PathFit-1-MOVEMENT-COMPETENCY-MODULE (2).pdf

PathFit 2 MOVEMENT COMPETENCY ___________________________________________________________________________ Module 1 (Week 2-4) I. Description of Physical Education 2. Legal Bases of Physical Education. 3. Health and Fitnes...

PathFit 2 MOVEMENT COMPETENCY ___________________________________________________________________________ Module 1 (Week 2-4) I. Description of Physical Education 2. Legal Bases of Physical Education. 3. Health and Fitness 4. Physical Fitness and Body Mass Index 5. Classification of Movement ___________________________________________________________________________ What is Physical Education? Physical Education (PE) is an educational discipline that focuses on the development of physical fitness, motor skills, and overall health through planned and structured physical activities. It is an essential component of the education system, aiming to promote the physical, mental, and social well-being of individuals of all ages. PE programs are typically offered in schools, colleges, and universities, with the goal of helping students lead active and healthy lives. The primary objectives of Physical Education include: 1. Physical Fitness. PE aims to improve and maintain physical fitness through activities such as aerobic exercises, strength training, flexibility exercises, and cardiovascular workouts. These activities contribute to overall health and well-being. 2. Motor Skill Development. PE helps individuals develop fundamental motor skills such as running, jumping, throwing, catching, and balancing. These skills are essential for participating in various sports and physical activities. 3. Health Education. PE provides knowledge about the importance of exercise, nutrition, and healthy lifestyle choices. It teaches individuals how to make informed decisions about their health and well-being. 4. Social and Emotional Development. PE often involves group activities, team sports, and cooperative games, which help students develop social skills, communication, teamwork, and sportsmanship. It also promotes emotional well-being and stress reduction through physical activity. 5. Cognitive Development. Physical activity has been linked to improved cognitive function, including enhanced memory, concentration, and problem-solving skills. PE can support academic performance by promoting better brain health. 1 6. Lifelong Habits. PE aims to instill a love for physical activity and a habit of regular exercise from a young age. Developing these habits early in life can lead to a healthier lifestyle throughout adulthood. 7. Inclusivity. PE strives to be inclusive, accommodating individuals with varying physical abilities, skill levels, and interests. Adapted physical education ensures that everyone can participate and benefit from physical activity. 8. Safety Education. PE teaches individuals about the importance of warm-up exercises, proper technique, and injury prevention during physical activities. This knowledge helps reduce the risk of injuries. 9. Stress Relief. Engaging in physical activities during PE can be a great way to relieve stress, improve mood, and promote mental well-being. 10. Enjoyment of Physical Activity. PE exposes individuals to a variety of physical activities and sports, helping them discover activities they enjoy and may continue outside of the classroom. Overall, Physical Education plays a vital role in promoting a holistic approach to health and well-being. By providing structured opportunities for physical activity, skill development, and health education, PE encourages individuals to adopt a more active and healthier lifestyle, leading to improved quality of life and long-term wellness. IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION The importance of physical education in the Philippines is recognized in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Article XIV, Section 19 of the Constitution explicitly addresses the value of physical education, sports, and the promotion of health. This provision underscores the role of physical education in the holistic development of Filipino citizens and the overall well-being of the nation. Here is the relevant section: Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry. (2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors." This constitutional provision highlights several key aspects of the importance of physical education: 2  1. Holistic Development: Physical education is recognized as a means to promote the holistic development of individuals. It goes beyond the academic aspect of education and emphasizes the development of physical health, self-discipline, and teamwork. 2. Health and Well-being: Physical education is a tool for promoting health and wellness among the population. It contributes to the development of a healthy and alert citizenry, which is essential for the progress of the nation. 3. Sports and Excellence: The Constitution encourages the promotion of sports programs and competitions, including training for international competitions. This emphasis on excellence in sports is linked to national pride and the representation of the Philippines on the international stage. 4. Cooperation and Participation: The Constitution recognizes that educational institutions should work in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors to ensure the implementation of regular sports activities. This encourages a collaborative approach to physical education. Overall, physical education is not only about physical fitness but also about instilling values, fostering teamwork, and contributing to the development of well-rounded individuals who can actively contribute to the betterment of society. The inclusion of this provision in the Philippine Constitution reflects the importance of physical education in the nation's goals for growth, development, and the promotion of a healthy and active citizenry. Movement competency refers to an individual's ability to perform a wide range of movement patterns and skills with efficiency, effectiveness, and control. It involves the integration of various physical attributes, such as strength, flexibility, coordination, balance, and proprioception (awareness of one's body in space), to execute movements accurately and safely. Key aspects of movement competency include: 1. Technical Proficiency: Being able to perform movement patterns correctly and in alignment with established biomechanical principles. This is essential for preventing injuries and optimizing performance. 2. Adaptability: Having the ability to adapt movements to different situations and environments. This includes adjusting movements for various surfaces, equipment, or external factors. 3. Functional Movement: Being able to perform movements that are relevant and useful for daily activities and specific tasks, such as lifting, carrying, pushing, and pulling. 3 4. Motor Control: Having precise control over muscles and joints during movements. This involves coordinating muscular contractions and maintaining proper joint alignment. 5. Coordination: Integrating multiple body parts and systems to execute complex movements smoothly and efficiently. 