top of the canopy, the edge along the street shall be protected by a tight curb board not less than 300 millimeters high and a 27  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) railing not less than 1.00 meter high shall be provided. The entire structure shall be designed to carry the loads imposed upon it: Provided, that the live load shall be not less than 600 kilograms per square meter. SECTION 1107. Maintenance and Removal of Protective Devices (a) Maintenance. All protective devices shall be properly maintained in place and kept in good order for the entire length of time pedestrians may be endangered. (b) Removal. Every protective fence or canopy shall be removed within 30 days after such protection is no longer required as determined by the Building Official. SECTION 1108. Demolition (a) The work of demolishing any building shall not be commenced until all the necessary pedestrian protective structures are in place. (b) The Building Official may require the permittee to submit plans, specifications and complete schedule of demolition. When so required, no work shall be done until such plans, specifications and schedule are approved by the Building Official. 28  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) CHAPTER 12 GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS SECTION 1201. General Requirements Buildings proposed for construction shall comply with all the regulations and specifications herein set forth governing quality, characteristics and properties of materials, methods of design and construction, type of occupancy and classification. All other matters relative to the structural design of all buildings and other structures not provided for in this Chapter shall conform with the provisions of the National Structural Code of Buildings, as adopted and promulgated by the Board of Civil Engineering pursuant to Republic Act Number 544, as amended, otherwise known as the “Civil Engineering Law”. SECTION 1202. Excavation, Foundation, and Retaining Walls (a) Subject to the provisions of Articles 684 to 686 of the Civil Code of the Philippines on lateral and subjacent support, the design and quality of materials used structurally in excavation, footings, and in foundations shall conform to accepted engineering practice. (b) Excavation and Fills (1) Excavation or fills for buildings or structures shall be so constructed or protected that they do not endanger life or property. (2) Whenever the depth of excavation for any construction is such that the lateral and subjacent support of the adjoining property or existing structure thereon would be affected in a manner that the stability or safety of the same is endangered, the person undertaking or causing the excavation to be undertaken shall be responsible for the expense of underpinning or extending the foundation or footings of the aforementioned property or structure. (3) Excavation and other similar disturbances made on public property shall, unless otherwise excluded by the Building Official, be restored immediately to its former condition within 48 hours from the start of such excavation and disturbances by whosoever caused such excavation or disturbance. (c) Footings, Foundations, and Retaining Walls (1) Footings and foundations shall be of the appropriate type, of adequate size, and capacity in order to safely sustain the superimposed loads under seismic or any condition of external forces that may affect the safety or stability of the structure. It shall be the responsibility of the architect and/or engineer to adopt the type and design of the same in accordance with the standards set forth by the Secretary. (2) Whenever or wherever there exist in the site of the construction an abrupt change in the ground levels or level of the foundation such that instability of the soil could result, retaining walls shall be provided and such shall be of adequate design and type of construction as prescribed by the Secretary. SECTION 1203. Veneer (a) Definition. Veneer is a nonstructural facing of brick, concrete, tile, metal, plastic, glass, or other similar approved materials attached to a backing or structural components of the building for the purpose of ornamentation, protection, or enclosure that may be adhered, integrated, or anchored either on the interior or exterior of the building or structure. (b) Design Requirements. The design of all veneer shall comply with the following: (1) Veneer shall support no load other than its own weight and the vertical dead load of veneer immediately above. 29  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) (2) Surfaces to which veneer is attached shall be designed to support the additional vertical and lateral loads imposed by the veneer. (3) Consideration shall be given to differential movements of the supports including those caused by temperature changes, shrinkage, creep, and deflection. (4) Adhered veneer and its backing shall be designed to have a bond to the supporting elements sufficient to withstand shearing stresses due to their weights including seismic effects on the total assemblage. (5) Anchored veneer and its attachment shall be designed to resist horizontal forces equal to twice the weight of the veneer. (6) Anchors supports and ties shall be non-combustible and corrosion-resistant. SECTION 1204. Enclosure of Vertical Openings (a) General. Vertical openings shall be enclosed depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of a particular type of construction as set forth in this Code. (b) Elevator