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NEWS MARKET™ TELEGRAM EDUCATIONAL CHANNAL Daily News & Current Affairs Educational Information Notice OPSC/OSSC/OSSSC Notice General Knowledge & Question All Scholarship Information Board/+2/UG/PG/All Entrance Class 1-10/+2/UG/PG Syllabus,Books & Notes And Many More……. NEWS THAT YOU NEED Education Information- https://telegram.me/PDF_NEWS All Entrance Book Available- https://telegram.me/EXAM_MARKET (CLICK ON THIS LINK & JOIN) ADMIN - @OFFICIAL32_BOT  Airports Authority of India It is a statutory body, under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. It is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. Established : 1 April, 1995 Jyotiraditya Scandia is the Minister of Civil Aviation in India. S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION 1. Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport Srinagar, Jammu and It is also known as Srinagar Airport Kashmir 2. Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport Amritsar, Punjab 3. Chandigarh International Airport Chandigarh It serves the union territory of Chandigarh, and the cities of Mohali (in Punjab) and Panchkula (in Haryana). 4. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi It is the busiest airport of India in terms of passenger traffic. 5. Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION 6. Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport Lucknow, Uttar It was earlier known as Amausi Airport. Pradesh 7. Kushinagar International Airport Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh 8. Noida International Airport Noida, Uttar Pradesh under construction It is officially known as Noida International Greenfield Airport. also known as Jewar Airport. Once completed, it is planned to be the country's largest airport. 9. Gaya Airport Gaya, Bihar 10. Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport Patna, Bihar S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION 11. Swami Vivekananda International Airport Raipur, Chhattisgarh 12. Biju Patnaik International Airport Bhubaneswar, Odisha also known as Bhubaneswar Airport 13. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Kolkata, West Bengal It is locally known as Kolkata Airport and Dum Dum Airport 14. Bagdogra International Airport Siliguri, West Bengal S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION 15. Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport Guwahati, Assam It is also known as Guwahati Airport. It was formerly known as Borjhar Airport. 16. Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport Agartala, Tripura It is also known as Agartala Airport 17. Imphal International Airport Imphal, Manipur 18. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad, Gujarat 19. Vadodara Airport Vadodara, Gujarat 20. Surat International Airport Surat, Gujarat S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION 21. Jaipur International Airport Jaipur, Rajasthan 22. Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar International Airport Indore, Madhya Pradesh 23. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport Nagpur, Maharashtra 24. Navi Mumbai International Airport Navi Mumbai, (under construction - 2024) Maharashtra 25. Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje International Airport Pune, Maharashtra It is the second busiest airport in the country. SL. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION 26. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport Mumbai, Maharashtra 27. Dabolim International Airport Goa 28. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad, Telangana 29. Visakhapatnam International Airport Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 30. Tirupati Airport Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 31. Vijayawada Airport Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION 32. Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru, Karnataka 33. Mangalore International Airport Mangaluru, Karnataka 34. Cochin International Airport Kochi, Kerala In 2015, Cochin International Airport became the world's first fully solar powered airport 35. Trivandrum International Airport Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 36. Calicut International Airport Kozhikode, Kerala It is also known as Karipur Airport 37. Kannur International Airport Kannur, Kerala S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION 38. Chennai International Airport Chennai, Tamil Nadu 39. Coimbatore International Airport Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 40. Tiruchirappalli International Airport Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 41. Madurai International Airport Madurai, Tamil Nadu 42. Veer Savarkar International Airport Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands When something is important enough, you do it even if the odds are not in your favour!  