6. Progression: The capacity to progress from basic movements to more advanced or complex ones, as well as the ability to scale movements to one's own level of fitness and ability. Movement competency is essential for overall physical fitness, sports performance, and functional mobility in daily life. It is a fundamental concept in various fields, including physical therapy, strength and conditioning, sports coaching, and general fitness training. Assessing and improving movement competency can lead to better performance, reduced risk of injuries, and enhanced quality of life. Fundamental human movement refers to the essential and basic physical actions that individuals naturally perform as part of their daily activities, as well as the foundational motor skills that underpin more complex movements. These movements are considered fundamental because they are essential for human survival, development, and overall well-being. They serve as the building blocks upon which more specialized activities and skills are built. Examples of fundamental human movements include: 1. Walking: The ability to move on foot, maintaining balance and coordination. 2. Running: A more rapid form of movement involving a series of coordinated strides. 3. Jumping: Propelling the body off the ground and landing safely. 4. Squatting: Bending at the knees and hips while maintaining an upright torso. 5. Lunging: Stepping forward or backward while maintaining balance and stability. 6. Crawling: Moving on hands and knees, an important early developmental movement. 7. Pushing: Using force to move objects away from the body. 8. Pulling: Using force to move objects towards the body. 9. Climbing: Ascending and descending surfaces using hands and feet. 10. Balancing: Maintaining equilibrium while standing or moving on narrow surfaces. These fundamental movements are the basis for more complex activities, such as sports, dance, and other physical endeavors. They are also important for maintaining physical fitness and preventing injuries, making them an integral part of physical education and training programs. 4  FITNESS AS MAJOR GOAL OF PE Fitness is often considered a major goal of Physical Education (PE) due to its numerous physical, mental, and social benefits. Here are some reasons why fitness is a key focus within the context of PE: 1. Health and Wellness. Physical fitness is closely linked to overall health and well-being. Regular physical activity helps prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity, leading to a longer and healthier life. 2. Physical Development. PE helps students develop their physical capacities, including strength, endurance, flexibility, and coordination. This development is crucial for performing everyday tasks and engaging in various sports and recreational activities. 3. Cognitive Benefits. Regular exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function, including enhanced memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. This is particularly important for students' academic performance. 4. Mental Health. Physical activity is associated with improved mental health outcomes. It helps reduce stress, anxiety, and depression by promoting the release of endorphins, which are natural mood enhancers. 5. Lifelong Habits. PE teaches students the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle from a young age, fostering habits that can last a lifetime. These habits contribute to better health outcomes as individuals age. 6. Weight Management. With the rise of sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy dietary habits, obesity has become a global concern. PE helps students develop healthy habits and manage their weight through regular physical activity. 7. Social Skills. Physical education often involves teamwork, cooperation, and friendly competition. These activities help students develop social skills, communication, and the ability to work effectively with others. 8. Self-Confidence. Achieving fitness goals can boost self-esteem and self-confidence. As students see improvements in their physical abilities, they gain a sense of accomplishment that extends to other areas of their lives. 5 9. Physical Literacy. PE fosters physical literacy, which encompasses fundamental movement skills and the knowledge to make informed decisions about leading an active lifestyle. 10. Prevention of Sedentary Behavior. In an era dominated by technology and screen time, PE plays a crucial role in encouraging physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior among students. 11. Long-Term Quality of Life. Developing and maintaining physical fitness through PE can lead to a higher quality of life as individuals age. Fit individuals are better equipped to engage in activities they enjoy and maintain independence in daily tasks. 12. Healthy Habits Transfer. The healthy habits developed through PE often transfer to other areas of life, including improved dietary choices and overall wellness practices. 13. Reduced Health Care Costs. By promoting fitness and preventing health issues, PE contributes to reducing the burden on healthcare systems and potentially lowering healthcare costs in the long run. Overall, prioritizing fitness in Physical Education helps build a strong foundation for a healthy and active life, leading to both immediate and long-term benefits for their physical, mental, and social well-being. BMI (BODY MSS INDEX) AND its IMPORTANCE BMI (Body Mass Index) BMI, or Body Mass Index, is a numerical value calculated from an individual's weight and height. It is commonly used as a simple screening tool to assess whether a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. The BMI calculation provides a general indication of a person's body fatness and is often used as a starting point to evaluate potential health risks associated with weight. 6  Importance of BMI BMI is important because it can provide a rough estimate of an individual's body composition and potential health risks associated with weight-related issues. While it doesn't directly measure body fat percentage, it offers a convenient and easily calculated method to categorize individuals based on weight status. This information can help individuals and healthcare professionals identify potential health concerns and encourage healthier lifestyle choices. Interpreting BMI BMI values are typically categorized as follows: - Underweight: BMI < 18.5 - Normal weight: BMI 18.5 - 24.9 - Overweight: BMI 25 - 29.9 - Obese (Class I): BMI 30 - 34.9 - Obese (Class II): BMI 35 - 39.9 - Obese (Class III): BMI ≥ 40 It's important to note that while BMI is a useful tool for assessing weight status on a population level, it has limitations. It doesn't consider factors such as muscle mass, bone density, and distribution of fat. As a result, some individuals with high muscle mass may have a high BMI but a healthy body composition. 7 Solving for Individual BMI: To calculate your individual BMI, follow these steps: 1. Measure your weight in kilograms. 2. Measure your height in meters. 3. Square your height value (multiply it by itself). 4. Divide your weight by the squared height value. For example, if you weigh 70 kg and your height is 1.75 meters: BMI= 1.75 /270 =22.86 In this example, your BMI is 22.86, which falls within the normal weight range. Remember that while BMI can provide valuable insights, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for a comprehensive assessment of your health, considering factors beyond just BMI, such as body composition, muscle mass, and overall health status. CLASSIFICATIONS OF MOVEMENT Movements can be classified in various ways based on different criteria, such as the type of motion, the body parts involved, the purpose of the movement, or the specific context in which the movement occurs. Here are some common classifications of movement: 1. Based on Type of Motion: - Linear Movement: Motion in a straight line, like walking or running. - Angular Movement: Motion around a fixed point or axis, like flexing and extending a joint (e.g., bending and straightening the arm). - Curvilinear Movement: Motion along a curved path, like cycling or skating. 