Enclosures. Walls and partitions enclosing elevators and escalators shall be of not less than the fire-resistive construction required under the Types of Construction. Enclosing walls of elevator shafts may consist of wire glass set in metal frames on the entrance side only. Elevator shafts extending through more than two storeys shall be equipped with an approved means of adequate ventilations to and through the main roof of the building: Provided, that in those buildings housing Groups F and G Occupancies equipped with automatic fire-extinguishing systems throughout, enclosures shall not be required for escalators: Provided, further that the top of the escalator opening at each storey shall be provided with a draft curtain. Such draft curtain shall enclose the perimeter of the unenclosed opening and shall extend from the ceiling downward at least 300 millimeters on all sides. Automatic sprinklers shall be provided around the perimeter of the opening and within a 600 millimeters of the draft curtain. The distance between the sprinkles shall not exceed 1.80 meters center-to-center. (c) Other Vertical Openings. All shafts, ducts, chutes, and other vertical openings not covered in paragraph (b) above shall have enclosing walls conforming to the requirements specified under the type of construction of the building in which they are located. In other than Group A Occupancies rubbish and linen chutes shall terminate in rooms separated from the remainder of the building by a One-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation. Openings into the chutes shall not be located in required exit corridors or stairways. (d) Air Ducts. Air ducts passing through a floor shall be enclosed in a shaft. The shaft shall be as required in this Code for vertical openings. Dampers shall be installed where ducts pierce the shaft enclosure walls. Air ducts in Group A Occupancies need not be enclosed in a shaft if conforming to the mechanical provisions of this Code. SECTION 1205. Floor Construction (a) Floors shall be of such materials and construction as specified under Chapter 5 Fire Zones and Fire-Resistive Standards and under Chapter 6 – Types of Construction. (b) All floors shall be so framed and secured into the framework and supporting walls as to form an integral part of the whole building. (c) The types of floor construction used shall provide means to keep the beam and girders from lateral buckling. SECTION 1206. Roof Construction and Covering (a) Roof Covering. Roof covering for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or ordinary depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of the particular type of construction. The use of combustible roof insulation shall be permitted in all types of construction provided it is covered with approved roof covering applied directly thereto. (b) Roof Trusses. All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and supporting walls so as to form an integral part of the whole building. Roof trusses shall have all joints well fitted and shall have all tension members well tightened before any load is placed in the truss. Diagonal 30  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) and sway bracing shall be used to brace all roof trusses. The allowable working stresses of materials in trusses shall conform to this Code. Camber shall be provided to prevent sagging. (c) Attics. (1) Access. An attic access opening shall be provided in the ceiling of the top floor of buildings with a combustible ceiling or roof construction. The opening shall be located in a corridor or hallway of buildings of three or more storeys in height , and readily accessible in buildings of any height. An opening shall not be less than 600 millimeters square or 600 millimeters in diameter. The minimum clear headroom of 800 millimeters shall be provided above the access opening. For ladder requirements, refer to the Philippine Mechanical Engineering code. (2) Area Separation. Enclosed attic spaces of combustible construction shall be divided into horizontal areas not exceeding 250 square meters by fire-resistive partitions extending from the ceiling to the roof. Except, that where the entire attic is equipped with approved automatic fire-extinguishing system, the attic space may be divided into areas not to exceed 750 square meters. Openings in the partitions shall be protected by self-closing doors. (3) Draft Stops. Regardless of the type of construction, draft stops shall be installed in trusses roofs, between roof and bottom chords or trusses, in all buildings exceeding 2000 square meters. Draft stops shall be constructed as for attic area separations. (4) Ventilation. Enclosed attics including rafter spaces formed where ceilings are applied direct to the underside or roof rafters, shall be provided with adequate ventilation protected against the entrance of rain. (d) Roof Drainage System (1) Roof Drains. Roof drains shall be installed at low points of the roof and shall be adequate in size to discharge all tributary waters. (2) Overflow Drains and Scuppers. Where roof drains are required, adequate overflow drains shall be provided. (3) Concealed Piping. Roof drains and overflow drains, when concealed within the construction of the building, shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of the National Plumbing Code. (4) Over Public Property. Roof drainage water from a building shall not be permitted to flow over public property, except for Group A and J Occupancies. (e) Flashing. Flashing and counterflashing shall be provided at the juncture of the roof and vertical surfaces. SECTION 1207. Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads (a) General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load requirements of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and grandstands. (1) Determination of Occupant Loads. The occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof shall be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the unit area allowed per occupant as determined by the Secretary. (2) Exit Requirements. Exist requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different purposes shall be determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons. No obstruction shall be placed in the required width of an exit except projections permitted by this Code. (3) Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of more than 50 where fixed seats are not installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or similar purpose shall have the capacity of the room posted in a conspicuous place near the main exit from the room. (4) Changes in Elevation. Except in Group A Occupancies, changes in floor elevations of less than 300 millimeters along any exit serving a tributary occupant load of 10 or more shall be by means of ramps: (b) Exits 31  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) (1) Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at lease one exit. In all occupancies, floors above the first storey having an occupant load of more than 10 shall not have less than two exits. Each mezzanine floor used for other than storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 square meters or more than 18.00 meters in any dimension, shall have at least two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every storey or portion thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have at least three exits. Every storey or portion thereof having an occupant load of 1000 or more shall have at least four (4) exits. The number of exits required from any storey of a building shall be determined by using the occupant loads of floors which exit through the level under consideration as follows: 50 percent of the occupant load in the first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent storey below, when a storey below exits through the level under consideration) and 25 percent of the occupant load in the storey immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum number of exits required for any storey shall be maintained until egress is provided from the structures. For purposes of this Section basement or cellars and occupied roofs shall be provided with exits as required for storeys. Floors above the second storey, basements and cellars used for other than service of the building shall have not less than two exits. (2) Width. The total width of exits in meters shall not be less than the total occupant load served divided by 165. Such width of exits shall be divided approximately equally among the separate exits. The total exit width required from any storey of a building shall be determined by using the occupant load of that storey plus the percentage of the occupant loads of floors which exits through the level under consideration as follows: fifty (50) percent of the occupant load in the first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent storey below when a storey below exits through the level under consideration) and twenty five percent of the occupant load in the storey immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum exit width from any storey of a building shall be maintained. (3) Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required they shall be placed a distance apart to not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the area served measured in a straight line between exits. Where three or more exits are required they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked, the others will be available. (4) Distance to Exists. No point in a building without a sprinkler system shall be more than 45.00 meters from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit passageway, or an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In a building equipped with a complete automatic fire extinguishing system the distance from exits may be increased to 60.00 meters. (c) Doors. The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area having an occupant load of more than 10, or serving hazardous rooms or areas. (1) Swing. Exit door shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any hazardous areas or when serving an occupant load of 50 or more. Double acting doors shall not be used as exits serving a tributary occupant load of more than 100; nor shall they be used as a part of fire assembly, nor equipped with panic hardware. A double acting door shall be provided with a view panel of not less than 1,300 square centimeters. (2) Type of Lock or Latch. Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort: Except, that this requirement shall not apply to exterior exit doors in a group E or F Occupancy if there is a conspicuous, readily visible and durable sign on or adjacent to the door, stating that the door is to remain unlocked during business hours. The locking device must be of a type that will readily be distinguishable as locked. Flush bolts or surface bolts are prohibited. (3) Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the installation of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width and not less than 2.00 meters in height. When installed in exit doorways, exit doors shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of the exitway is not less than 700 millimeters. In computing the required exit width the net dimension of the exitway shall be used. (4) Door Leaf Width. No leaf of an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters in width. (5) Special Doors. Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall not be used as required exits. (6) Egress from Door. Every required exit door shall give immediate access to an approved means of egress from the building. (7) Change in Floor Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load there shall be a floor or landing on each side of an exit door. The floor or landing shall be leveled with, or not 32  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) more than 50 millimeters lower than the threshold of the doorway: Except, that in Group A and B Occupancies, a door may open on the top step of a flight of stairs or an exterior landing provided the door does not swing over the top step or exterior landing and the landing is not more than 200 millimeters below the floor level. (8) Door Identification. Glass doors shall conform to the requirements in Section 1805. Other exit doors shall be so marked that they are readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction. (9) Additional Doors. When additional doors are provided for egress purposes, they shall conform to all provisions in the following cases: Approved revolving doors having leaves which will collapse under opposing pressures may be used in exit situations; provided; that such doors have a minimum width of 2.00 meters or they are not used in occupancies where exits are required to be equipped with panic hardware or at least one conforming exit door is located adjacent to each revolving doors installed in a building and the revolving door shall not be considered to provide nay exit width. (d) Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies. The provisions herein shall apply to every corridor and exterior exit balcony serving as a required exit for an occupant load of more than ten. (1) Width. Every corridor or exit balcony shall not be less than 1.10 meters in width. (2) Projections. The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall be unobstructed. Except, that trim handrails, and doors when fully opened shall not reduce the required width by more than 200 millimeters. Doors in any position shall not reduce the required width of the corridor by more than one-half. (3) Access to Exits. When more than one exit is required, they shall be so arranged to allow going to either direction from any point in the corridor or exterior exit balcony to a separate exit, except for dead ends permitted by this Code. (4) Dead Ends. Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are permitted when the dead end does not exceed 6.00 meters in length. (5) Construction. Walls and ceilings of corridors shall not be less than one-hour fire- resistive construction. Provided, that this requirement shall not apply to exterior exit balconies, railings, and corridors of one-storey building housing a Group E and F Occupancy occupied by one tenant only and which serves an occupant load of 30 or less, nor to corridors, formed by temporary partitions. Exterior exit balconies shall not project into an area where protected openings are required. (6) Openings. Where corridor wall are required to be one-hour fire-resistive construction, every interior door opening shall be protected as set forth in generally recognized and accepted requirements for dual purpose fire exit doors. Other interior openings except ventilation louvers equipped with approved automatic fire shutters shall be 7 millimeters thick fixed wire glass set in steel frames. The total area of all openings other than doors, in any portion of an interior corridor wall shall not exceed twenty-five percent of the area of the corridor wall of the room being separated from the corridor. (e) Stairways. Except stairs or ladders used only to access equipment, every stairway serving any building or portion thereof shall conform to the following requirements: (1) Width. Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall not be less than 1.10 meters. Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 or less may be 900 millimeters wide. Private stairways serving an occupant load of less than 10 may be 750 millimeters. Trim and handrails shall not reduce the required width by more than 100 millimeters. (2) Rise and Run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 200 millimeters and the run shall not be less than 250 millimeters. The maximum variations in the height of risers and the width of treads in any one flight shall be 5 millimeters: Except, in case of private stairways serving an occupant load of less than 10, the rise may be 200 millimeters and the run may be 250 millimeters, except as provided in sub-paragraph (3) below. (3) Winding Stairways. In Group A Occupancy and in private stairways in Group B Occupancies, winders may be used if the required width of run is provided at a point not more than 300 millimeters from the side of the stairway where the treads are narrower but in no case shall any width of run be less than 150 millimeters at any point. (4) Circular Stairways. Circular stairs may be used as an exit provided the minimum width of run is not less than 250 millimeters. All treads in any one flight between landings shall have identical dimensions within a 5 millimeter tolerance. 