PCM 101 - First Semester.pdf

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 1 [UNIT 1] Lesson 1: Varieties of English Language ○ Transportation - reversing the letters...

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 1 [UNIT 1] Lesson 1: Varieties of English Language ○ Transportation - reversing the letters position ex. beleive (believe) English language: ○ Insertion or addition - adding extra letters not a pure language untouched by others ex. fourty (forty) lingua franca World Englishes - people all over the world who uses Syntax (arrangement of words) varieties of english English, Taiwan, French, and other languages use subject-verb-object (SVO) pattern Andy Kirkpatrick (2007) Japanese, Korean, Indian, use subject-object-verb ENL - English as a Native Language (SOV) ESL - English as a Second Language Filipinos use verb-subject-object (VSO) EFL - English as a Foreign Language Semantics (word meanings) Braj Kachru (2003) meanings of certain words or expressions in one three circles: the inner circle where English is the language may differ in another language native language, the outer circle where English is the second language and which consists of a ex. salvage = to save (english meaning) large speech community with great diversity and salvage = to kill (filipino meaning) distinct characteristics, and the expanding circles where English is an international language. Lesson 2: Standard and Nonstandard English Kachru’s Concentric Circles Standard English most highly polished form of spoken and written English used by educated people considered as the most desirable form of language writers and speakers who use standard English have a much better choice of understanding and being understood, and of getting what they want Language specialists maintain that Standard English has the following identifying characteristics: 1. The working language in the academe, in the government, in business, and in media 2. A variety of English held by many to be “correct” in Inner Circle - english as native language the sense that it shows none of the regional or other Outer Circle - english as second language variations that are considered by some to be Expanding Circle - english as international language ungrammatical or nonstandard. 3. The language most widely used, understood, accepted, and valued in any English speaking Peculiarities that cause potential problems to ESL countries. and EFL learners: 4. The language that is especially important in written English. It contains uniform spelling, standard Phonology (Speech Sound) usage, conventional sentence and paragraph sounds that are present in the speech inventory of structure, and consistent punctuations. one language which are not available in the speech 5. The language easiest to recognize in print because inventory of another language written conventions are common world-wide 6. It is used by educated people whose language Orthography (Spelling) conventions are respected and who carry on the ESL and EFL students suffer in their English writing important affairs in the world more than the native speakers due to absence of some English vowel and consonant sounds in their Examples: native or local language and the influence of their A. My part-time job limits my study time. mother tongue. B. Liza failed her grammar test yesterday. four major spelling errors of non-native English C. Cats and dogs are sometimes the best of friends. language learners: D. He is the taller of the two ○ Omission - leaving the letters out ex. gramar (grammar) Nonstandard (or substandard) English ○ Substitution - replacing letters with variety of English that is mark ‘incorrect’ because it incorrect ones does not follow rules and guidelines of Standard ex. saksopon (saxophone) English. lorin PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 2 uses of nonstandard English in formal or scholarly Lesson 3: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and settings can damage your credibility, discredit the Written Language value of your message, and alienate your audience. commonly used in playful conversations of many people in their work and personal affairs, dialogues Standard English terms of styles in plays, stories, skits, and comic strips Formal language Informal language Language specialists identify nonstandard English in also called “literese” called “colloquial’ which the following characteristics: more academic in style means ‘conversations” and more objective in more relaxed and more 1. The language of the uneducated. It is loaded with expression of ideas friendly in tone grammatical errors, misspellings, misused often used in writing than comfortable level of in speaking English punctuations, slang and clichés. popular for educated 2. A variety of English characterized by grammatical people to ordinary use it in features and vocabulary which are typical of a everyday conversations but particular geographical area. avoid it in formal written 3. A language that uses expressions and grammatical English constructions not normally used by educated people. 4. A variety of English that differs greatly from the - Most academic writings demand a responsible standard. degree of formality. 5. A language that contains expressions usually taken - As language experts and communication ethicists as a sign of inferior social and academic posit, “The voice of the language is words, and the background. best words are found on papers. They are assumed to be the most common world-wide.” Examples: A. Me and my friend drink milk. Formal B. You done it, did you? C. Double dead meat are sold in small markets. Common features of formal language 1. It uses appropriate capitalization, punctuations, Principal types of nonstandard usage mechanical devices, and abbreviations. 