2. Based on Body Parts Involved: - Gross Motor Movements: Involving large muscle groups and major body parts, such as walking or jumping. - Fine Motor Movements: Involving smaller muscle groups, often requiring precision and coordination, such as writing or picking up small objects. 8 3. Based on Purpose: - Functional Movements: Movements that mimic or directly relate to everyday activities, such as squatting (sitting down) or lifting. - Sport-Specific Movements: Movements specific to a particular sport, like swinging a tennis racket or throwing a basketball. 4. Based on Complexity: - Fundamental Movements: Basic movements that serve as building blocks for more complex activities. These include walking, crawling, squatting, and pushing. - Complex Movements: Movements that involve a combination of fundamental movements, such as a basketball player dribbling while running. 5. Based on Context: - Static Movements: Stationary or isometric movements where the body doesn't change its position, like holding a plank. - Dynamic Movements: Movements involving changes in position, like jumping, running, or lifting. 6. Based on Direction: - Unilateral Movements: Movements involving one side of the body, such as a single-leg squat. - Bilateral Movements: Movements involving both sides of the body simultaneously, like a traditional two-legged squat. 7. Based on Intention: - Voluntary Movements: Controlled movements initiated by conscious intention, like reaching for an object. - Involuntary Movements: Reflexive or automatic movements that occur without conscious control, like the knee-jerk reflex. These classifications provide a framework for understanding and categorizing various types of movements, and they can be helpful in areas such as physical education, sports training, rehabilitation, and biomechanics. ___________________________________________________________________________ Module 1.2 (Week 5-8) 9 7. Locomotor Movements 8. Non-Locomotor Movements 9. Components of Physical Fitness  Health Related Components  Skill- Related Components 10. Physical Fitness Test Assessment  Benefits of Physical Fitness Test/ Assessment  Pre-test and Post- test ___________________________________________________________________________ LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS Locomotor movements refer to physical actions that involve the movement of the entire body from one place to another. These movements are often essential for transportation, exploration, and navigation through the environment. They are commonly used in activities such as walking, running, jumping, crawling, and more. Locomotor movements help individuals change their position in space and can be used for various purposes, such as playing sports, reaching a destination, or engaging in physical activities. Examples of locomotor movements: 1. Walking: The basic movement of moving forward by alternating steps of each leg while maintaining a balanced gait. 2. Running: Faster than walking, involving a sequence of alternating steps with periods of flight when both feet are off the ground. 3. Jumping: Propelling oneself off the ground using leg power and landing safely on the feet. 4. Hopping: Similar to jumping but performed on one leg. 5. Skipping: A combination of hopping and stepping, often used as a playful or rhythmic movement. 6. Crawling: Moving on hands and knees, commonly used during early childhood development. 7. Galloping: A pattern of steps that involves a combination of a hop and a slide, often used in dance or as a playful movement. NON- LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS Non-locomotor movements, on the other hand, are movements that occur while the body remains stationary, usually involving the manipulation of body parts and providing the foundation for balance, stability, and control. Non-locomotor movements are crucial for activities that require precise adjustments of posture and alignment. 10 Examples of non-locomotor movements: 1. Bending: Flexing a joint to decrease the angle, such as bending the elbow or knee. 2. Stretching: Extending a joint to increase the angle, such as stretching the arms overhead. 3. Twisting: Rotating the torso or body around its axis, often used in activities like dance. 4. Pushing: Exerting force away from the body, such as pushing an object or pressing against a surface. 5. Pulling: Exerting force toward the body, like pulling on a rope or a door handle. 6. Swaying: Gentle side-to-side or back-and-forth movement of the body while maintaining balance. Understanding both locomotor and non-locomotor movements is important in various contexts, including physical education, sports training, dance, rehabilitation, and overall body awareness. These movement types are fundamental for physical development and coordination. HEALTH RELATED FITNESS Health-related fitness refers to the components of physical fitness that are directly related to maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases. These components are essential for overall well-being and a high quality of life. They focus on aspects of fitness that contribute to an individual's ability to perform daily activities, improve physiological functioning, and reduce the risk of health issues. The key components of health-related fitness are: 1. Cardiovascular Endurance: Also known as cardiovascular fitness, this component measures the ability of the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the muscles during prolonged physical activity. Regular cardiovascular exercise improves heart health, reduces the risk of heart disease, and enhances overall endurance. 2. Muscular Strength: This component refers to the maximum force a muscle or group of muscles can generate against resistance in a single effort. Maintaining muscular strength is important for activities that involve lifting, carrying, and pushing objects, as well as for overall functional independence. 11 3. Muscular Endurance: Muscular endurance is the ability of muscles to exert force repeatedly or to sustain a contraction over an extended period. It's essential for tasks that require prolonged muscle activity, such as maintaining posture or performing repetitive motions without fatigue. 4. Flexibility: Flexibility is the range of motion around a joint. Improving flexibility helps maintain joint health, reduces the risk of injury, and enhances overall mobility and ease of movement. 5. Body Composition: Body composition refers to the proportion of fat mass and non-fat (lean) mass in the body. Maintaining a healthy body composition is essential for overall health, as excess body fat increases the risk of various chronic diseases. A well-rounded fitness program that addresses these health-related fitness components can have numerous benefits, including: - Improved cardiovascular health. - Enhanced muscular strength and endurance. - Better flexibility and joint health. - Optimal body composition and weight management. - Reduced risk of chronic diseases (e.g., heart disease, diabetes). - Increased energy levels and overall functional capacity. - Enhanced ability to perform daily activities. Engaging in regular physical activity that addresses these components can lead to better health outcomes and a higher quality of life, making health-related fitness an important aspect of a balanced fitness regimen. Assessing health-related fitness in students is important for monitoring their overall physical well-being and identifying areas that may need improvement. Here are some activities you can use to assess various components of health-related fitness: 1. Cardiovascular Endurance: - Pacer Test: Conduct the 20-meter (or 15-meter) Pacer Test, also known as the "beep test," where students run back and forth between markers at an increasing pace until they can no longer keep up. - One-Mile (or 1600m) Run: Time students as they run one mile (or 1600 meters) on a track or measured course. 