2024 Biology Final PDF

Nature of Life Bio Regions an area of land determined by it's ecological characteristics determination native species climate geological andecological features landform patterns Invasive Species can impact bioregi...

Nature of Life Bio Regions an area of land determined by it's ecological characteristics determination native species climate geological andecological features landform patterns Invasive Species can impact bioregions by conflictingwith foodchain a starving other animals causing population declines of nativespecies Human Activities habitats for human benefit Destroying buildings roads Zoos Production of gases Characteristics of Living Things Growth Evolve Stimulus Homeostasis DNA Maintaing Homeostasis Shivering sweating Regulating sugar levels Experimental Design Step 1 create hypothesis step 2 Identify independent and dependant variables Independent variable manipulated variable factor in controlled expirement that is deliberately changed Potential cause of change Dependant variable responding variable variable tha is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable effect of changingthe idependan variable step 3 Identify the controlling variables constants Controlling variables all variablesyou keptthesame step 4 Identify the controlgroup Controlled group group in an expirementthatis exposed tothesame conditions as the expiremental groupexcept for one independent variable Steps Collect data step6 Identify data that would support your hypothesis step Identify data that would rejectyour data  Biomolecules Enzymes Biomolecules Functions Carbohydrates Lipids Monomers Monemers monosaccharides glyed fattyacids sugars Functions fast energy source mÉÉran Inti Yhi Ing Examples Carbs bread pasta Examples fats oils potatoes Elements C H 0 Elements C HO Yns  Proteins Nucleic Acids I'ns ÉIÉÉ ihnEinfo determinds e.am bodies enzymes our traits Examples meatsnuts beans Examples DNA RNA Elements H o n Elements C H O N P YvIFlns i moohdhlososa.ms Enzymes istioooio.it oirEhiioeomoioII i oioIhroeeemioo hhmoisiroo.name oisrroo.rrrirr.io oioHromhhhmiihhw mnr.iim.am oioEHooaoomiit1 Functions Speedup chemical reactions in our bodies act uponsubstrate moleculesand decreasetheactivationenergynecessary for a chemical reaction to occur state bystabilizingthe transition they act as catalysts makebiochemicalreactionshappenfasterthantheywould otherwise Active site thepartofthe enzymewherethe substrate binds a specific chemical substrate matchesthissite like a puzzle pieceandmakes the to its substrate enzyme specific Factors for increasing or decreasingtheactionof enzymes theconcentration oftheenzyme the concentration ofthesubstrate thetemperature the pH the salt concentration Ecology Human Impacts Global Change lower layersofthe sediment compressandheat uptobecome Carbon natural cycle gas É cos atroalgas Playsthedriftdown to theair that travelsthrough thepond for an become webreathe Comes thiscycle sediments sediments Ponds fifties s pond plants carbon dissolves with photosynthesis intothesurface these plantstakecarbonfrom ofthepond the water Natural is a fossilfuel so it becomespart gas ofthe atmosphere andthe process starts again Human Activities Burning fossil Coifu fuels released Burning fossil it results in Fuels Coal transportation atlas electricity Petroleum ELECTRICITYGG TRANSPORTATIONLY releases Carbon releases gas Edi.ie Ocean Acidification When there is too much fossil fuels burning Co2 is absorbed into the ocean in oceans carbon dioxide creates carbonic acid More acidic means more hydrogen ions H ThenormalpH of the ocean ranges from 7.4 to 8 4  Ocean acidification can cause harm to shellsthat protectanimals to disintegrate animals sensitive to acidity animals higher up inthe foodchainto starve due tothesensitiveanimalsdying Climate Change Sea level rise Thermal expansion Higher sea levels melting ice If we limit our emissions sea level rise could be reduced Some risks are 1 Higherwaterlevels floods 2 Higher wave heights stormsurges Melting ice Caused by heat from climate change Melting ice glaciers can also cause sealevel rise Heat Caused fromtheamount of fossilfuels beingburnt Food Webs EnergyFlow Rule of 10 Habitat us Niche Habitat Place where organisms live Niche The role or way of life of a species within its environment Example A seaotter's habitat is the ocean or a kelpforest A seaotter's niche is regulating kelp populations Food Webs networkofcomplex interactionsformed bythefeeding relationshipsamongthe Various organismsin a ecosystem carnivor keystybikes carnivore techs secondary the Heterotroph consumer Heterotroph Carnivore Hettylpn Heterotroph Is its _Priorities Consumer Herbivore Heterotroph Produce Autotroph Key Terms 1 Carnivore an animalthat feeds on other animals 2 Herbivore an animalthatfeeds on plants 3 omnivore an animalthatfeeds on bothplantsandanimals 4 Heterotroph organismthatobtainsfoodbyconsumingotherlivingthings 5 Autotroph organismthatisableto capture energyfromsunlight or chemicals 6 Producer firstproducerofenergy richcompoundsthatarelaterusedbyother organisms 7 Primaryconsumer 2nd level in thefood chainthateat the producer 8 SecondaryConsumer 3rd level thatconsumes herbivorous animals 9 Tertiary Consumer 4thlevel thatobtains nutrition byeatingprimary consumers and secondary consumers 10 KEYSTONE SPECIES single speciesthatis not usuallyabundantin acommunity get exerts strongcontrol onthestructure of a community Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis relationship in which two species live closetogether 1 Commensalim symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits andtheother is neither helpedor harmed 2 Mutualism Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefi from the relationship 3 Parasitism Symbioticrelationship in which an organismlives on or insic anotherorganism andharms it Ecological Footprint totalamount offunctioningecosystem needed tobothprovide the resources a human population uses and toabsorbthe wastes that population generates Footprint includes alltheresources thatenable youtolive as you do transportation usingenergy Use of heat usingenergy Growingfood using land andfreshwater buyingthings usingenergy  Cells Pt Plant Cell Animal Cell cell mem membrane brand t wall Cellwall support shape protect Cellmembrane consists of a Animalcellsdonot have lipidbilayer them regulates whatenters mostcellwalls allow what leaves materialsto passthrough Some are selectively Permeable  Phosolipidbilayer Cell Membrane Hdrophobic water hating Hdrophilic water loving Fehobic Another name for a cellmembrane is a fluid mosaic made of proteins cholesterol manypieces like phosolipid bilayer Proteins embedded in thelipidbilayer movearound andfloat Selectively permeable membranes allow some substances but notothers to pass across them throughproteincells aquaporing orcansqueezethrough EE En I IE red phospholipids Green oxygenmolecules Purple glucose molecules Yellow protein channel Cell Transport 1 Passive Transport movement of materials acrossthe membrane WITHOUT using cellularenergy diffusion is the process when particles move from high concentration weas to low concentration areas facilitated diffusion is the process whichmolecules that by cannot directly diffuseacross themembrane pass through Special protein channels Osmosis is the facilitated diffusion of waterthrough a selectively permeable membrane 1 aquaporing arewaterchannels thatallow waterto pass throughcellmembranes 2 Active Transport themovement of materials against a concentration gradient Requires energy Effects of Osmosis on Cells If a cell is in an isotonic solution then theconcentrations inside andoutside the cellare EQUAL Waterwillmove in andout of thecell at the same rate Hypertonic Solutions have HIGH concentration solute If a cell is hypertonic it will shriveland shrink because there is no watermovement inside thecell Hypotonic solutions have LOWER concentration of solute If an animal cell is in an hypotonic solution itcouldswell and maybe burst because there is too much water movement inside the cell