PBS Study Guide Lesson 1.1 - PDF

**PBS STUDY GUIDE** **Lesson 1.1** **Polygraph** **Experimental Design** Can you write a testable hypothesis? **Salt dissolves in hot water faster than sugar** Differentiate between independent and dependent variables? **Independent variables are variables that are specifically changed in ord...

**PBS STUDY GUIDE** **Lesson 1.1** **Polygraph** **Experimental Design** Can you write a testable hypothesis? **Salt dissolves in hot water faster than sugar** Differentiate between independent and dependent variables? **Independent variables are variables that are specifically changed in order to have an effect on the results. While Dependent variables are variables that are being measured in an experiment.** What is a control? **A dependent variable that is specifically placed to not be effected by the independent variable, serves as a baseline of what happens in the absence of the independent variables.** **Hair** Cuticle: **the outermost layer of a hair strand, made up of overlapping dead cells that form a protective barrier** Cortex: **the middle layer of a hair shaft, and is the thickest layer of hair** Medulla: **the innermost layer of the hair shaft** **Fingerprints** Know the difference between: Arch/Tented Arch, Loop & Whorl **Arches: Have a mound-like shape with ridges that flow from one side to the other. Arches are the least common type of fingerprint.** **Tented arches: Similar to arches, but with a more pronounced upward thrust or spike in the center. Tented arches are relatively rare, making up about 1--5% of fingerprint patterns.** **Loops: Have concentric ridges that flow in one side, recurve, and exit on the same side. Loops are classified as radial or ulnar, depending on whether the ridges slope toward the thumb or little finger. Loops make up about 65% of fingerprints.** **Whorls: Have ridges that form circles or spirals. Whorls are classified as plain, central pocket, double loop, or accidental, depending on the pattern. Whorls make up about 30% of fingerprints.** Define fingerprint minutiae: **Tiny details in the fingerprints that make them unique.** How many minutiae must be matched to establish an identical fingerprint? **12** What are the 4 main components of blood and their functions? **red blood cells (erythrocytes) which carry oxygen, white blood cells (leukocytes) which fight infection, platelets (thrombocytes) which help with blood clotting, and plasma which is the liquid component that carries the other blood cells and various important substances throughout the body.** **Compare Presumptive tests vs, Confirmatory tests:** **A \"presumptive test\" is an initial screening test that indicates the possible presence of a substance, while a \"confirmatory test\" is a more rigorous test used to definitively identify that substance, typically required after a positive presumptive test result; essentially, a presumptive test provides a preliminary indication, while a confirmatory test provides conclusive proof.** **Blood Type** What are Antigens? Which antigens do people with the following blood types have on their cells? A: **A** B: **B** AB: **A&B** O: **None** **Blood Spatter Analysis:** How do height and angle affect blood spatter? **a higher drop height results in a larger bloodstain diameter because the blood droplet has more time to accelerate due to gravity, hitting the surface with greater force; while a steeper angle of impact creates an elongated, elliptical bloodstain shape, with a nearly circular shape forming when the blood drops straight down at a 90-degree angle.** What are the three components of a nucleotide? **a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.** Explain how the bases of DNA pair together: **A&T, G&C** 1\. Deoxyribose sugar 2\. Nitrogen bases 3\. Nucleotide 4\. Nitrogen bases 5. 6\. Phosphate group Define gene: **The entirety of a person's genetic information.** What is a chromosome? Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes: **A chromosome is a structure within a cell that contains long strands of DNA, and genes are specific segments of that DNA, meaning that each chromosome carries many genes; essentially, genes are the functional units of heredity located on chromosomes, which are made up of DNA** Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: **Prokaryotic-No nucleus** **Eukaryotic-Has a Nucleus** **DNA Analysis/Profiling/Fingerprinting** **PCR amplifies small amounts of DNA to a detectable level, restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific sites creating unique fragment lengths, and gel electrophoresis separates these fragments based on size, allowing for the visualization of a distinctive banding pattern that represents the individual\'s DNA profile.** Write the complementary strand for the following single DNA strand: If the restriction enzyme HAEIII cuts between bases GG-CC, how many RFLPs will be created from the strand above? During gel electrophoresis, in which direction do the DNA fragments move and why? **Smaller fragments** **Lesson 1.2** **Autopsy:** Differentiate between and give examples of Cause of Death, Manner of Death & Mechanism of Death Cause: the specific disease or injury that initiated the chain of events leading to death (Gunshot wound) Manner: How the death occurred (Homicide) Mechanism: the physiological process that directly caused the body to stop functioning (Blood loss) **Body Systems:** Match the organ to its body system(s) and next to each system, note its [function] \_\_\_B\_1. Bladder \_\_F\_\_10. Eye A. Cardiovascular System-- \_A\_\_\_2. Heart \_\_H\_\_11. Lymph Node B. Urinary System-- \_\_C\_\_3. Lungs \_\_D\_\_12. Teeth C. Respiratory System- \_\_G\_\_4. Pituitary \_\_B\_\_13. Urethra D. Digestive System- \_\_\_G\_5. Pancreas \_\_H\_\_14. Thymus E. Immune System- \_\_B\_\_6. Kidneys \_\_F\_\_15. Spleen F. Nervous System- \_\_F\_\_7. Brain \_\_\_G\_16. Testes G. Endocrine System- \_\_\_D\_8. Gallbladder \_\_\_C\_17. Trachea **H. Lymphatic system** \_\_A\_\_9. Vein \_\_D\_\_18. Small Intestine **Time of Death:** Differentiate between Livor mortis, rigor mortis, algor mortis, insect activity and explain how each helps to estimate the time of death **Livor- Blood on the inside of the body is taken by the force of gravity and pall to one side of the body, becoming visible under the skin.** **Rigor- Stiffness of muscles and joints.** **Algor- The temperature of the body declines heavily to match the surrounding environment.** **Insect- Presence of insects indicates how long the body has been there.** **Each effect performs as a timestamp of how long a body has been there.** **Levels of organization:** Give an example for each level for a particular system cell, tissue, organ, organ system **Blood cell, Muscle, Stomach, Respiratory system** **4 Lobes of the Brain:** what are the names and functions? **frontal lobe (responsible for higher cognitive functions like planning and decision making), parietal lobe (processes sensory information like touch and taste), temporal lobe (processes auditory information and memory), and occipital lobe (processes visual information)** **TBI vs. CTE:** Differentiate between the causes and effects of both **TBI- 1 blow to the head, Has similar cases to CTE, the effects being better.** **CTE- Multiple blows to the head, Memory loss, slurred speech, Troubles sleeping, shares unlisted effects with TBI (except the effects are worse).** **What are the 4 Types of Tissue** and their basic functions? **epithelial tissue (covering and lining surfaces), connective tissue (supporting and binding structures together), muscle tissue (contraction and movement), and nervous tissue (transmitting electrical signals and coordinating bodily functions)** **Path of Blood, parts of the heart** and cardiovascular system **Heart defects**: Differentiate between valve defects and septal defects **Valve defects are when the valves can't open or close properly, while Septal defects detail a hole in the wall.**