12 2. Muscular Strength and Endurance: - Push-ups: Count the number of proper push-ups a student can perform in a set amount of time (e.g., one minute). - Sit-ups: Count the number of proper sit-ups a student can perform in a set amount of time (e.g., one minute). - Grip Strength: Use a handheld dynamometer to measure grip strength. 3. Flexibility: - Sit and Reach Test: Use the sit and reach box to assess hamstring and lower back flexibility. - Shoulder Flexibility: Measure the range of motion in the shoulders, particularly useful for overhead activities. 4. Body Composition: - Body Mass Index (BMI): Calculate students' BMI based on their height and weight. While not a direct measure of body composition, it provides a rough estimate of whether weight is within a healthy range. - Skinfold Measurements: Use skinfold calipers to measure subcutaneous fat at specific sites (e.g., triceps, abdomen) to estimate body fat percentage. Remember to consider age and gender when interpreting results, as fitness levels can vary based on these factors. Additionally, it's important to create a positive and inclusive environment during fitness assessments, focusing on students' efforts and progress rather than direct comparisons. To assess overall health-related fitness, consider combining several of these activities to get a more comprehensive picture. Additionally, consider discussing the results with students and emphasizing the importance of regular physical activity and healthy lifestyle habits for overall well-being. SKILL RELATED FITNESS Skill-related fitness refers to the components of physical fitness that are essential for performing well in various sports and activities requiring specific motor skills, coordination, and agility. These components focus on attributes that are directly related to skill development, sports performance, and activities that demand precision and mastery of movement. The key components of skill-related fitness are: 13 1. Speed: Speed is the ability to perform a movement in the shortest possible time. It's essential for sports that require quick bursts of movement, such as sprinting, tennis, or basketball. 2. Agility: Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and with control. It's crucial in sports that involve rapid changes in movement direction, such as soccer, martial arts, and agility drills. 3. Balance: Balance refers to the ability to maintain stability while stationary or moving. Good balance is important in sports that require controlled movements and changes in body position, such as gymnastics or figure skating. 4. Coordination: Coordination is the ability to use different body parts together efficiently and effectively. It's crucial for sports that demand precise and controlled movements, such as throwing, catching, hitting, or dancing. 5. Reaction Time: Reaction time is the time it takes to respond to a stimulus. It's essential in sports where quick reactions are necessary, such as hitting a pitched baseball or reacting to an opponent's moves in sports like fencing or boxing. 6. Power: Power is the ability to exert maximum force quickly. It's important for explosive movements like jumping, throwing, swinging, or sprinting, often seen in sports like weightlifting, shot put, and high-intensity activities. Skill-related fitness components are particularly relevant for athletes and individuals engaged in sports and activities that require a high level of motor skill proficiency and performance. Developing these components can improve sports-specific skills, enhance athletic performance, and contribute to better overall coordination and movement mastery. While health-related fitness components (such as cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength) are essential for general health and well-being, skill-related fitness components are critical for excelling in specific physical activities that demand a combination of athleticism, coordination, and specialized skills. Integrating training that targets both health-related and skill-related fitness components can lead to a more comprehensive and balanced fitness program, whether for sports performance or overall physical capacity. 14  Assessing skill-related fitness in students involves evaluating their proficiency in various motor skills, coordination, and agility. These activities can help you assess different components of skill-related fitness: 1. Speed - 40-Yard (or 30-Meter) Dash: Time students as they sprint a measured distance, such as 40 yards (or 30 meters). 2. Agility - Agility Ladder Drills: Set up an agility ladder on the ground and have students perform quick footwork drills, such as lateral shuffles, high knees, or diagonal movements through the ladder. - Cone or Marker Drills: Set up a series of cones or markers in a pattern, and have students weave through them as quickly as possible while maintaining control and changing direction. 3. Balance - Single-Leg Balance Test: Ask students to balance on one leg for a specific time (e.g., 30 seconds) while keeping the other leg off the ground. - Yoga Poses: Have students perform basic yoga poses that require balance, such as the tree pose or the warrior III pose. 4. Coordination - Catch and Throw: Assess students' ability to catch and throw a ball accurately and with coordination. Vary the distance and type of ball (e.g., tennis ball, soccer ball) based on the age and skill level of the students. - Juggling: If appropriate for the age group, assess students' juggling skills with scarves or lightweight objects. 5. Reaction Time - Reaction Ball Drills: Use a reaction ball that bounces unpredictably and have students react by catching or hitting it with their hands or a paddle. - Visual Reaction Time Test: Use a ruler-drop test to measure students' reaction time. Have them try to catch the ruler as quickly as possible after you release it. 15 6. Power - Vertical Jump: Measure students' vertical jump height using a wall or vertical jump apparatus. - Medicine Ball Throws: Assess students' power by having them perform medicine ball throws (e.g., overhead throw, chest pass) for distance or height Remember to provide clear instructions, demonstrate proper technique, and encourage a positive and supportive environment during skill-related fitness assessments. Adapt the activities to the age and skill level of the students, and emphasize the importance of practicing and improving these skills over time. Skill-related fitness is an essential component of overall physical development and can contribute to students' enjoyment of various physical activities and sports. Physical Fitness Test Assessment A physical fitness test assessment is a standardized evaluation used to measure an individual's physical capabilities and overall fitness level. These assessments are often conducted in various settings, including schools, fitness centers, sports teams, and military organizations. The tests provide valuable information about an individual's strength, endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular fitness, and other important aspects of physical health. Here are some common components and examples of physical fitness tests: 1. Cardiovascular Endurance: - 1-Mile Run- Measures the time taken to complete a one-mile run, assessing cardiovascular endurance. - Beep Test (Pacer Test)- Measures aerobic capacity by evaluating the ability to sustain progressively faster running speeds over increasing time intervals. 