Reproductive System in Animal PDF

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES CHAPTER 7. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 1  CONTENT 7.1 Male reproductive system and sperm production 7.2 Femal...

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES CHAPTER 7. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 1  CONTENT 7.1 Male reproductive system and sperm production 7.2 Female reproductive system, egg production and menstrual cycle 7.3 Fertilization and embryonic development 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 2  7.1 Male reproductive system and sperm production a. Male reproductive system + Testis +Penis 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 3 + Prostate gland + Other glands 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 4  Prostate cancer 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 5  Agonist vs Antagonist  What is Lupron? 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 6 - Cause - Marker test - Treatment 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 7  b. Sperm production 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 8 - Sperm structure: A head + Acrosome: containing digestive enzymes called hyaluronidase and acrosin. Middle piece A tail 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 9 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 10 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 11 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 12 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 13  Role of LH and FSH in men - LH stimulates testosterone production from the interstitial cells of the testes (Leydig cells). -FSH stimulates testicular growth and production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells. -This androgen-binding protein  high local concentrations of testosterone near the sperm  mature sperm. - Sertoli cells, under the influence of androgens, also secrete inhibin (a polypeptide)  regulate spermatogenesis.  Conclusion: maturation of spermatozoa requires FSH and LH. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 14 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 15  Discussion Diseases/defects in men: Abnormal sperm Low sperm count Prostate, penis cancer STD (sexually-transmitted disease) Lab tests Etc. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 16  7.2 Female reproductive system, egg production and menstrual cycle a. Female reproductive system + Ovary and fallopian tube + Uterus and cervix 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 17 + Vagina 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 18  b.Egg production 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 19 - Egg structure:  Corona radiata  Zona pellucida  Plasma membrane 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 20  c. Menstrual cycle  Important notes 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 21  Hormone changes 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 22  Body temperature changes 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 23  Role of LH and FSH in women - FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle, causing an egg to grow  trigger the production of estrogen in the follicle. -The rise in estrogen  pituitary gland stops producing FSH and starts making more LH. - Increased LH level causes ovulation. - In the empty follicle, cells proliferate  turn into a corpus luteum release progesterone. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 24  What does Progesterone do? - Prepare the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation. -Trigger the lining to thicken to accept a fertilized egg. - Prohibit the muscle contractions in the uterus that would cause the body to reject an egg. - While the body is producing high levels of progesterone, the body will not ovulate. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 25  Conclusion + If not pregnant: the corpus luteum breaks down  progesterone level menstruation. + If the body does conceive: progesterone continues to do its function  Pregnancy support. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 26  Menopause - When there are no more follicles or eggs  the ovary no longer secretes estrogen and progesterone which regulate the menstrual cycle.  As a result, menstruation ceases.  Further discussions. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 27  Discussion Diseases/defects in women: Polycystic ovary syndrome Ovarian cystadenomas Uterine fibroids Adenomyosis Breast, ovary, uterus, cervix cancer STD (sexually transmitted disease) Lab tests Etc. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 28  7.3 Fertilization and embryonic development a. Fertilization 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 29  How does it get in? 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 30  b. Embryonic development 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 31  + Placenta + When is placenta formed? + Role 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 32  + Different positions of placenta and effects 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 33  + Twins and number of placenta 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 34 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 35  Conclusions 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 36 + Placenta hormones: - HCG - Prostaglandin : for vasodilatation during normal pregnancy. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 37 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 38 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 39  + Amniotic fluid - clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy - contained in the amniotic sac. - 600-800mL (full term gestation) 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 40 -The amniotic fluid helps: The developing baby to move in the womb, which allows for proper bone growth The lungs to develop properly Prevents pressure on the umbilical cord Keep a constant temperature around the baby, protecting from heat loss Protect the baby from outside injury by cushioning sudden blows or movements 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 41 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 42  Discussion - Prenatal and postnatal care for moms - Vaccination before pregnancy - Stem cell bank - Tests during pregnancy - Cesarean procedure - Vaccination for babies Etc... 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 43  c. Methods of contraception - Methods used for men and women. - Some kinds of contraceptive pills:  28 days  21 days  Emergency ( levonorgestrel) 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 44  The minipill - An oral contraceptive that contains the hormone progestin. - The progestin dose in a minipill is lower than the progestin dose in a combination oral contraceptive pill. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 45  Combined pill - When taken correctly, the pill is over 99% effective. - The usual way to take the pill is to take one every day for 21 days, then stop for seven days, and during this week you have a period-type bleed. - Then start taking the pill again after seven days. - Take the pill at around the same time every day 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 46 - 21 days with break. - 28 days without break ( 7 pills with no hormones) 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 47  Emergency ( levonorgestrel) It is a progestin hormone that works mainly by: - preventing the release of an egg (ovulation) during your menstrual cycle. - making vaginal fluid thicker to help prevent sperm from reaching an egg (fertilization) - changing the lining of the uterus (womb) to prevent attachment of a fertilized egg. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 48  d. Infertility Reason discussion: + In man:  < 20 million/cm3: abnormal  >=4% abnormal sperm  Production of antibody which stimulates the sperm stick together... etc + In woman: 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 49  Methods of treatment ** Ovulation stimulating - Clomiphene ( follicle : 17mm in diameter) - HCG ( ovulation takes place in 36-48 hours) 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 50 Clomiphene is a non-steroidal fertility medicine.  It causes the pituitary gland to release hormones needed to stimulate ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary) = FSH 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 51  ** IUI ( Intra – uterine insemination) 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 52  ** IVF ( In-vitro fertilization) 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 53  ** GIFT ( Gamete intrafallopian transfer) 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 54  Discuss and give conclusions - Advantages and disadvantages of each method. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 55  Overview of evolution of reproductive system in animal - Overview - Conclusion 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 7 56