Patient Assessment Theory PDF

Patient Assessment Theory Unit 1: Health History Skeletal System ◼ Composed of _____ bones ◼ Skull contains ___ bones ◼ Functions: ◼ Protection ◼ Support and shape ◼ Hematopoietic – production of blood cells by the blood- forming organs ◼ Storage of certain mine...

Patient Assessment Theory Unit 1: Health History Skeletal System ◼ Composed of _____ bones ◼ Skull contains ___ bones ◼ Functions: ◼ Protection ◼ Support and shape ◼ Hematopoietic – production of blood cells by the blood- forming organs ◼ Storage of certain minerals Skeletal System Divisions of the skeleton ◼ Axial skeleton ◼ Upright axis of the skeleton ◼ Consists of …… ◼ ___ bones in total ◼ Appendicular skeleton ◼ ___ bones in total ◼ Bones attached to the axial skeleton Skeletal System ◼ Disorders ◼ Osteoporosis ◼ Age related disease in which the bones demineralize (loss of bone density and fractures) Skeletal System ◼ Disorders ◼ Sprain ◼ Injury to a joint  Skeletal System ◼ Disorders ◼ Fracture ◼ Broken bones caused by stress on the bone ◼ Can occur in any bone in the body  Skeletal System ◼ Disorders ◼ Arthritis ◼ Inflammation of a joint  Skeletal System ◼ Disorders ◼ Arthritis  Skeletal System ◼ Disorders ◼ Gout ◼ Inflammatory joint reaction caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals ◼ Big toe usually affected  Skeletal System ◼ Disorders ◼ Osteomyelitis ◼ Infection of the bone caused by bacteria, fungi or contaminated foreign material such as artificial joint  Skeletal System ◼ Disorders ◼ Osteomyelitis  Muscular System ◼ Contraction/relaxation makes motion possible ◼ Composed of more than 600 individual muscles, but there are only 3 types of muscles ◼ Striated ▪ So named because dark and light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped or striated appearance ▪ voluntary ◼ Smooth ▪ Move the internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, etc.) ▪ involuntary ◼ Cardiac ▪ striated in appearance, but resembles smooth muscles in its action (walls of heart) ▪ contraction of this muscle results in the heartbeat Muscular System ◼ Disorders ◼ Contusion ◼ Soft tissue trauma (swelling, tenderness and localized hemorrhage, bruising)  Muscular System ◼ Disorders ◼ Strain ◼ Injury of a muscle that has been stretched beyond its capacity ◼ Small blood vessels rupture causing swelling of area ◼ Sprain ◼ Injury to a joint that has been stretched beyond its normal range of motion resulting in a tear Muscular System ◼ Disorders ◼ Progressive muscular dystrophy ◼ Progressive muscle atrophy (wasting away) ◼ Unknown cause  Cardiovascular System ◼ Consists of ◼ circulatory, heart and lymphatic systems ◼ heart, arteries, veins, and blood ◼ Function ◼ respiratory, nutritive, excretory ◼ Circulatory ◼ Transports ◼ Oxygen and nutrients to the body cells ◼ Carbon dioxide and waste products from the body ◼ Hormones and antibodies throughout the body ◼ Regulates body temperature and maintains chemical stability  Cardiovascular System ◼ Disorders (of the heart) ◼ Cardiomyopathy ◼ Heart muscle disease ◼ Unknown cause ◼ Coronary artery disease ◼ Caused by a build-up of cholesterol plaques in coronary arteries  Cardiovascular System ◼ Disorders (of the heart) ◼ Endocarditis ◼ Inflammation of endocardial layer of heart ◼ Caused by bacteria, virus, TB, or cancer Cardiovascular System ◼ Disorders (of the heart) ◼ Heart failure ◼ Heart can no longer pump an adequate supply of blood ◼ Caused by disease, congenital problems, hypertension, lung disease or valve problems Cardiovascular System ◼ Disorders (of the heart) ◼ Myocardial infarction ◼ Referred to as a “heart attack” ◼ Damage to the muscular tissue of heart Cardiovascular System ◼ Disorders (of the heart) ◼ Pericarditis ◼ Inflammation of pericardial layer of heart ◼ Caused by bacteria, virus, TB, or cancer  Lymphatic and Immune System ◼ Consists of: ◼ Lymph fluid ◼ aka tissue fluid ◼ is a clear and colourless fluid ◼ flows in the spaces between the cells and tissues ◼ Lymph vessels ◼ Lymph capillaries are thin-walled tubes that carry lymph from tissue spaces to the larger lymph vessels ◼ Lymph