2. Muscular Strength - Push-Up Test- Measures upper body strength and endurance by counting the number of correctly executed push-ups in a specified time. - Pull-Up Test- Assesses upper body strength by counting the number of pull-ups an individual can perform. 3. Muscular Endurance - Sit-Up Test- Measures abdominal muscle endurance by counting the number of correctly performed sit-ups within a set time frame. 16  - Plank Test- Measures core endurance by holding a plank position for as long as possible. 4. Flexibility - Sit and Reach Test- Assesses hamstring and lower back flexibility by measuring how far an individual can reach forward while seated and stretching. - Shoulder Stretch Test- Measures shoulder flexibility by evaluating the range of motion in the shoulder joint. 5. Body Composition - Body Mass Index (BMI)- Calculates the ratio of weight to height to estimate body composition and categorize weight status. - Skinfold Measurements- Uses calipers to measure skinfold thickness at various locations to estimate body fat percentage. 6. Speed and Agility - 40-Yard Dash-Measures sprint speed over a distance of 40 yards, assessing acceleration and speed. - Shuttle Run (5-10-5 Test)- Assesses agility by measuring the time taken to shuttle back and forth between two points. 7. Balance and Coordination - Stork Stand Test-Measures balance by timing how long an individual can stand on one leg without losing balance. - Coordination Exercises- Various exercises that assess hand-eye coordination, such as catching a ball or completing a specific movement sequence. 8. Reaction Time - Reaction Time Test-Measures the time it takes for an individual to react to a stimulus, often using audio or visual cues. It's important to note that physical fitness assessments should be conducted by trained professionals to ensure accurate results and reduce the risk of injury. These assessments provide valuable information for setting fitness goals, tracking progress, and designing effective training programs tailored to an individual's strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, the results can offer insights into overall health and help identify potential areas for improvement. 17  Physical fitness test assessments are of significant importance for several reasons, as they provide valuable information about an individual's physical capabilities, health status, and overall well-being. Here are some key reasons why physical fitness test assessments are important: a) Baseline Measurement- Fitness assessments establish a starting point for individuals, allowing them to understand their current fitness level and track progress over time. This baseline helps set realistic goals and motivates individuals to improve. b) Goal Setting- By identifying strengths and areas for improvement through fitness assessments, individuals can set specific and achievable fitness goals tailored to their needs and aspirations. c) Personalized Training Programs- Fitness test results help fitness professionals design personalized training programs that target an individual's specific strengths and weaknesses. This tailored approach enhances the effectiveness of training and reduces the risk of injury. d) Health Screening- Fitness assessments can reveal potential health risks, such as poor cardiovascular endurance or excessive body fat. Identifying these risks allows individuals to take proactive steps to improve their health and prevent future issues. e) Motivation- Seeing improvements in fitness test results over time provides individuals with tangible evidence of their hard work and dedication. This positive reinforcement motivates them to continue their fitness journey. f) Accountability-Regular assessments provide a sense of accountability, as individuals can track their progress and adjust their efforts based on their results. g) Performance Optimization- For athletes and sports teams, fitness assessments help optimize training strategies by identifying areas that directly affect performance, such as speed, agility, and endurance. h) Informed Decision-Making- Fitness assessments help individuals make informed decisions about exercise choices, intensity levels, and areas that need extra attention. This knowledge empowers them to make choices that align with their goals. i) Health Awareness- Physical fitness assessments can raise awareness about the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and participating in regular physical activity. j) Educational Tool- Fitness assessments offer an educational opportunity to learn about different aspects of fitness, exercise techniques, and health-related concepts. 18 k) Early Detection-Certain fitness assessments can detect issues early on, such as muscle imbalances or flexibility limitations, preventing potential injuries in the future. l) Program Effectiveness- Fitness assessments allow individuals and fitness professionals to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs. If progress is not being made as expected, adjustments can be made to the training plan. m) Employee Wellness Programs- In corporate settings, fitness assessments can be part of employee wellness programs, promoting a healthier workforce and potentially reducing healthcare costs for employers. n) Research and Data Collection-Fitness assessments contribute to research and data collection in fields related to exercise science, public health, and sports performance. In summary, physical fitness test assessments are crucial tools that provide insights into an individual's physical condition, guide training programs, and promote overall health and well-being. By understanding their fitness levels and working toward improvement, individuals can lead healthier lives and achieve their fitness goals more effectively. ___________________________________________________________________________ (Week 9) MIDTREM EXAM ___________________________________________________________________________ Module 2 (Week 10-12) 1. Physical Exercise 2. Benefits of regular Physical Activity 3. Four Different types of exercise 4. Ways to prevent injuries during physical exercise 5. Warm Up 6.Conditioning Exercise ___________________________________________________________________________ 19  Physical exercise offers a wide range of benefits that are particularly important for students. Engaging in regular physical activity can have a positive impact on various aspects of students' lives, contributing to their overall well-being, academic performance, and personal development. Here are the benefits of physical exercise and its importance for students: 1. Improved Physical Health: - Enhances cardiovascular health, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Helps maintain a healthy weight, preventing obesity and related health issues. - Strengthens bones and muscles, promoting better overall physical fitness. 2. Enhanced Mental Health: - Reduces stress, anxiety, and depression through the release of endorphins, improving mood. - Boosts cognitive function, memory, and concentration, which can lead to better academic performance. - Enhances sleep quality, contributing to overall mental well-being. 