Chapter 10 Endocrine System Lecture Outline PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 10 Endocrine System Lecture Outline Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Eleventh Edition Cinnamon VanPutte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the pri...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 10 Endocrine System Lecture Outline Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Eleventh Edition Cinnamon VanPutte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Characteristics 1 The endocrine system is composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body. Endocrine glands and cells secrete little amounts of chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones then travel through the general blood circulation to target tissues or effectors. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2 Characteristics 2 The target tissues have receptors for a specific hormone. Hormones produce a particular response in the target tissues. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 3 Endocrine System Glands Figure 10.1 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4 Classes of Chemical Messengers 1 Autocrine: released by cells and a have local effect on same cell type Paracrine: released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5 Classes of Chemical Messengers 2 Neurotransmitter secreted by nerve cells Hormones secreted into blood and bind to receptors on target tissues Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 6 Types of Hormones Water-soluble hormones: include proteins, peptides, amino acids most common type of hormone Examples - growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin Lipid-soluble hormones: include steroids and eicosanoids Examples - Luteinizing hormone, androgens Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 7 Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action 1 A hormone can stimulate only the cells that have the receptor for that hormone. The portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone binds is called a receptor site. The receptor site has specificity, allowing only one hormone to bind to it. Some hormones, such as epinephrine, can bind to a “family” of receptors that are structurally similar. This specificity is due to molecular shape and chemical characteristics. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 8 Target Tissue Specificity and Response Figure 10.7 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 9 Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action 2 Lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones bind to their own classes of receptors. Lipid-soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors due to their lipid solubility and small molecular size allowing to easily pass through the cell membrane. Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. Water-soluble hormones are polar molecules and cannot pass through the cell membrane. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10 REGULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD 1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 11 TERMS 1. GLAND 2. HORMONES Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 12 Pituitary Gland 1 Small gland in brain Controlled by hypothalamus Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 13 Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary Gland The anterior pituitary gland synthesizes hormones under the control of the hypothalamus. Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete releasing hormones that stimulate the production and secretion of a specific hormone. Inhibiting hormones decrease the secretion of a specific anterior pituitary hormone Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 14 Hypothalamic Control of the Posterior Pituitary The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones produced by neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus. The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 15 Anterior Pituitary Hormones 1 Growth Hormone: Target tissues: most tissues Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs Abnormalities: Too much GH causes giantism Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 16 Anterior Pituitary Hormones 2 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Target tissues: thyroid gland Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions Abnormalities: Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 17 Anterior Pituitary Hormones 3 Gonadotropin Hormone Luteinizing Hormone (LH) for females: Target tissue: ovaries Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone production LH for males: Target tissue: testes Function: production of sperm and testosterone Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 18 Anterior Pituitary Hormones 4 Gonadotropin Hormone Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) for females: Target tissue: follicles in ovaries Function: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion FSH for males: Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes) Function: sperm production Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 19 Anterior Pituitary Hormones 5 Prolactin: Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries Functions: milk production Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 20 Anterior Pituitary Hormones 6 Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Target tissues: melanocytes in the skin Functions: stimulate melanin production in melanocytes Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH): Target tissues: cells of adrenal cortex Functions: stimulate production of certain corticosteroids Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 21 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary 1 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Target tissues: kidneys Functions: conserve water Abnormalities: Diabetes insipidus low ADH kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery) urine can lead to dehydration and thirst Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 22 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary 2 Oxytocin: Target tissues: uterus Functions: increases uterine contractions during labor Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 23 Thyroid Gland One of largest glands Requires iodine to function Secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin Thyroid hormones: T3 and T4 Target tissues: most tissues Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth Calcitonin: Target tissues: bone and some other tissues Function: reduces blood calcium level when high Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 24 Thyroid Hormone Disorders Hypothyroidism: Hyperthyroidism: Decreased metabolism Increased metabolism Weight gain, reduced Weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue appetite, nervousness Low temp. and pulse Higher temp. and pulse Dry, cold skin Warm, flushed skin Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 25 Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Target tissues: bones and kidneys Functions: regulates blood Ca2+ levels (more than calcitonin) If Ca2+ is low, then osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca2+ is lost. If Ca2+ is high, then osteoclasts don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca2+ is lost. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 26 Adrenal Gland Actions The adrenal glands are two small glands located superior to each kidney Each adrenal gland has an inner part, called the adrenal medulla, and an outer part, called the adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex function as separate endocrine glands. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 27 Adrenal Medulla Hormones 1 Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Target tissues: heart & blood vessels Functions: released as part of fight or flight response Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 28 Adrenal Cortex Hormones 1 Aldosterone: Type of mineralocorticoid Target tissues: kidneys Functions: regulate ion balance, causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 29 Adrenal Cortex Hormones 2 Cortisol: Type of glucocorticoid Target tissues: most Functions: increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses reduces inflammatory and immune responses Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 30 Adrenal Cortex Hormones 3 Androgens: Target tissues: most tissues Functions: Males: secondary sexual characteristics Females: sex drive Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 31 Pancreas Actions 1 The pancreas is a mixed gland, with an exocrine portion and an endocrine portion. The exocrine portion of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans), which are dispersed throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 32 Pancreas Actions 2 The islets consist of three cell types, each of which secretes a separate hormone. Alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, and delta cells secrete somatostatin. These three hormones regulate the blood levels of nutrients, especially glucose. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 33 Pancreas Hormones 1 Insulin: Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue Functions: regulates blood glucose levels after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 34 Pancreas Hormones 2 Glucagon: Target tissues: liver Function: regulates blood glucose levels between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 35 Testes Hormone Testosterone: Target tissues: most tissues Functions: aids in sperm and reproductive organ development and function Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 36 Ovarian Hormones Estrogen/Progesterone: Target tissues: most tissues Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 37 Thymus Gland Hormone Thymosin: Target tissues: immune system tissues Functions: promotes immune system development and function Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 38 Pineal Gland Hormone Melatonin: Target tissues: hypothalamus Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms. Light affects its function. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 39  Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.