Module 1, Lecture 2 (1).pdf

PATIENT CARE TECHNICIAN PROGRAM First Module Medical Terminology Human Body Systems (Part 1) (Digestive AND Urinary Systems) The Digestive System Learning Goals: vIdentify and describe the major structures of the digestive system. vIdentify and describe the major s...

PATIENT CARE TECHNICIAN PROGRAM First Module Medical Terminology Human Body Systems (Part 1) (Digestive AND Urinary Systems) The Digestive System Learning Goals: vIdentify and describe the major structures of the digestive system. vIdentify and describe the major structures' function/s of the digestive system. vRecognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the digestive system. The Structure of the digestive System ØThe digestive system consists primarily of the gastrointestinal tract, which is also known as the GI tract (gastr/o means stomach, intestin means intestine, and -al means pertaining to). ØThese organs work in cooperation with accessory organs Ø It consists of three parts: ü Upper GI tract ü Lower GI tract ü The accessory organs The Primary Strucure of the GI Tract The upper GI Tract: Ø which consists of: ü The oral cavity (mouth). ü Pharynx (throat). ü Esophagus. ü Stomach. ØThis transports food from the entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach. The Secondary Structre of the Upper GI Tract Ø The Oral Cavity (Mouth): The Lips: ü Surround the opening to the oral cavity. üDuring eating, the lips, tongue, and cheeks hold the food in the mouth. üThe lips also have important roles in breathing, speaking, and the expression of emotions. The Palate: Which forms the roof of the mouth, consists of three major parts. ü The hard palate: is the anterior portion of the palate. üThe soft palate: is the flexible posterior portion of the palate, during swallowing, it has the important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity. üThe uvula: is the third part, and it hangs from the free edge of the soft palate, during swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate, it also plays an important role in snoring and in the formation of some speech sounds. The Tongue: Ø The tongue is very strong, flexible, and muscular. Ø The posterior portion of the tongue is attached. ØThe anterior end of the tongue moves freely and is flexible. ØIt is the structure of the tongue that makes it so important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing. The Dental Arches & the Teeth ØThe dental arches are the bony structures of the oral cavity. ØThese arches hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking. ØThe term dentition refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws. ØThe permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth designed to last a lifetime. Soft Tissues of the Oral Cavity ØThe gingiva: also known as masticatory mucosa or the gums, is the specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth (plural gingivae). Saliva and Salivary Glands ØSaliva is a colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth. ØIt helps maintain the health of the teeth, and it begins the digestive process by lubricating food during chewing and swallowing. Upper GI Tract Organs Functions ü The Mouth: Begins preparation of food for digestion. ü The Pharynx: Transports food from the mouth to the esophagus. ü The Esophagus: Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. ü The Stomach: Breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices. The Pharynx ØWhich is the common passage- way for both respiration and digestion. Ø The pharynx plays an important role in swallowing. ØThe epiglottis is a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing. The Esophagus ØIs the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The Stomach ØGastric juices aid in the beginning of food digestion. ØMucus produced by glands in the stomach create a protective coating on the lining of the stomach Ø The Lower GI Tract: Øwhich is sometimes referred to as the bowels, is made up of: ü The small and large intestines ü The rectum and anus. ØHere digestion is completed, and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body. The Small Intestine ØThe small intestine extends from the muscle at the base of the stomach to the first part of the large intestine. The Large Intestine ØThe large intestine extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. ØIt is about twice as wide as the small intestine; however, it is only one-fourth as long. ØIt is here that the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus. ØThe major parts of the large intestine are the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. Lower GI Tract Organs Functions.. ü The Small Intestine: Mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients. ü The Large Intestine: Absorbs excess water, and prepares solid waste for elimination. ü The Rectum & Anus: Control the excretion of solid waste. The Accessory Organs Functions The Accessory Organs which consist of : the liver , gallbladder & pancreas ü The Liver: Secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats. ü The Gallbladder: Stores bile, and releases it into the small intestine as needed. ü The Pancreas: Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed. The Accessory Organs of the Digestive System The liver Ø Is the largest organ in the body. ØIt has several important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs. ØThe term hepatic means pertaining to the liver (hepat means liver, and -ic means pertaining to). ØBilirubin is a yellow to green fluid, commonly known as bile, that is manufactured by the liver and is necessary for the digestion of fat. ØExcessive amounts of bilirubin in the body can lead to jaundice and other diseases. Ø Bile, which aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver. Bile travels from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored. The Gallbladder Ø The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile for later use. Ø The term cholecystic, means per- taining to the gallbladder (cholecyst means gallblad- der, and -ic means pertaining to). The pancreas ØIs a soft, 6-inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach. ØThis gland has important roles in both the digestive and endocrine systems. ØThe pancreas produces and secretes pancreatic juices that aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids. Ø Pancreatic means pertaining to the pancreas. Vocabulary/Terms Related to the Digestive System Digestion Is the process by which complex foods are bro- ken down into nutrients in a form the body can use. The flow of food through the digestive system. Digestive enzymes are responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body. A nutrient Is a substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body. The primary nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, and pro- teins. Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients, which are required only in small amounts. Metabolism The term metabolism includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients (metabol means change, and -ism means condition),it consists of two parts: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism Is the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients. Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism. Catabolism Is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide. Absorption Is the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body. Peptic Ulcers Are sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system (pept means digestion, and -ic means pertaining to). Anorexia Is the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease. Dehydration Is a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance (de- means removal, hydra means water, and -tion means the process of). Malnutrition Is a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and dis- tribute these nutrients. Mal- is a prefix meaning bad or poor. Malabsorption Is a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it. Obesity Is an excessive accumulation of fat in the body. The term obese is usually used to refer to individuals who are more than 20 to 30% over the established weight standards for their height, age, and gender. The body mass index (BMI) Is a number that shows body weight adjusted for height. The results fall into one of these categories: underweight, normal, over- weight, or obese. Nausea Is the urge to vomit. Intestinal Obstructions Is the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction. Bowel incontinence Is the inability to control the excretion of feces. Jaundice Is a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes. This condition is caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood. Hepatitis Is an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection (hepat means liver, and -itis means inflammation). Constipation Is defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week,with constipation, stools are usually hard, dry, small in size, and difficult to eliminate. Diarrhea Is an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools that can lead to dehydration (dia- means through, and - rrhea means flow or discharge). Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Which is also known as spastic colon, is a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. Hepatomegaly Is the abnormal enlargement of the liver (hepat/o means liver, and -megaly means enlargement). Cholecystitis Is inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile (cholecyst means gallbladder, and -itis means inflammation). An enema Is the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity. Stool samples are specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics A gastrectomy is the surgical removal of all or a part of the stomach (gastr means stomach, and -ectomy means surgical removal). A colectomy Is the surgical removal of all or part of the colon (col means colon, and -ectomy means surgical removal). A cholecystectomy Is the surgical removal of the gallbladder (chole- means gallbladder, cyst means bladder, and -ectomy means surgical removal). A hepatectomy Is the surgical removal of all or part of the liver (hepat means liver, and -ectomy means surgical removal). A liver transplant Is an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer. Melena abnormal black, tarry stool containing digested blood The Urinary System Learning Goals: vIdentify and describe the major structures of the urinary system. vIdentify the main function/s of the urinary system organs. vRecognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the urinary system. The Structure of the Urinary System ØThe urinary system, also referred to as the urinary tract. Ø Consists of : ü Two kidneys ü Two ureters ü One bladder ü A urethra ØThe adrenal glands, which are part of the endocrine system, are located on the top of the kidneys. The Functions of the Urinary System ØThe urinary system performs many functions that are important in maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis Is the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment (home/o means constant, and -stasis means control). Ø The functions include: üMaintaining the proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body by filtering the blood as it flows through the kidneys. The Primary Structures of the Urinary System üConstantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste materials from the bloodstream. Urea is the major waste product of protein metabolism. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism. üConverting these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excrete them from the body via the urinary bladder. The Kidneys ØThe kidneys constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water. ØThese are excreted as urine, which is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes. ØThe kidneys also help the body maintain the proper level of fluid, produce hormones that control blood pressure and make red blood cells, and activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones. ØThe term renal means pertaining to the kidneys (ren means kidney or kidneys, and -al means pertaining to). ØThe renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney. This layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons. The term cortex means the outer portion of an organ. ØThe medulla is the inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules. A tubule is a small tube. Nephrons ØThe nephrons are the microscopic functional units of each kidney. ØUrine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The Process üEach nephron contains a glomerulus, which is a cluster of capillaries ü Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and flows into the nephrons. ü After passing through the filtration system of the glomerulus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through the renal vein. ü The remaining filtrate flows into the renal tubules, where elements, including some water, sugar, and salts, are returned to the bloodstream via a nearby capillary. ü Remaining waste products are continuously converted into urine, which is transported to the renal pelvis and collected in preparation for entry into the ureters. ü If waste products are not efficiently removed from the bloodstream, the body cannot maintain homeostasis, with a stable balance of salts and other substances. A Nephron and its Associated Structures The Renal Pelvis Ø The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla. Ø This is where the newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters. The Ureters Ø The ureters are two narrow tubes. Ø Transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. Peristalsis Is a series of wave-like contractions, moves urine down each ureter to the bladder. Ø Urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through the ureteral orifices in the wall of the urinary bladder. The Urinary Bladder ØThe urinary bladder is an oval, hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body. ØThe bladder is located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis. Øthe bladder is lined with folds allow it to expand when full and contract when empty. The Urethra Ø The urethra is the tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body. Caution: the spellings of ureter and urethra are very similar! You may find it helpful to remember that the ureter comes first, both anatomically and alphabetically. Vocabulary/Terms Related to the Digestive System.. Urination Also known as voiding or micturition, is the normal process of excreting urine. A urologist Is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males (ur means urine, and -ologist means specialist). Nephropathy The term nephropathy means any disease of the kidney (nephr/o means kidney, and -pathy means disease). Anuria is the absence of urine formation by the kidneys (an- means without, and -uria means urine). Diuresis Is the increased output of urine (diur means increasing the output of urine, and -esis means an abnormal condition). Dysuria Is difficult, or painful urination (dys- means painful, and -uria means urination). Enuresis Is the involuntary discharge of urine (en- means into, and - uresis means urination). Nocturia Is frequent and excessive urination during the night (noct means night, and -uria means urination). Urinary retention Is the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate, this condition is also more common in men and is frequently associated with an enlarged prostate gland. Incontinence Is the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both. Renal failure Also known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions. Uremia Also known as uremic poisoning, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood Acute renal failure (ARF) Has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia, it can be fatal if not reversed promptly. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Also known as chronic renal disease, or kidney failure, is the progressive loss of renal function over months or years. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant. Edema Is excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases, this swelling can be in the area around the eyes, the abdomen, or the legs and feet. Hyperproteinuria Is the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine (hyper- means excessive, protein means protein, and -uria means urine). Hypoproteinemia Is the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood (hypo- means deficient or decreased, protein means protein, and -emia means blood condition). Nephritis Is an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys (nephr means kidney, and -itis means inflammation). Nephroptosis Also known as a floating kidney, is the prolapse, or dropping down, of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands, (nephr/o means kidney, and -ptosis means droop or sag). A nephrostomy Is the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body (nephr means kidney, and -ostomy means creating an opening). Renal transplantation Commonly known as a kidney transplant, is the grafting of a donor kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient’s failed kidneys. A cystectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. A ureterectomy Is the surgical removal of a ureter (ureter means ureter, and -ectomy means surgical removal). Urinalysis Is the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements (urin means urine, and -analysis means a study of the parts). Urinary catheterization Is the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes. Dialysis Is a procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, as well as excess water from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function (dia- means complete or through, and -lysis means separation). Hemodialysis Is the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood (hem/o means blood, dia means complete or through, and -lysis means separation) Thank You