Human Body Systems PDF

PATHFIT 1 | MOVEMENT COMPETENCY TRAINING MIDTERM MODULE Human Body Systems Ever wonder how we digest our foods? How we breath? And how our body works? The human body is a biological machine made of body systems; groups of organs that work together...

PATHFIT 1 | MOVEMENT COMPETENCY TRAINING MIDTERM MODULE Human Body Systems Ever wonder how we digest our foods? How we breath? And how our body works? The human body is a biological machine made of body systems; groups of organs that work together to produce and sustain life. ❖ SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilages. There are two parts of the skeleton; axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles. There are 206 bones in an adult human body. The place at which two bones are fitted together is called the joint or articulation. Joints are supported by cartilages and reinforced with ligaments. Functions of the skeletal system are mechanical support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation. Elements of the skeletal system are adjusted to the function of the body part they support. Thus, the anatomy of bones, joints and ligaments is studied topographically, as the bones of the; head and neck, thorax, abdomen, upper and lower limbs. ❖ MUSCULAR SYSTEM The muscular system consists of all the body muscles. There are three muscle types; smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. Smooth muscle is found within walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach or intestines. Cardiac muscle cells form the heart muscle, also called the false. Skeletal muscles attach to the bones of the body. Among these three, only skeletal muscles can be controlled consciously and enable us to produce body movement, while the function of other two muscle types is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is absolutely unconscious. ❖ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The cardiovascular system is comprised of the heart and the circulatory system of blood vessels. The heart is composed of four chambers; two atria and two ventricles. Blood enters the heart through the upper chambers of the left and right atria and exits via the left and right ventricles. Heart valves prevent the backflow of blood. The cardiovascular system, which includes your heart and blood arteries, is vital because it transports oxygen, nutrition, and other beneficial substances to all of your body's cells. They also remove carbon dioxide and trash from the atmosphere. The cardiovascular system's primary duty is to deliver nutrition and remove waste. ❖ RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system consists of a series of organs; the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs (alveoli). The nasal cavity and pharynx are together called the upper respiratory system, while the remainder of the organs comprise the lower respiratory system. Respiratory system organs, with the exception of the alveoli, function to conduct air into the lungs aided by the muscles of respiration (mainly the diaphragm and intercostal muscles). Once air is in the lungs it enters alveoli (the site of gas exchange) and interacts with blood transported by the pulmonary circulation. Here carbon dioxide is removed from, and oxygen returned to, the blood. Thus, the major respiratory system function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide. ❖ LYMPHATIC SYSTEM The lymphatic system is a network of lymphatic vessels that drains excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the intercellular fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, exposes it to lymphocytes (white blood cells) of the immune system and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic plexuses, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs. The lymphatic system function is to; convey and eliminate toxins and waste from the body; recirculate proteins; and defend the body from microorganisms. Lymphatic system organs are divided into primary and secondary organs. Primary lymphatic organs produce lymphocytes and release them into lymphatic vessels. The two primary lymphoid organs are the thymus and red bone marrow.  PATHFIT 1 | MOVEMENT COMPETENCY TRAINING MIDTERM MODULE Secondary lymphatic organs include lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix and spleen. Lymph nodes are masses of lymphocyte containing lymphoid tissues, attached to lymphoid vessels. Lymph nodes function to filter cellular debris, foreign pathogens, excess tissue fluid, and leaked plasma proteins. There are aggregations of lymph nodes at key points around the body (cervical, axillary, tracheal, inguinal, femoral, and deep nodes related to the aorta). The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system. ❖ DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system function is to degrade food into smaller and smaller compounds, until they can be absorbed into the body and used as energy. It consists of a series of gastrointestinal tract organs and accessory digestive organs. The digestive system organs spread from the mouth to the anal canal. It’s actually a tube consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal. ▪ Accessory digestive organs assist with the mechanical and chemical food breakdown, these are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder. With the help of hormones and nerves, your digestive system processes the food you take in. The muscles within your organs push it along as your digestive system breaks nutrients—carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamin, minerals, and liquid— into pieces small enough for your body to absorb. Then your body moves the nutrients where they're needed. ❖ ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system is a collection of specialised organs (endocrine glands) scattered throughout the body that act to produce hormones. ▪ With regards to the endocrine system function; hormones produced by the endocrine system act to regulate a wide variety of bodily functions, such as ▪ triiodothyronine which regulates metabolism, ▪ estrogen and progesterone which regulate the menstrual cycle ▪ Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to regulate the function of distant target organs. The endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs. ❖ REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The reproductive system, or genital system, is a system of internal and external sex organs which work together to contribute towards the reproduction process. Unlike other systems of organs, the genital system has significant differences among sexes. FEMALE ▪ The external female sex organs, also known as the genitals, are the organs of the vulva (the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening). The internal sex organs are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. ▪ The vulva provides an