2. It avoids shortcuts (contractions such as I’ll, it’s, 1. Errors in agreement, case, and tense shan’t, and the like and abbreviations such as prof., ex. I doesn’t understand the lesson. exam, lab and the like) Me and my classmates were late. 3. It avoids common colloquial expressions such as gonna, ain’t, wanna, and the like 2. Double or multiple negatives 4. It uses denotative than connotative tone ex. I can’t hardly understand the letter. 5. 5. It is impersonal. It avoids the use of first and We ain’t done nothing. second persons (I, you) 3. Double comparatives or superlatives Common uses of formal language ex. Mother is the most kindest woman I know. 1. Research papers, theses, dissertations Athletes walk more faster than the students 2. Formal reports and memoranda 3. Literary criticisms and serious essays 4. Errors in the formation of reflexive pronouns 4. Legal documents and news stories ex. He hisself did it. 5. Official speeches and public notices They submit the letter theirselves. 6. Graduation speeches 7. Sermons and scholarly addresses 5. Cliches or overused expressions 8. Polite conversations with elder or important people ex. She is head over heels in love with you. Every dark cloud has a silver lining. Informal 6. Redundancy Common features of informal language ex. Don’t repeat it again. 1. It contains short words and simple sentences often This is unexpected surprise. in fragments 2. It is heavily loaded with contractions and colloquial * standard and substandard levels of usage have significant expressions roles in communication as long as they fit your audience, 3. It is marked by popular words (such as okay, yeah, serve your purpose, and match the occasion stuff, and the like) and idioms and occasional slang expressions lorin PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 3 Common uses of informal language Lesson 4: Respect and Honorifics in Academics 1. Light, chatty writing for general readers and Professional Titles 2. Conversation of educated people when they are at ease with each other (such as with colleagues or intimate friends) Definition 3. Novels and short stories Honorifics 4. E-mail addresses courtesy titles that are used in spoken and written 5. Club meetings language to communicate honor or respect for 6. Classroom discussions position or rank when addressing or referring to a 7. Showbiz and comic strips person usage of honorifics differs from person to person, offices, institutions (such as college or university), Different language registers for different types of and cultures. communication The US form and British form Slang - considered the most common models used around common informal spoken and written language the world for address in English, describe respect ex. cheesy (cheap), dude (person), nuts (crazy), and honorifics in the following levels of usage edress (e-mail address) (depending on one’s relation with the party being addressed) Jargon also called Gobbledygook 1. Courtesy titles a language used by groups that have similar - talking to someone or a stranger who is older than interests like professions, trades, and sports you or someone who has a position or authority language specialists affirmed that Jargon saves ex. Miss, Mrs., Ms., Madam/Ma’am, Mr., or Sir time and space, but the use of it in inappropriate situation and with the wrong audience who are unfamiliar with it causes failure to achieve shared Madam - commonly used with the name of an office to meaning because of its conceptual shorthand and address a woman who is the office holder technical vocabulary Ma’am - often used to address a teacher, or is used (abbreviation as a polite respond to something an older Cliché for madam) woman has said overused and worn out expressions - it can be used without a name consists of once well-loved idioms and phrases but Young man - young boy because they have been used so often ex. What’s your name, young man? cliches suggest mental laziness, uncertainty, and lack of originality Young lady - young girl ex. How are you, young lady? ex. apple of my eyes, by hook or by crook, once upon a time, last but not the least, better late than never 2. Academic and Professional titles - typically used as a style in the grammatical third Sexist language person and as a form of address in the second language that discriminates women person use of masculine noun or pronoun to be generic, meaning it applies to both masculine and feminine a. Dr. genders - someone who holds a doctoral degree (such as PhD and EdD) and for medical practitioners, Sexist language includes the following: dentists, and veterinary surgeons (who do not Use of exclusive pronoun “he” to refer to male and normally hold doctoral degrees) female genders - used both officially and socially in a letter’s Use of gender specific job titles Use of “man” to salutation refer to all people ex. Dr. Nanquil or Dr. Luisito Nanquil on personal letter’s envelope. - dictionaries, book companies, and people in legal, business, and academic settings are phasing out the use of b. Professor mankind, man, sir, he and other sexist terms to refer to both - a person who holds the academic rank of professor sexes. in a university or other institution - best for practical and legal reasons to avoid sex-linked - honorific used with instructors in and around titles; use references that