33  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) (5) Landings. Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of travel equal to the width of the stairway. Such dimension need not exceed 1.20 meters when the stairs has a straight run. Landings when provided shall not be reduced in width by more than 100 millimeters by a door when fully open. (6) Basement Stairways. Where a basement stairway and a stairway to an upper storey terminate in the same exit enclosure, an approved barrier shall be provided to prevent persons from continuing on to the basements. Directional exit signs shall be provided as specified in this Code. (7) Distance Between Landings. There shall be not more than 3.60 meters vertical distance between landings. (8) Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each side and every stairway required to be more than 3.00 meters in width shall be provided with not less than one intermediate handrail for each 3.00 meters of required width. Intermediate handrails shall be spaced approximately equal within the entire width of the stairway. Handrails shall be placed not less than 800 millimeters nor more than 900 millimeters above the nosing of treads, and ends of handrails shall be returned or shall terminate in newel posts or safety terminals: Except, in the following cases: Stairways 1.10 meters or less in width and stairways serving one individual dwelling unit in Group A or B Occupancies may have one handrail, except that such stairway, open on one or both, sides shall have handrails provided on the open side or sides: or stairways having less than four risers need not have handrails. (9) Exterior Stairway Protection. All openings in the exterior wall below or within 3.00 meters, measured horizontally, of an exterior exit stairway serving a building over two storeys in height shall be protected by a self-closing fire assembly having a three-fourths hour fire- resistive rating: Except, that openings may be unprotected when two separated exterior stairways serve an exterior exit balcony. (10a) Stairways Construction - Interior. Interior stairways shall be constructed as specified in this Code. Where there is enclosed usable space under the stairs the walls and soffits of the enclosed space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for one-hour fire resistive construction. (10b) Stairway Construction - Exterior. Exterior stairways shall be of incombustible material: Except, that on Type III buildings which do not exceed two storeys in height, which are located in less fire-restrictive Fire Zones, as well as on Type I buildings which may be of wood not less than 50 millimeters in nominal thickness. Exterior stairs shall be protected as required for exterior walls due to location on property as specified in this Code. Exterior stairways shall not project into an area where openings are required to be protected. Where there is enclosed usable space under stairs, the walls and soffits of the enclosed space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for one-hour fire-resistive construction. (11) Stairway to Roof. In every building four or more storeys in height, one stairway shall extend to the roof unless the roof has C slope greater than 1 in 3. (12) Headroom. Every required stairway shall have a headroom clearance of not less than 2.00 meters. Such clearance shall be established by measuring vertically from a plane parallel and tangent to the stairway tread nosing to the soffit above all points. (f) Ramps. A ramp conforming to the provisions of this Code may be used as an exit. The width of ramps shall be as required for corridors. (g) Horizontal Exit. If conforming to the provisions of this Code, a horizontal exit may be considered as the required exit. All openings in a separation wall shall be protected by a fire assembly having a fire-resistive rating of not less than one hour. A horizontal exit shall not lead into a floor area having a capacity for an occupant load not less than the occupant load served by such exit. The capacity shall be determined by allowing 0.30 square meter of net floor area per ambulatory occupant and 1.90 square meters per non-ambulatory occupant. The dispersal area into which the horizontal exit leads shall be provided with exits as required by this Code. (h) Exit Enclosure. Every interior stairway, ramp, or escalator shall be enclosed as specified in this Code: Except, that in other than Group D Occupancies, an enclosure will not be required for stairway, ramp, or escalator serving only one adjacent floor and not connected with corridors or stairways serving other floors. Stairs in Group A Occupancies need not be enclosed. 34  The National Building Code (P.D. 1096) (1) Enclosure walls shall not be less than two-hour fire-resistive construction. There shall be no openings into exit enclosures except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls. All exit doors in an exit enclosure shall be appropriately protected. (2) Stairway and ramp enclosures shall include landings and parts of floors connecting stairway flights and shall include a corridor on the ground floor leading from the stairway to the exterior of the building. Enclosed corridors or passageways are not required for unenclosed stairways. (3) A stairway in an exit enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit unless an approved barrier is provided at the ground floor level to prevent persons from accid