entry to, and protection, for the vagina and uterus, as well as the proper warmth and moisture that aids in its sexual and reproductive functions. In addition, it is important for the sexual arousal and orgasm in females. ▪ The vagina is the canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix (neck) of the uterus. ▪ Ovaries secrete hormones and produce egg cells, which are transported to the uterus fallopian tubes. ▪ The uterus provides protection, nutrition, and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus. In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus contribute to pushing out the fetus at the time of birth. MALE ▪ The external male sex organs are the testes and penis, while the internal are the epididymis, ductus deferens and accessory glands. Functionally, they can be grouped into three categories. ▪ The first category is for sperm production (the testes), and storage (epididymis). ▪ The second category organs produce ejaculatory fluid; the ductus deferens and the accessory glands (seminal vesicles and prostate). ▪ The final category is those used for copulation and deposition of the sperm, these include the penis, urethra and ductus deferens.  PATHFIT 1 | MOVEMENT COMPETENCY TRAINING MIDTERM MODULE ❖ URINARY SYSTEM Urinary system is a body drainage system comprised of the group of organs that produce and excrete urine. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Kidneys are paired bean-shaped organs placed retroperitoneally. The kidneys have a rich blood supply provided by the renal artery. Nephrons within the kidneys filter the blood that passes through their web of capillaries (glomerulus). The blood filtrate then passes through a series of tubules and collecting ducts, eventually forming the final ultrafiltrate, urine. Urine passes into the ureters, tubes of smooth muscle that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The bladder is a hollow muscular organ that collects and stores urine before disposal by urination (micturition). Functions of the urinary system include; elimination of body waste, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, regulation of electrolyte levels and blood pH. BODY POSTURE Why does our back hurts when we sit? Do you feel the leg cramps when you sit on the floor for too long? This topic describes correct body posture, different body positions and actions that can be done while standing, kneeling, and sitting. It outlines correct standing positions like standing and sitting. It also lists various correct instructions/way to improve our postures. Posture is the way in which you hold yourself while sitting, standing, and lying down. Good posture keeps all of your joints and bones aligned, reducing stress on muscles and ligaments. Maintaining good posture is important to prevent muscle fatigue and injury. Poor posture often leads to back pain, but there are several small changes you can make to your daily routine to prevent this by improving your posture. There are four basic rules to good body mechanics. But they all begin with good posture. What is good posture? Hold your head up. Keep your neck straight. Keep your chest high. Hold your shoulders back. Tighten your stomach muscles. Pull in your buttocks. When should you use good posture? Good posture helps you save energy and avoid muscle strain⎯even when you aren’t lifting or moving something. Use good posture when you: Lift or move things Sit & Stand What are the four rules? Rule 1: Keep a wide base of support. Move your feet apart to the width of your shoulders. Put one foot a little bit in front of the other. This helps you keep your balance. Rule 2: Lift with your legs and buttocks. Bend your knees. Keep your back straight. Then push up with your legs. This puts less strain on your back. And it helps you lift heavier things. Never bend from the waist. Rule 3: Turn your whole body. Move your feet and legs to face the person or thing you’re lifting. This puts less strain on your back. And it keeps you from twisting your spine. Never turn at the waist. Rule 4: Get close to what you’re lifting. Work at the level of your waist, if possible. This puts less strain on your back and saves energy. Never reach for or move something above your head.  PATHFIT 1 | MOVEMENT COMPETENCY TRAINING MIDTERM MODULE Types of posture There are two types of posture: Static posture: Static posture is the way you hold your body when you’re not moving. It’s when you’re standing, sitting or lying down (including sleeping). If someone’s ever scolded you to sit up straight and not slouch, they were (maybe rudely) asking you to adjust your static posture. Dynamic posture: Dynamic posture is how you keep your body stable while you’re moving. Even if you’re not actively thinking about it, your body constantly adjusts itself while you’re running, stretching to reach something or walking up and down the stairs. People who focus on their body position while they’re playing a sport or doing yoga are concentrating on their dynamic posture. Can bad posture cause back pain or headaches? Your posture can lead to symptoms like back pain and headaches, especially if you spend a long time in one position. Posture can affect: Back pain. Neck pain. Headaches. Your overall flexibility. Your range of motion (how far or comfortably you can move). Your balance. The Fundamental Body Movements You may not think much about simple body movements like walking, bending, or kicking a ball; however, fundamental body movements are the building blocks necessary for more complex physical activities. Playing sports, exercising, and dancing all require a command of simple, fundamental body movements. There are three main categories of fundamental body movements: Locomotor Non-locomotor Manipulative Let's take a closer look at each. Locomotor Movements Let's start with locomotor movements. Locomotor refers to body movements that move the body from one place to another. They cause the body to travel. There are eight main locomotor movements. They are categorized as either even or uneven movements. Even rhythm movements consist of equal, unvarying actions. These movements include: Walking, Running, Hopping, Leaping, and Jumping Uneven rhythm movements consist of unequal actions. They also sometimes incorporate alternating actions. These movements include: Skipping, Galloping, and Sliding Non-locomotor Movements Non-locomotor movements are also sometimes called axial movements. They are movements of certain body parts, or even the whole body, without causing the body to travel. For example, swinging your arms back and forth. Notice that nonlocomotor movements are often combined with locomotor movements, such as walking and swinging your arms. There are many different nonlocomotor movements: Bending, Flexing, Stretching, Extending, Lifting, Raising, Twisting, Rotating, Swinging, Swaying Prepared by: VYLCH MARIE A. GENARES, LPT