gender-inclusive or nonsexist that campus is, not biased to either sex but include both ex. Professor Galvez or Dr. Galvez c. Retired Professor or Professor Emerita/Emeritus - someone retired with an honorary title from an office or position in a university lorin PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 4 - If the Professor holds a doctorate and has the job as a mayor, he prefers to be called Mayor De personal rank of “Dr. …”, she/he is addressed these Jesus, but is never Mayor Dr. De Jesus. ways in writing for the rest of her/his life - Such multiple post nominals are non-native English speaker error (Hickey, 2019) Dr. Ma. Lourdes Bautista Ma. Lourdes Bautista, PhD Professor Emerita Professor Emerita 3. Many style books recommend not using periods with courtesy titles (such as Ms, Mr, and Mrs) and academic Dr. Norberto Zafra Norberto Zafra, PhD titles (such as BSEd, BSEE, MD, PhD, EdD, MAE, and the Professor Emeritus Professor Emeritus like), other reference manuals recommend using periods, so use your own judgement on this issue and be consistent. d. Graded ranks of professor - Associate Professor, Assistant Professor, and the 4. Do not use Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr. with any other abbreviated like, all can be addressed (as a courtesy) as title or with an abbreviation denoting an academic title or “Professor” or “Professor Nanquil” in conversation. honor. * graded levels of professor are not used orally and are Use: seldom used in written direct address. They are most often Dr. Noelito Bueno or Noelito Bueno, MD used in publications and on lists where the specific Ms. Josephine Mercado or Josephine Mercado, PhD hierarchical position is relevant. Not: Mr. Noelito Bueno, MD e. PhD and EdD Ms. Josephine Mercado, PhD - post nominal abbreviations used in writing to him/her with regard to his/her professional pursuits As many language experts clarify it, this is more of English - used on official name plate such as Luisito Nanquil, usage question than academic question. PhD - they are not used on social correspondence such 5. Abbreviate professional titles only when they are used as wedding invitation, wedding sponsors, religious with both first and last names, or initials and last names. activities, athletic competitions, thank-you card, PTA meetings, and in any activity that has nothing ex. Prof. D.S. Reyes Professor Reyes (There to do with one’s professional title or educational should be spaces between each period and in the attainment following initial or name) - do not use the “PhD’ title when referring to someone who has not earned a Doctor of However, in formal academic prose, it is considered bad Philosophy degree. form to abbreviate names of people, academic titles, and many other words simply to save space and time. f. Other professional levels - many use educational or occupational titles such as 6. Determine the type of Doctor (Doctor of Philosophy, Engineer, Architect, Doctor, Attorney (Engr., Arch., Medical Doctor, Psychologist, Dentist, or Veterinarian). In Dr., Atty.) written form, the title Dr. and PhD are not interchangeable. Only someone who has earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree should be addressed as PhD. Many language practitioners also suggest the following considerations in using respect and 7. Call the office of the dignitary and ask her/his preference. honorifics: Ask the dignitary, “How do you like to be addressed? or ask her/his staff. If the dignitary insists that he/she should be 1. In all forms of English, use either something before the addressed with both academic and professional titles, then name or something after, but not both. The most common choose courtesy over correctness. academic titles in colleges or universities are Professor and Dr. for those who have a PhD, EdD, and MD. Lesson 5: Types of Communication Use: Definition Professor Velasco or Dr. Velasco (in the classroom); Susana Velasco, PhD or Dr. Susana Velasco (on a Communication correspondence). comes from latin word “communicare” which means “to share” or “to make common” Not: Professor Susana Velasco, PhD or Dr. Susana Velasco, PhD diverse and a powerful activity the exchange of messages, information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions through speech, 2. Choose one that is relevant or is the preference of the signals, writing, or behavior bearer. collaborative and interactive - Mayor Jessie De Jesus is an DDS (Doctor of Dental speaker and listener perform roles in the process Surgery)) and a Municipal Mayor. When doing his lorin PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 5 usually meet in a more formal setting than people and in a reciprocal manner happens when information is shared between involved in interpersonal communication two people Public Communication the information sent in a public communication as * miscommunication has often been the cause of well as the sending process is highly structured misunderstandings and conflicts speaker sends the message through a speech to an audience then receives the message back when the There are key communication components to help one listeners ask questions communicate with the audience effectively (Wertheim, channels used are more complex 2011) voice is louder and the gestures are wider because of the audience’ size Communication process: sender encodes a message need to use slides, flip charts among other visual using a channel, sends it to the receiver who decodes the aids message and later processes information, ultimately becoming