nodes ◼ Small round or oval structures located in lymph vessels ◼ Fight disease by producing antibodies ◼ Tonsils and Spleen ◼ Lymphoid organs ◼ Contribute to the immune system to assist with destruction of harmful microorganisms Lymphatic and Immune System ◼ Function ◼ Defense against disease ◼ Conversation of plasma proteins and fluid ◼ Lipid absorption ◼ Immune system ◼ Responsible for providing resistance to communicable diseases ◼ Immuno-compromised ◼ People with impaired immunity such as: AIDS, organ transplants, chemotherapy patients Lymphatic and Immune System ◼ Disorders ◼ Infection ◼ When disease-causing organisms (pathogens) invade the body Lymphatic and Immune System ◼ Disorders ◼ Inflammation ◼ Protective response of the tissues to irritation or injury ◼ Arthritis ◼ Inflammation of joints ◼ Also a disorder of skeletal system Lymphatic and Immune System ◼ Disorders ◼ Lymphangitis ◼ Inflammation of peripheral lymphatic vessels, usually caused by an infection Lymphatic and Immune System ◼ Disorders ◼ Lymphadenopathy ◼ Swelling or enlargement of one or more lymph nodes ◼ Can result from infection, inflammation or neoplasm ◼ Lymphedema ◼ Swelling of soft tissues due to increased amount of lymph  Nervous System ◼ Composed of central and peripheral nervous systems ◼ Function: ◼ The communication system of the body ◼ CNS – consists of the brain and spinal cord ◼ PNS – consists of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves Nervous System ◼ Disorders ◼ Head injury ◼ Any blunt trauma to the head ◼ Brain tumor ◼ Can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) ◼ Migraine ◼ Vasodilation and increased blood flow to the head  Nervous System ◼ Disorders ◼ Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) ▪ Interruption of blood flow to brain ▪ Caused by hemorrhage or a blood clot ▪ TIA (transient ischemic attack) ▪ Is a warning stroke or mini stroke ▪ Can predict a major stroke sometime in the future Nervous System ◼ Disorders ◼ Epilepsy ◼ Seizures caused by neurologic disorder ◼ Multiple sclerosis ◼ Progressive neurologic condition ◼ Progressive weakening of lower extremities (muscle spasms)  Nervous System ◼ Disorders ◼ Alzheimer’s disease ◼ Chronic, progressive degenerative disease with no cure ◼ Dementia  Nervous System ◼ Disorders ◼ Bell’s Palsy ◼ Paralysis of the facial nerve (7th cranial) that causes distortion on the affected side of the face ◼ Parkinson’s Disease ◼ A slowly progressive, degenerative neurologic disorder Respiratory System ◼ Consists of nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, alveoli and lungs ◼ Function: ◼ Delivers oxygen to cells, excretion of carbon dioxide and some water wastes  Respiratory System ◼ Disorders ◼ Tonsillitis ◼ Inflammation of the tonsils ◼ Sinusitis ◼ Acute inflammation of a sinus ◼ Pneumonia ◼ Acute inflammation of the lungs ◼ Can be viral, bacterial, or non bacterial ◼ Pharyngitis (sore throat) ◼ Inflammation of the throat caused by virus, bacteria or irritants Respiratory System ◼ Disorders ◼ Tuberculosis ◼ Infectious disease caused by infected droplets containing the tubercle bacteria Respiratory System ◼ Disorders ◼ Asthma ◼ When the inside walls of the airways are inflamed or swollen ◼ Less air flows to the lungs Respiratory System ◼ Disorders ◼ Asthma Respiratory System ◼ Disorders ◼ Chronic bronchitis ◼ Inflammation of the airways in the lungs ◼ Thick mucous forms in them making it hard to breathe Respiratory System ◼ Disorders ◼ Lung cancer ◼ Strong relationship between smoking and air pollutants Respiratory System ◼ Disorders ◼ Emphysema ◼ When the walls of the alveoli lose their elasticity and the ability to exchange air and CO2 becomes impaired Digestive System ◼ Consists of: ◼ Mouth ◼ Pharynx ◼ Esophagus ◼ Stomach ◼ Intestines ◼ Liver ◼ Gallbladder ◼ pancreas Digestive System ◼ Function ◼ Digestion of food ◼ Absorption of nutrients ◼ Elimination of solid wastes ◼ Digestive process has 5 basic actions ◼ Ingestion ◼ Digestion ◼ Movement ◼ Absorption ◼ Elimination  Digestive System ◼ Disorders ◼ Gastroesophageal reflux ◼ Backward flow of gastric juices into esophagus (heartburn) ◼ Peptic ulcer ◼ Erosion of the gastric mucosa that exposes it to gastric juices and pepsin ◼ Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease ◼ Chronic inflammatory process of bowel resulting in poor absorption of nutrients Digestive System ◼ Disorders ◼ Hemorrhoids ◼ Varicose of dilated veins in the anal canal ◼ Peritonitis ◼ Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity (distended abdomen) life-threatening condition ◼ Ulcers ◼ A sore or break in the lining of the digestive tract  Urinary System ◼ Consists of: ◼ Kidneys ◼ Where urine is formed to carry away waste materials ◼ Ureters ◼ Transport the urine from the kidneys ◼ Bladder ◼ Where the urine is stored until it can be eliminated ◼ Urethra ◼ Through which the bladder is emptied to the outside (urination)  Urinary System ◼ Function: ◼ Formation and elimination of urine ◼ maintenance of homeostasis (maintenance of stable physiological conditions such as body temperature and blood pH) Urinary System ◼ Disorders ◼ Renal failure ◼ Loss of kidney function ◼ Urinary incontinence ◼ Inability to control urination ◼ Cystitis ◼ Inflammation of the bladder Integumentary System ◼ aka: skin system ◼ skin is body’s 1st line of defense against disease ◼ provides a barrier that prevents bacteria from entering the body ◼ Consists of: ◼ Skin ◼ Hair ◼ Nails ◼ Sweat and sebaceous glands Integumentary System ◼ Function: ◼ Protection of body ◼ Regulation of body temperature ◼ Excretion of liquids and salts Integumentary System ◼ Disorders ◼ Abscess ◼ Usually the result of a wound allowing bacteria to invade the skin Integumentary System ◼ Disorders ◼ Acne ◼ One of the most common skin diseases ◼ Inflammation of the sebaceous glands (fat cells) Integumentary System ◼ Disorders ◼ Eczema ◼ Inflammatory condition of the skin ◼ May be acute or chronic Integumentary System ◼ Disorders ◼ Basal cell carcinoma ◼ Most common of all human cancers ◼ Primary cause is exposure to sun radiation (skin cancer) Endocrine System ◼ Consists of: ◼ Thyroid ◼ Parathyroid ◼ Ovaries ◼ Testes ◼ Pituitary ◼ Pancreas ◼ Adrenal medulla Endocrine System ◼ Function: ◼ Integration of body functions ◼ Control of growth ◼ Maintenance of homeostasis ◼ * Uses chemical messengers called “hormones”, which move through the bloodstream and can reach every cell - hormones secreted directly into the bloodstream Endocrine System ◼ Disorders ◼ Hypothyroidism ◼ Decreased level of activity of the thyroid gland ◼ Sensitivity to cold, weight gain ◼ Hyperthyroidism ◼ Excessive level of activity of the thyroid gland ◼ Nervousness, heat intolerance, weight loss  Endocrine System ◼ Disorders ◼ Diabetes mellitus ◼ Impaired glucose uptake by the cells ◼ Type II diabetes less severe than Type I ◼ Type I ▪ Absolute insulin deficiency ▪ Usually arises in childhood or puberty ◼ Type II ▪ Insulin resistance that impairs the use of the insulin that is secreted ▪ 90% of diabetics have this type ▪ Usually after 30 years of age  Reproductive Systems ◼ Male ◼ Function: ◼ Produce and transport sperm ◼ Consists of: ◼ Testes ◼ Excretory ducts ◼ Accessory organs (prostate) Reproductive Systems ◼ Female ◼ Function: ◼ fertility ◼ Consists of: ◼ Ovaries ◼ Fallopian tubes ◼ Uterus ◼ Vagina ◼ External genitalia  Reproductive Systems ◼ Disorders ◼ Male ◼ Testicular cancer ▪ Rare ▪ Most common type of cancer in men 20 - 35 years of age ◼ Orchitis ▪ Infection or inflammation of one or both testes ◼ Epididymitis ▪ Inflammation or infection of the epididymis ◼ Prostate cancer ▪ Unknown cause ▪ 3rd leading cause of cancer death in men – especially over 40 years of age  Reproductive Systems ◼ Disorders ◼ Female ◼ Vaginitis ▪ Inflammation of the vagina ◼ Ovarian tumors ▪ Enlargements of normal ovarian structures ◼ Toxic shock syndrome ▪ Infection related to menstruation and tampon use ◼ Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) ▪ Inflammation of several reproductive organs ◼ Breast cancer ▪ Uncontrolled growth of cancer cells within the breast ▪ These cells can spread to other areas of the body Remember… The Ten Body Systems are in Continuous Interaction!