3. Increased Energy Levels: - Regular exercise increases energy levels and reduces feelings of fatigue. - Students who engage in physical activity are often more alert and focused in their studies. 4. Better Self-Esteem and Confidence: - Achieving fitness goals and improving physical abilities boosts self-esteem and self- confidence. - Feeling good about one's body can lead to improved body image and a more positive self- perception. 5. Improved Social Skills: - Participating in team sports or group exercise classes encourages social interaction and teamwork. - Collaborative activities can help students develop communication, leadership, and cooperation skills. 6. Stress Relief: - Physical exercise serves as a healthy outlet for stress and frustration. - Engaging in physical activities helps students manage academic pressures and life challenges. 7. Lifelong Healthy Habits: - Cultivating a habit of regular exercise in youth promotes a lifelong commitment to physical fitness and well-being. 20 8. Time Management and Discipline: - Balancing studies and exercise teaches time management skills and discipline. - Incorporating exercise into a busy schedule encourages students to allocate time efficiently. 9. Improved Concentration and Focus: - Physical activity increases blood flow to the brain, enhancing cognitive function and focus. - Regular exercise helps students maintain higher levels of concentration during lectures and study sessions. 10. Prevention of Sedentary Lifestyle: - In an era dominated by technology and screen time, regular exercise helps students combat sedentary habits. - Physical activity reduces the negative impact of prolonged sitting and screen use. 11. Enhanced Academic Performance: - Improved mental health, cognitive function, and concentration from exercise can lead to better academic outcomes. 12. Personal Development: - Overcoming physical challenges during exercise fosters resilience, determination, and a growth mindset. Incorporating regular physical exercise into a student's routine can contribute to their overall well-being, academic success, and personal growth. It's essential for educational institutions and families to prioritize physical activity and provide opportunities for students to engage in various forms of exercise, fostering a holistic approach to their development. FOUR MAIN TYPES OF EXERCISE There are four main types of exercise, each targeting different aspects of physical fitness and overall well-being. Incorporating a variety of these exercise types into your routine can help you achieve a balanced and comprehensive fitness regimen. Here are the four different types of exercise: 1. Cardiovascular (Aerobic) Exercise: Cardiovascular exercises, also known as aerobic exercises, focus on increasing your heart rate and improving your cardiovascular endurance. These exercises benefit your 21 cardiovascular system, lungs, and overall stamina. Examples of cardiovascular exercises include: - Running - Cycling - Swimming - Brisk walking - Dancing - Jumping rope 2. Strength Training (Resistance) Exercise: Strength training involves working against resistance to build muscle strength, endurance, and tone. This type of exercise is essential for increasing muscle mass, improving metabolism, and promoting functional strength. Examples of strength training exercises include: - Weightlifting - Bodyweight exercises (push-ups, squats, pull-ups) - Resistance band exercises - Dumbbell or barbell exercises 3. Flexibility Exercise (Stretching): Flexibility exercises focus on improving the range of motion in your joints and muscles. Regular stretching can help prevent injuries, enhance posture, and promote relaxation. Examples of flexibility exercises include: - Static stretching (holding a stretch position for a period of time) - Dynamic stretching (controlled movements that increase your range of motion) - Yoga - Pilates 4. Balance and Stability Exercise: Balance and stability exercises are designed to improve your sense of balance and enhance core strength. These exercises are particularly beneficial for maintaining stability during daily activities and reducing the risk of falls. Examples of balance and stability exercises include: - Single-leg stands - Tai Chi - Stability ball exercises - Bosu ball exercises 22  It's important to incorporate a combination of these exercise types into your fitness routine to ensure a well-rounded approach to physical fitness. Depending on your goals and preferences, you can create a personalized exercise plan that includes elements from each of these categories. Additionally, consulting with a fitness professional or healthcare provider can help you tailor your exercise routine to your individual needs and fitness level. WHAT IS PARI? PARI is any injury resulting from during periods of PA participation including PE classes, sports activities, transportation, or leisure-time PA. WAYS TO PREVENT INJURIES DURING PA Preventing injuries during physical exercise is crucial for maintaining your well- being and ensuring you can consistently participate in physical activities. Here are some effective strategies to help prevent injuries while exercising: 1. Warm-Up and Cool Down Always start your exercise session with a proper warm-up to increase blood flow to your muscles and prepare them for more intense activity. After exercising, cool down with gentle stretches to help your muscles relax and reduce the risk of muscle tightness. 2. Proper Technique Learn and use correct exercise techniques to avoid putting unnecessary stress on your joints and muscles. If you're unsure about proper form, seek guidance from a fitness professional or coach. 3. Progress Gradually Avoid pushing yourself too hard too quickly. Gradually increase the intensity, duration, or frequency of your exercises to give your body time to adapt and strengthen. 4. Cross-Train Incorporate a variety of exercises into your routine to prevent overuse injuries. Cross- training helps different muscle groups recover while you engage in different activities. 5. Use Appropriate Equipment 23  Wear proper athletic shoes with good cushioning and support that fit your feet well. If you're engaging in activities like cycling or weightlifting, ensure your equipment is properly adjusted. 6. Stay Hydrated Proper hydration is essential for maintaining muscle function and preventing cramps. Drink water before, during, and after your workout, especially in hot or humid conditions. 7. Listen to Your Body Pay attention to how your body feels during and after exercise. If you experience pain, discomfort, or unusual fatigue, stop the activity and seek medical advice if needed. 8. Rest and Recovery Give your body enough time to recover between workouts. Adequate rest helps muscles repair and prevents overtraining. 9. Include Flexibility and Mobility Work Regular stretching and mobility exercises can improve your flexibility and range of motion, reducing the risk of strains and sprains. 10. Proper Nutrition: Maintain a balanced diet that provides the necessary nutrients to support your workouts and aid in recovery. 11. Warm Environment If you're exercising in cold weather, dress in layers to keep your muscles warm and reduce the risk of injury. 12. Supervision and Guidance If you're new to exercise or trying a new activity, consider working with a fitness professional or coach who can guide you through proper techniques and programming. 13. Prevent Overtraining 24  Avoid excessive exercise without adequate rest. Overtraining can lead to fatigue, weakened immunity, and increased risk of injury. 