feedback. Lesson 6:Types of Communication Strategies - Communication strategies vary in use and manner - The strategies may be done online, video, audio, visual and written. Six different types of communication Nonverbal Verbal (face-to-face) Verbal (distance) Written, Formal Informal “Communication begins with listening” (Mehrabian, 2006) and being a good listener will help one grasp what the A. Formal Type audience wants to hear from the speaker. - also referred to as “official communication” - covers the gamut of verbal expressions that address a Types of Communication formal need - conducted through a predetermined channel Intrapersonal Communication - follows a particular communication protocol - written forms based on oral conversation can be recorded occurs within us for transcription involves thoughts, feelings, and the way one looks - considered reliable source of information at her/himself - examples include professional interaction and legal centered in the self, made up of personal thoughts expressions and feelings brain is the channel which enables development of Formal communication forms the core of one’s professional life. feedback One can excel in this type of communication when: 1. He begins clarifying the purpose of his communication Interpersonal Communication 2. When he follows a well-defined structure for his happens in a formal set up audience to easily understood his message; mostly occurs between two people, though it may 3. When he keeps his tone open, professional and friendly include more than two 4. When he ends by reiterating what he expects to happen in this communication Small - Group Communication 5. When he thanks his audience for listening occurs when few people meet the members of this group take chances and turn to B. Informal Type conveying their ideas - popular since a small group has a minimal number of - performed by word-of-mouth transfer of information participants, there are several senders-receivers - unofficial yet provocative information, spontaneous and taking turns in conversing making the process more free-flowing complex than with only two people. - not restricted by any formal structure and standards - less reliable or accurate the ins and outs of the ideas in discussion has a - oral with no documentation evidence is informal pattern and is more structured - many underestimates the significance of informal bigger chances of misunderstanding, but there is a communication and are considered just a “hearsay” great chance of getting more responses and better - considered “user-friendly” and hence offers huge opportunities to solve problems advantages when used wisely lorin PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 6 - Serves well when one wants to control or encourage - creates trust in relationships by matching positive opinions, ideas and expressions, without making nonverbal signals with words them seem like they have been “thrust upon” with ideas - shows understanding and care in responses - know if the relationship is meeting one’s C. Oral (Face to face) Type emotional needs giving the option to either - most common and most powerful type of communication repair the relationship or move on - direct sending of messages can be formal (formal requires reading body language and managing stress meeting or seminar) or informal (with family and friends) - very engaging and cannot rehearse no matter how hard Facial Expression he tries express many emotions without uttering a word universal across cultures to show someone else - does not offer one opportunity to tune, revise, revoke and happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust fix what was already expressed - listener can speak-back to his audience The amount of eye contact - active discussion by asking questions, getting their the way one looks at someone can communicate many opinion, and encouraging expression of new ideas things, including interest, affection, hostility, or - active listener in order to have a productive attraction communication process maintaining the flow of conversation - effective oral communicator does not only speak, but also gauging the other person’s interest and response actively listens to his audience Gestures woven into the fabric of one’s daily life D. Oral (Distance) Type one waves, points, beckons, and uses hands when - made the world a smaller and more accessible place arguing or speaking - mobile phones, VOIP, video-conferencing, 2-way often without thinking webinars, etc. to avoid miscommunication, be careful with gestures. - speaker’s tone of voice and pace of delivery take priority Meaning vary across cultures and regions over other expressions - signals an effective oral (distance) type is when the Touch speaker slightly talks slower than what he does in a simplest type of communication and a fundamental face-to-face communication aspect of life - requires careful listening skill and attention in missed and hands can send pats, slaps, pinches, strikes, holds, embraces, or tickles non-verbal signals one would receive in face-to-face these behaviors are used for various reasons, from communication such as anger, friendliness, receptivity, impersonal and very random to very intimate and sarcasm, among other subtle expressions which would purposeful confirm that the other party is in active participation shaking hands is social and polite, patting someone on - tone of voice must convey openness and receptivity the back is encouragement, and hugging shows love. - must be backed-up with written communication where possible