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Questions and Answers
What term describes the abnormal changes of mature cells?
Which type of disease is present at birth due to genetic or environmental factors?
What is the primary characteristic of autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
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What causes an abscess to form during an inflammatory reaction?
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What defines a hereditary disease?
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What does the term 'etiology' refer to in the context of disease?
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Which term best describes the localized accumulation of fluid in body cavities?
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Which of the following statements about virulence is accurate?
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What distinguishes a symptom from a sign in medical terminology?
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Which type of pathology focuses on the basic reactions of cells to abnormal stimuli?
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What characterizes chronic illness as opposed to acute illness?
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What is the definition of 'morphologic changes' in relation to disease?
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What describes a nosocomial infection?
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Who is known as the 'Father of Modern Pathology'?
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Which term refers to diseases that have no identifiable cause?
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What is the term for the lasting effect following an illness, such as a stroke?
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Which disease type requires an increase in technical factors to achieve proper image receptor exposure?
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What does the term 'prevalence' refer to in epidemiology?
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In the context of disease mapping, what does a 'genetic map' do?
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Which term describes a high relevance of a disease in an area where its causative organism is commonly found?
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What is the definition of 'morbidity rate'?
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Which classification is used globally for epidemiology and health management purposes?
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Atrophy refers to which of the following?
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What type of disease is primarily characterized by the deterioration of the body over time?
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Which type of cancer originates from epithelial cells?
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Which fluid type contains a high cell count and is often cloudy due to the presence of pus or bacteria?
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What is defined as the obstruction of normal blood flow to an organ?
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A hematoma is best described as which of the following?
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Which type of cancer arises from blood and blood-forming tissues?
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Which condition leads to tissue becoming necrotic due to loss of blood supply?
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What term describes a type of bruise resulting from broken capillaries below the skin?
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Study Notes
Pathology Overview
- Pathology is the study of disease, derived from Greek "pathos" (disease) and "logia" (study).
- Divided into two main branches:
- General pathology: focuses on basic cellular responses to disease.
- Systemic/specialized pathology: examines specific organ responses.
Key Concepts in Disease
- Disease indicates an abnormal disturbance in body function or structure, stemming from injury or trauma.
Aspects of Disease Process
- Etiology: Identifies the causes of diseases.
- Pathogenesis: Details the mechanisms and sequence of events leading to disease manifestations.
- Morphologic changes: Refers to structural alterations in cells, tissues, or organs.
- Clinical significance: Examines the functional consequences of morphologic changes.
Disease Manifestations
- Symptoms: Subjective patient experiences (e.g., headaches).
- Signs: Objective findings observable by healthcare professionals (e.g., swelling).
- Syndromes: Collections of signs and symptoms indicating a specific abnormal condition (e.g., Irritable Bowel Syndrome).
- Asymptomatic: Diseases that do not produce noticeable symptoms.
Types of Disease Etiologies
- Nosocomial: Infections acquired in a hospital setting.
- Community-acquired: Infections acquired outside healthcare environments.
- Iatrogenic: Resulting from medical treatments or interventions.
- Idiopathic: Diseases with unknown causes.
Classifications of Illness
- Acute illness: Sudden onset and short duration (days to weeks).
- Chronic illness: Develops slowly and persists over a long period (months to years).
- Sequelae: Lasting effects following an illness, like those from a stroke.
Diagnosis and Prognosis
- Diagnosis: Process of identifying diseases.
- Prognosis: Prediction of disease course and outcomes.
Radiology and Disease Types
- Destructive disease: Leads to tissue thinning and requires decreased technical exposure in imaging.
- Additive disease: Causes tissue thickening and necessitates increased technical exposure.
Epidemiology
- Epidemiology investigates disease prevalence and incidence in populations.
- Prevalence: Total cases in a specified population.
- Incidence: New cases identified within a set period.
- Endemic: High relevance of disease where the causative agent is prevalent.
- Epidemic: Sudden and wide occurrence of disease.
- Pandemic: Extensive prevalence over large geographical areas.
Health Statistics
- Mortality Rate: Average deaths caused by specific diseases in a population.
- Morbidity Rate: Incidence of sickness affecting normal daily activities.
Human Genome Project
- International research initiative aimed at understanding human DNA sequence and gene mapping, completed in 2003.
Cellular Changes in Pathophysiology
- Aplasia: Failure of an organ or structure to develop normally.
- Atrophy: Decrease in cell size within an organ.
- Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size.
- Hyperplasia: Increased number of cells in an organ or tissue.
- Metaplasia: Change of one cell type to another not normal for that tissue.
- Dysplasia: Abnormal changes in mature cells.
Disease Classifications
- Congenital: Present at birth due to genetic/environmental factors.
- Hereditary: Genetically transmitted developmental disorders.
- Inflammatory: Body response to localized injury, including autoimmune diseases.
Inflammation Characteristics
- Cardinal signs: Rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of function).
Inflammatory Reactions
- Abscess: A localized collection of pus.
- Ulcer: A wound healing on the skin/mucous membrane.
- Cellulitis: Acute bacterial skin infection.
- Edema: Fluid accumulation in body cavities; can be localized or generalized.
Other Disease Classes
- Degenerative disease: Progressive deterioration of bodily structures.
- Metabolic disease: Disturbance in physiological functions.
- Traumatic disease: Results from mechanical forces or ionizing radiation.
- Neoplastic disease: Abnormal tissue growth signaling neoplasm.
Cancer Categories
- Carcinoma: Epithelial cell origin (e.g., breast, colon).
- Sarcoma: Connective tissue origin (e.g., bone, cartilage).
- Leukemia: Blood and blood-forming tissue origin.
- Lymphoma: Lymphatic tissue origin (e.g., Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma).
Fluid Abnormalities
- Transudates: Clear, low-cell-count fluid (e.g., pleural effusion).
- Exudates: Contains protein, pus, or blood; indicates infection.
- Ischemia: Obstruction in blood flow, potentially causing tissue necrosis.
- Hemorrhage: Loss of blood from circulation.
Examples of Abnormal Fluids
- Hematoma: Blood pooling below skin/organ surface due to vessel break.
- Ecchymosis: Bruise resulting from capillary damage, typically due to trauma.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of pathology, including the branches of general and systemic pathology. Explore the key concepts like etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical significance of diseases. Test your understanding of how diseases manifest through symptoms, signs, and syndromes.