14. Incorporate Rest Days Include regular rest days in your routine to give your body a chance to recover and repair. Remember that preventing injuries is essential for long-term participation in physical activities. If you do sustain an injury, seek medical attention promptly and follow proper rehabilitation protocols to ensure a safe and effective recovery. WARM UP A warm-up is a crucial preparatory phase before engaging in more intense physical activity. It involves performing light exercises and dynamic movements to gradually increase your heart rate, blood flow, body temperature, and flexibility. The purpose of a warm-up is to prepare your body for the demands of exercise and reduce the risk of injury. Here's why warm-ups are important and how to perform them effectively: Importance of Warm-Up:  Increased Blood Flow: A warm-up increases blood flow to your muscles, delivering more oxygen and nutrients. This helps improve muscle function and efficiency during exercise.  Enhanced Muscle Flexibility: Warm-up exercises increase muscle temperature, making them more pliable and less prone to strains and tears.  Improved Joint Lubrication: Increased blood flow to the joints leads to better synovial fluid production, which lubricates the joints and reduces friction during movement.  Elevated Heart Rate: Gradually raising your heart rate during a warm-up prepares your cardiovascular system for more intense activity, reducing the risk of sudden cardiovascular stress.  Mental Preparation: A warm-up mentally prepares you for exercise, helping you focus and get into the right mindset. 25  CONDITIONING EXERCISE Conditioning exercises are specific workouts designed to improve physical fitness, enhance performance, and prepare the body for specific activities or sports. These exercises aim to enhance cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, and overall athleticism. Conditioning programs are often tailored to the goals and demands of the individual or sport. Here are some common types of conditioning exercises: 1. Cardiovascular Conditioning Cardiovascular conditioning exercises focus on improving the heart and lung function, often through aerobic activities that raise the heart rate and maintain it for an extended period. Examples include running, cycling, swimming, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). 2. Strength Conditioning Strength conditioning aims to increase muscle strength and power. It often involves resistance training using bodyweight, free weights, resistance bands, or weight machines. Compound exercises like squats, deadlifts, bench presses, and pull-ups are commonly used. 3. Endurance Conditioning Endurance conditioning improves the muscles' ability to perform repetitive movements over time. It involves high-repetition, low-resistance exercises that target specific muscle groups. Examples include bodyweight squats, lunges, and push-ups. 4. Flexibility and Mobility Conditioning Flexibility and mobility conditioning exercises focus on improving joint range of motion and overall flexibility. Dynamic stretching, yoga, and Pilates are often included in these programs. 5. Agility and Plyometric Conditioning Agility and plyometric exercises enhance quick, explosive movements. These exercises are beneficial for athletes participating in sports that require rapid changes in direction, jumping, and rapid acceleration. Examples include ladder drills, cone drills, and box jumps. 26 6. Sport-Specific Conditioning Sport-specific conditioning tailors exercises to the requirements of a particular sport. This type of conditioning aims to improve the specific skills, movements, and fitness demands of that sport. For example, soccer players might focus on sprinting, agility, and ball-handling drills. 7. Cross-Training Cross-training involves engaging in a variety of exercises to target different muscle groups and fitness components. This helps prevent overuse injuries and promotes a well-rounded level of fitness. 8. Interval Training Interval training alternates between periods of high-intensity exercise and periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. It's effective for improving cardiovascular fitness and burning calories in a shorter amount of time. 9. Circuit Training Circuit training involves performing a series of exercises in succession with minimal rest in between. It combines cardiovascular and strength training for a well-rounded workout. When designing a conditioning exercise program, it's essential to consider your fitness goals, current fitness level, and any specific needs or limitations you might have. Consulting with a fitness professional or coach can help you create a customized conditioning plan that aligns with your objectives and helps you achieve optimal results. ___________________________________________________________________________ Module 2.1 (Week 13-15) 1. Dynamic Stretching 2. Benefits of Stretching Exercise 3. Warm-up and cool down Exercises in Routine 4. Benefits of warm up and cool down exercises ___________________________________________________________________________ DYNAMIC STRETCHING Dynamic stretching is a type of stretching that involves controlled, continuous movements to increase the range of motion and flexibility of your muscles and joints. Unlike static stretching, where you hold a stretch for an extended period, dynamic stretching keeps your body in motion, helping to warm up your muscles and prepare your body for physical 27 activity. Dynamic stretching is often used as part of a warm-up routine before exercise. Here are some key points about dynamic stretching: Benefits of Dynamic Stretching 1. Improved Blood Flow- Dynamic stretching increases blood circulation, delivering more oxygen and nutrients to your muscles, which helps improve their performance. 2. Increased Muscle Temperature-The continuous movement of dynamic stretching raises the temperature of your muscles, making them more pliable and less prone to injury. 3. Enhanced Range of Motion- By moving through a full range of motion, dynamic stretching gradually increases your joint flexibility and muscle length. 4. Better Neuromuscular Coordination- Dynamic stretches involve coordinated movements that enhance the connection between your muscles and nervous system. 5. Active Warm-Up- Dynamic stretching serves as an active warm-up that primes your body for more intense exercise by gradually increasing your heart rate and body temperature. WARM-UP AND COOL DOWN EXERCISES Incorporating warm-up and cool-down exercises into your routine is essential for maximizing the benefits of your workout, preventing injuries, and promoting overall well- being. Here's a breakdown of warm-up and cool-down exercises you can include in your routine: Warm-Up Exercises: 1. Cardiovascular Warm-Up: - Light jogging or brisk walking for 5-10 minutes to gradually raise your heart rate and body temperature. - Jumping jacks or jumping rope to increase blood flow to your muscles. 2. Dynamic Stretches: - Leg swings (front-to-back and side-to-side) to warm up your lower body. 28  - Arm circles (forward and backward) to prepare your upper body for movement. - Hip circles to increase hip mobility. - Trunk twists to engage your core muscles and improve spinal mobility. 3. Mobility Movements: - Shoulder rolls and shrugs to loosen up your shoulder joints. - Ankle circles to warm up your ankles and improve flexibility. 