Body movements and posture consider how people’s perceptions are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand, or hold their head Definition body movements send different messages nonverbal communication includes posture, bearing, Oral Communication stance, and gestures - occurs through word of mouth, spoken words, action speaks louder than words conversations and also any messages or information interpretations of actions can vary, especially when which are shared or exchanged between one another cultural differences exist. through speech or word of mouth - ex. public speech, telephone, and mobile conversations Appearance looking good boosts psychological well-being and Written Communication creates a positive audience impression - nonverbal happens through any word written or often not necessarily requiring best attire; dressing up in written sign which refers to the languages used in any casual attire can stand out medium changing one's appearance can intentionally - ex. handwritten, typed, printed word documents, or communicate meaning letters looking best involves wearing top-tier attire Space Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication one may feel uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person stands too close and - ability to understand and use nonverbal communication invades one’s space or body language, is a powerful tool that can help one to everyone needs physical space, although that need connect with others, express the intended information, differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship and build better relationships (Doyle, 2018) physical space can convey nonverbal messages like intimacy, affection, aggression, or dominance Nonverbal Communication Emotional awareness Emotional awareness enables communicator to (Communication Skills, 2018): Verbal Communication - enables accurate reading of others' emotions - uses sounds and words to express self and unspoken messages. - a type of oral communication lorin PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 7 - includes rituals, practices, symbolic and physical - applicable in both the formal and informal kind of artifacts shaping attitudes. situations - culture is a set of learned behaviors shared Vocal Communication through interaction. plays a vital role in the regulation of social interactions - not permanent entities, constantly changing in social groups based on diverse experiences. dyadic interaction requires a signaler, receiver, and - cultural behaviors and schemas may seem cues invisible to members. vocal cues can strengthen or weaken verbal messages vocal cues are limited to sounds, expressions, tone, ○ Co-culture and style of voice - co-cultures are groups within a general culture vocal includes speaker's voice, vocal variety, quality, differing from the main culture rate, volume, and pauses. - examples include African Americans, Hispanic Four main vocal elements: Americans, Japanese Americans, disabled, gays and lesbians, cyberpunks, and the elderly pitch: low or high, - when people feel that they belong to a volume: soft or loud, marginalized group (members who feel they are rate: fast or slow outsiders) they have the techniques to choose quality: rough or smooth how they want to interact with members of the dominant culture (Hall, 2018) Written Type included the formal note or legal notice from the bank, Strategies to Penetrate Co-Cultural World (Edwards, 2014) landlord, and business client among other note receivers Assimilation - when a co-culture member wants to fit in Effective written communication: or join with members of the dominant culture by follow a clear structure: introduction, agenda, discussing common topics (e.g. cars, sports, or how they message body, and conclusion dress) capture communication modes: email, text Accommodation - when co-culture members attempt to message, social media status updates maintain their cultural identity even while they strive to clarify context: Ensure context is clear for all establish relationships with members of the dominant recipients, regardless of the recipient's role culture avoid overkill for harmless messages: Ensure Separation - resist interacting with the other members communication reaches the right audience. they consider outsiders this type of communication should always be cautious that there are very few instances when written Members of co-cultures can be: communication is purely formal (when addressed to professional peers), or purely informal (when Passive - they do not attempt to interact with or have addressed only to immediate family members and contact with those outside of their own groups friends) Aggressive - hurtfully express and self-promote adapt a semi-formal tone, keep communication clean themselves, they also are in control of the choices they (in language and expression), and open (without make with the members they want to be with offending any group) Assertive - seeking to realize their objectives with whom for writers, it is better to think that he communicates ‘stiffly’ by thinking of the general audience than they interact ‘offensively’ by thinking that he communicates with a Confrontational - seek to make the dominant culture boss hear them, recognize them, and react to them by making it impossible for them to ignore their presence or pretend they do not exist Lesson 7: Cultural Diversity in the Workplace “Culture is the interaction within”- Hall (2014) Introduction points Ethnocentrism - belief in one's own culture as superior to all others Culture - derived from the French term, which in turn derives from Cultural Relativism the Latin word “colere”, which means to cultivate, nurture - opposite of ethnocentrism or to tend to the earth and grow - they view the group to which they belong as superior to - society consists of individuals with culture different in all others customs, morals, traits, traditions and values - they tend to understand behavior of other groups on the - common heritage and shared experiences link individuals basis of the context in which the behavior occurs rather to learn than own frame of reference - cultures provide self-identity and community, influencing - the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and workplace actions not to make judgments using the standards of one's own - (kulang pa) culture (Theory & https ://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cultural_Anthropology/Introductio Culture and Co-cultures n, 2020) ○ Culture - system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts. lorin PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 8 Cultural Pluralism Low-context cultures often display the following tendencies - advocates respect for cultural uniqueness, tolerance for (Hall, 2018): differences, and adherence to the principle of cultural diversity Association: - relationships begin and end quickly High Context versus Low Context Cultures - paying attention to the internal processes is the basis of a productive work - for the decentralization of the societal components, each High context Low context accomplishes individually for the common good - place high regards to - value productivity and prefer Interaction: relationships and indirect direct communication - nonverbal elements are not significant communication - verbal messages and exchange of facts, ideas, opinions - Countries: United States, - allocate more meaning to Canada, as well as the are observable shared history, non- verbal northern part of Europe - conflict resolution should not be personal signals, and the context of the - individuals can directly show behavior with others messages than to what is said Territoriality: space is compartmentalized. Privacy is important, - Countries: Japan, China, and so people stand farther apart. some countries in Asia Temporality:events and tasks are scheduled and to be done at particular times. Change is fast, and time is a commodity to be High-Context Cultures spent or saved. One’s time is one’s own - use nonverbal and indirect communication Learning: one source of information is used. Thinking begins with - require extensive schemata for understanding information specific message to general information. Learning takes place - high-context cultures are the Asians, Africans, Arabs, through other’s direct explanation. Individual orientation is central Europeans and Latin Americans preferred and speed is valued - high-context cultures such as; Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, (Another para) American-Indian; leave much of the message unspecified, requiring context, nonverbal cues, and BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW CONTEXT interpretation CULTURES High-context cultures often show the following criteria (Edward, 2018 Historyplex): High Context Culture Low Context Culture Indirect communication Direct and specific Association: communication - relationships build slowly and depend on trust - productivity depends on relationships and the group Fewer words, more nonverbal High value on words rather process cues than nonverbal cues - identity is formed in groups like family, community, work - Social structure and authority are centralized Simple and ambiguous Structured messages with messages technical details Interaction: - nonverbal elements: voice tone, gestures, facial Very verbal people seen as Informal, frequent smiles, and expressions, eye movement are significant unattractive; smiling frequent use of hand gestures - engaging through the use of indirect verbal messages associated with nervousness and facial expressions - personal contradiction and conflicting sensitivity Preference to long term Temporary personal expressed through implied signals relationships and underlying relationships messages Territoriality: space is communal. Communicators forms a closely knit to connect within a territory Long term view of time Short term view of time Temporality: everything has its own time, and time is not easily Appointments are generally Emphasis on appointments on scheduled. Gradual change occurs as to some as time goes by. considered flexible time, management of schedules, and punctuality are Learning: multiple sources of information are used. Thinking given high preference proceeds from general to specific. To accurately learn, group participants observe, model, demonstrate, and practice. Vague and Focus on getting a job done, non-confrontational language being specific, and goal is preferred attainment Low-Context Cultures Honor and respect more Personal relationship not - relies on explicit communication important than business; considered tha much; ideas - more information is not understood if not are deleted adjourn power and position and people are assumed as - United States, Australia and some parts of Western equals Europe are examples of countries with low-context Private networks are used to Information is made cultures obtain information accessible readily, shared with lorin PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION First Semester Page 9 others Values family and group Individualism valued authority lorin