4. Sport-Specific Movements: - Perform a few reps of movements related to the activity you're about to do. For example, if you're running, perform walking lunges or high knees. Cool-Down Exercises: 1. Light Cardiovascular Activity: - Slow-paced walking or gentle cycling for 5-10 minutes to gradually bring down your heart rate. 2. Static Stretches: - Hamstring stretch: Gently stretch your hamstrings by bending at the hips and reaching toward your toes. - Quadriceps stretch: Hold your ankle behind you and gently pull it toward your glutes. - Calf stretch: Place one foot behind you, keeping the heel on the ground, and lean forward to stretch your calf muscles. - Shoulder stretch: Cross one arm over your chest and gently press it with the opposite hand. - Upper back stretch: Interlace your fingers in front of you and round your upper back while stretching your shoulder blades. - Child's pose (yoga): Kneel on the floor, sit back on your heels, and reach your arms forward while lowering your chest toward the ground. 3. Foam Rolling: - Use a foam roller to target specific muscles and release tension. Roll slowly over different muscle groups. 4. Breathing and Relaxation: 29  - Sit or lie down and practice deep breathing to help calm your body and relax your muscles. Remember that both warm-up and cool-down exercises should be performed gently and gradually. The warm-up prepares your body for more intense activity, while the cool- down helps your body transition back to a resting state. Tailor your warm-up and cool-down routines based on the type of exercise you're doing and your fitness level. Consistently including these routines in your workouts can contribute to improved performance, reduced risk of injuries, and a more positive exercise experience. ___________________________________________________________________________ Module 2.1 (Week 16-17) 1. Aerobic Exercise ___________________________________________________________________________ Aerobic exercise is any type of cardiovascular conditioning, or “cardio.” It can include activities like brisk walking, swimming, running, or cycling. By definition, aerobic exercise means “with oxygen.” Your breathing and heart rate will increase during aerobic activities. Aerobic exercise helps keep your heart, lungs, and circulatory system healthy. Aerobic exercise differs from anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic exercises, such as weightlifting or sprinting, involve quick bursts of energy. They’re performed at maximum effort for a short time. This is unlike aerobic exercises. You perform aerobic exercises for a sustained period of time. Key Characteristics of Aerobic Exercise 1. Continuous Movement- Aerobic exercises involve continuous, rhythmic movements that are sustained for an extended period. This sustained activity helps elevate and maintain an increased heart rate. 2. Large Muscle Groups- Aerobic activities engage major muscle groups in the body, such as the legs, back, and core. This helps burn calories and improve overall fitness. 30 3. Increased Oxygen Consumption- During aerobic exercise, your body requires more oxygen to produce energy. This process contributes to improved cardiovascular function and endurance. 4. Moderate Intensity- Most aerobic exercises are performed at a moderate intensity level, where you can maintain a conversation while exercising without becoming too breathless. 5. Sustained Duration- Aerobic workouts are typically longer in duration compared to high- intensity interval training (HIIT) or strength training sessions. Benefits of Aerobic Exercise: 1. Improved Cardiovascular Health. Aerobic exercise strengthens the heart muscle, enhances circulation, and improves blood vessel flexibility, reducing the risk of heart disease. 2. Increased Endurance. Regular aerobic training increases your body's capacity to utilize oxygen, leading to improved endurance and stamina. 3. Weight Management. Aerobic activities burn calories, which can contribute to weight loss or weight maintenance when combined with a balanced diet. 4. Enhanced Lung Function. Aerobic exercise improves lung capacity and efficiency, helping you breathe more efficiently during physical activities. 5. Mood Enhancement. Aerobic exercise stimulates the release of endorphins, leading to improved mood and reduced stress and anxiety. 6. Blood Pressure Regulation. Regular aerobic workouts can help regulate blood pressure levels and reduce the risk of hypertension. Examples of Aerobic Exercises: 1. Walking- A low-impact and accessible form of aerobic exercise that can be done outdoors or on a treadmill. 31 2. Running- A higher-impact aerobic activity that offers a more intense workout for cardiovascular fitness. 3. Cycling- Whether on a stationary bike or a road bike, cycling is an effective way to improve cardiovascular endurance. 4. Swimming- A full-body workout that's easy on the joints, swimming engages multiple muscle groups. 5. Jumping Rope-A portable and effective aerobic exercise that can be done at home or in a small space. 6. Dancing- Various dance styles, such as Zumba or aerobics classes, offer fun ways to get your heart pumping. 7. Aerobic Classes- Participating in classes like step aerobics, kickboxing, or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can provide a structured aerobic workout. 8. Elliptical Trainer- This machine simulates running, walking, or climbing while reducing impact on the joints. 9. Rowing- Using a rowing machine engages both the upper and lower body for a comprehensive workout. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days. As always, consult with a healthcare professional before starting a new exercise program, especially if you have any underlying health conditions. REFERENCES: 1. Health-Related Fitness - Textbooks on exercise science, kinesiology, or physical education. Some widely used textbooks include "ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription" (American College of Sports Medicine) and "Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning" (National Strength and Conditioning Association). 32  - Websites of reputable health organizations like the American Heart Association (AHA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) often provide information on health- related fitness and physical activity guidelines. 2. Skill-Related Fitness - Online resources from organizations like SHAPE America (Society of Health and Physical Educators) might offer lesson plans and assessment ideas for skill-related fitness. 3. Educational Assessments - Educational assessment resources from reputable organizations like the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) can provide insights into assessment strategies in education. - Peer-reviewed education journals often publish articles on assessment methods and practices. Examples of such journals include "Educational Assessment" and "Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice." Links: https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Portals/10/CG-1/cg111/docs/HPM/Exercise-Guidelines.pdf https://www.verywellfit.com/skill-related-fitness-components-4155209 https://www.soultosolechoreography.org/2015/04/27/locomotor-and-non-locomotor-movement/ https://chanrobles.com/article14sports.htm#:~:text=(1)%20The%20State%20shall%20promote,a%20healthy%20a nd%20alert%20citizenry. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61197- 7#:~:text=PARI%20is%20any%20injury%20resulting,%2C%20or%20leisure-time%20PA https://www.healthline.com/health/fitness-exercise/aerobic-exercise- examples#:~:text=Aerobic%20exercise%20is%20any%20type,exercise%20means%20%E2%80%9Cwith%20oxy gen.%E2%80%9D 33