Atomic & Nuclear Power Plants in India Introduction to Nuclear Energy Nuclear Power - Power produced by Nuclear Reactions Nuclear power is an efficient way of boiling water to create steam, this steam is used to turn turbines, which creates electricity. Nuclear energy has smaller land footprint and the amount of waste it produces. Nuclear Reactions releases huge energy - fission and fusion Fission is the splitting of a heavy, unstable nucleus into two lighter nuclei, and Fusion - two light nuclei combine together (Sun, Atoms bombs) Three most relevant fissile isotopes are uranium-233, uranium-235 and plutonium-239. The architect of the Indian Atomic Energy programme, and the father of nuclear research in India : Homi Jehangir Bhabha Few Facts APSARA: The first experimental nuclear reactor (Research Reactor) At Trombay campus of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre was indigenously built and commissioned in 1956. With APSARA, India became the first Asian country outside the erstwhile Soviet Union, to have designed and built its own nuclear reactor. KAMINI: the first reactor in the world operating with 233U fuel. KAMINI (Kalpakkam Mini reactor) is at Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research in Kalpakkam The first nuclear power project was commenced at Tarapur, Maharashtra, 1969. The first PHWR project is located at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. The reactors are located on bank of Rana Pratap Sagar Lake on Chambal River. Pressurized heavy-water reactor (PHWR) is a nuclear reactor that uses heavy water (deuterium oxide D2O) as its coolant and neutron moderator highest-capacity nuclear plant in India: Kudankulam Nuclear Power  Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) fully owned company of the Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy Started functioning from 17th September 1987. It is responsible for the generation of nuclear power for electricity. Location : Mumbai, Maharashtra Chairman & Managing Director : Shri Mukesh Singhal (in-charge) Nuclear power in India Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after coal, gas, hydroelectricity and wind power. India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants. Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS) Location : Narora, Uttar Pradesh Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) Location : Gujarat (proximity of Surat and Tapi river) Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) Location : Rawatbhata, Rajasthan (Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, Chambal River) Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) Location : Tarapur, Maharashtra Kaiga Generating Station (KGS) Location : Kaiga, Karnataka (Proximity of Kali River) Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) Location : Kalpakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station (KKNPS) Location : Tirunelveli, TN Nuclear Power Plants in India - Under Construction Power Plant Location nine nuclear reactors by 2024 and a new nuclear project, the first in Madras (Kalpakkam) Tamil Nadu northern India Kakrapar Unit 4 Gujarat Gorakhpur Haryana Rajasthan Unit 7 & 8 Rajasthan Kudankulam Unit 3 & 4 Tamil Nadu Power Plant Location Kaiga Karnataka Jaitapur Maharashtra Nuclear Power Plants in Kovvada Andhra Pradesh India - Planned Projects Kavali Andhra Pradesh Gorakhpur Haryana Mahi Banswara Rajasthan Chutka Madhya Pradesh Kudankulam Unit 5 & 6 Tamil Nadu Madras Tamil Nadu Tarapur Maharashtra  BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN INDIA Biosphere Reserve - INTRODUCTION ž Biosphere reserves are sites established by countries and at times recognized under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme to promote sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound science. ž An ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. ž Areas of terrestrial and coastal/ marine ecosystems. ž Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life. ž Concept of Biosphere Reserves launched in 1971 as a part of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)’s ‘Man and Biosphere Programme’. ž The National Biosphere Reserve Programme in India - initiated in 1986 - to serve a wider base for conservation of entire range of living resources and their ecological foundations in addition to already established protected area network system. Aims & Functions of Biosphere Reserves Aim - to get a balanced relationship between mankind and nature Functions: Conservation - of biodiversity and cultural diversity Development - Economic development that is socio- culturally and environmentally sustainable Logistics – supporting development through research, monitoring, education and training Zones of Biosphere Reserves Core Area Buffer Zone Transition Zone (Area of Co- operation) Core Zone It is the innermost undisturbed ecosystem. Legally protected area where human intervention is strictly prohibited. Buffer Zone Area surrounding the core zone Only research and education activities are permitted to humans. These activities should not obstruct the conservation objectives of the core area. It includes restoration, limited tourism, fishing, grazing, etc; which are permitted to reduce its effect on the core zone. Human activities are less intensive in this zone as compared to the transition zone. Transition Zone Peripheral area of a biosphere reserve Zone of cooperation where human ventures and conservation are done in harmony. Cropping, recreation, forestry, and human settlements are permitted IMPORTANT FACTS There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in India. Of these, 12 are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. v First BR: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (1986) in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka v Largest BR: Gulf of Kachch in Gujarat v Smallest BR: Dibru-Saikhowa in Assam 1. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - 1986 World Natural Heritage Site Location - Parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2000  ž Protected Areas: 1.Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Also Tiger Reserve) 2.Wyanaad Wildlife Sanctuary 3.Bandipur National Park (Also Tiger Reserve) 4.Nagarhole National Park (Also Tiger Reserve) 5.Mukurthi National Park 6. Silent Valley Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity Fauna - Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiri langur, Lion – tailed macaque Rivers - Bhavani, Moyar, Kabini (tribuatries of Cauvery), Chaliyar, Punampuzha, etc. 2. Gulf of Mannar 1989 ž First marine Biosphere Reserve in India ž Location - Tamil Nadu (Indian part of Gulf of Mannar) ž Large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean with least depth of 5.8 m (19 ft). ž The Malvathu Oya (Malvathu River) of Sri Lanka and the estuaries of Thamirabarani River and Vaippar River ž Protected Area – Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2001  Gulf of Mannar Biodiversity Sea Cow (dugong), Sea Anemone, sea cucumbers, Sea turtles Dugongs Sea Cucumbers 3. Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve 1989 ž Location - Andaman & Nicobar Islands ž Great Nicobar is the southernmost island of the Nicobar Islands Archipelago. ž Encompasses a large part (some 85%) of the island of Great Nicobar ž Included in the list of Man and Biosphere program of UNESCO in 2013 ž Protected Areas: 1. Campbell Bay National Park 2. Galathea National Park Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity Nicobar long-tailed Nicobar scrub fowl Nicobar tree shrew macaque  Salt water crocodile Edible-nest swiftlet 4. Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve-2001 ž Location: southernmost end of the Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu ž Protected Areas- — Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary — Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary — Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary — Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve ž Fauna- Bengal Tiger, Asian Elephant, and Nilgiri Tahr. Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2016 5. Seshachalam Hills Biosphere Reserve- 2010 Location – Southern Eastern Ghats in Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering parts of Chittoor and Kadapa districts, Andhra Pradesh Fauna - Slender loris 6. Sunderban - 1989 World Natural Heritage Site Location - Part of delta of Ganges and Brahamaputra river system in West Bengal Sunderban - largest continuous mangrove area (along with Bangladesh) in the world Spans from Hooghly River in West Bengal (India) to Baleswar River (Bangladesh). Fauna - Royal Bengal tiger Protected Areas 1.Sundarban National Park /Sundarban Tiger Reserve 2.Sajnekhali Wildlife Sanctuary 3.Lothian Wildlife Sanctuary 4.Haliday Wildlife Sanctuary 7. Simlipal Biosphere Reserve -1994 ž Location: Mayurbhanj district , Odisha ž Protected Areas- Part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve Similipal Tiger Reserve Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary ž Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009 ž The biosphere reserve has the largest zone of Sal in all of India Simlipal Biosphere Reserve -Biodiversity ž Fauna- Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, gaur, and chausingha 8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve - ž Location: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh ž Bilaspur district (Chhattisgarh), Anuppur and Dindori (Madhya Pradesh) ž Protected area - Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary ž Fauna - Four horned antelope, Indian wild dog, Saras crane, Asian white-backed vulture, Sacred grove bush frog. Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2012 9. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve - 1999 ž Location: Satpura Range of Madhya Pradesh ž Satpura mountain ranges cross India from west to east and Pachmarhi lies directly in its centre ž Protected Ares: — Bori Sanctuary — Pachmarhi Sanctuary — Satpura National Park ž UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2009 Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve – Biodiversity ž Rare & Endangered Fauna - Giant Squirrel and Spilornis cheela (Crested serpent eagle) 10. Panna Biosphere Reserve- 1981 ž Location: Vindhya Mountain Range in Panna & Chhatarpur districts of Madhya Pradesh ž Ken River (tributary of Yamuna) flows through the reserve ž Ken-Betwa river interlinking project will be located in it ž Protected Areas – — Panna National Park — Ken Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2020 Panna Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity ž Tiger, leopard, chital, chinkara, nilgai, sambhar and sloth bear ž 11. Great Rann of Kutch Biosphere Reserve- 2008 Location- Part of Kutch, Morbi, Surendranagar and Patan districts (Gujarat) Largest biosphere reserve in India Fauna - Indian wild ass 12. Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve- 2009 Location : Western Himalayas region in Himachal Pradesh Protected Areas: Pin Valley National Park Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary Sarchu Wildlife Sanctuary Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary Fauna- Snow leopard 13. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve 1988 ž World Natural Heritage Site ž Location - Uttarakhand ž River - Rishi Ganga ž Protected Areas: 1. Nanda Devi National park 2. Valley of Flowers National Park UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2004 Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity Endangered mammal species - Snow leopard, Himalayan black bear, brown bear, Musk deer (State animal of Uttarakhand) and bharal/blue sheep 15. Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve- 1977 ž Location: Sikkim ž UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2016, becoming the first "Mixed Heritage" site of India ž The site is one of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots. ž Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2018  Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve- Biodiversity ž Musk deer, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, dhole, sloth bear, viverrids, Himalayan black bear, red panda. Himalayan tahr Dhole Red Panda Viverrids 15. Manas Biosphere Reserve - 1989 ž UNESCO Natural World Heritage site ž National park, a Project Tiger reserve, an elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve ž Location - Assam ž River - Manas-Beki Manas Biosphere Reserve Biodiversity ž Assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur and pygmy hog. ž Manas is famous for its population of the wild water buffalo pygmy hog Assam roofed turtle hispid hare golden langur water buffalo  16.Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve- 1997 Location - Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia district, Assam Smallest of all BR Bounded by the Brahmaputra and Lohit Rivers in the north and Dibru river in the south Largest salix swamp forest in north-eastern India with a tropical monsoon climate with a hot and wet summer and cool and usually dry winter Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve- Biodiversity White-winged wood duck, water buffalo, black-breasted parrotbill, tiger, capped langur White-winged water buffalo black-breasted capped langur wood duck parrotbill 17. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve- 1988 ž Location – on Tura Range, Garo Hills, Meghalaya (Nokrek is the highest peak of the Garo hills) ž Rivers - Ganol, Dareng and Simsang ž 90% of the Reserve is covered by evergreen forest ž Protected Area - Nokrek National Park UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2009  Nokrek Biosphere Reserve- Biodiversity Asian elephant, Giant flying squirrel, Pig-tailed macaque, Hoolock gibbons (most endangered apes in India) Asian elephant Hoolock gibbons Pig-tailed macaque Giant flying squirrel 18. Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve - 1989 Location – district of West Siang, Upper Siang and Dibang valley of Arunachal Pradesh ž Protected Areas – — Mouling National Park — Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary ž One of the world’s “Bio-Diversity Hot spots” Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve Biodiversity Mishmi takin, red goral, musk deer, red panda, Gongshan muntjac Mishmi takin red goral musk deer red panda Gongshan muntjac  BOOKS & NEWSPAPERS BY FAMOUS PERSONALITIES Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “The Indian Struggle 1920- Book Subhas Chandra Bose 1942” “An Indian Pilgrim - An Book Unfinished Autobiography” “Udbodhan” Magazine “Prabuddha Bharata” English monthly journal Swami Vivekananda “Raja Yoga” Book “Karma Yoga” Book “Prabuddha Bharata” is India's longest-running English magazine. It was started by Swami Vivekananda back in 1896. “Hicky's Bengal Gazette” was the first newspaper printed in Asia. Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “Kesari” Marathi newspaper Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Along with Chiplunkar and Agarkar) “Maratha” English newspaper Bal Gangadhar Tilak “Geeta Rahasya” Book “Unhappy India” Book “England's Debt to India” Book Lala Lajpat Rai “Arya Samaj” Book “The Discovery of India” Book “An Autobiography” Book Jawaharlal Nehru “Glimpses of world Book history” Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “Samvad Kaumudi” Bengali weekly newspaper “Mirat-ul-Akbar” Persian language journal Raja Ram Mohan Roy “The Precepts of Jesus, the Book Guide to Peace and Happiness” “Banga-Dutta” Newspaper in four Raja Ram Mohan Roy languages (Bengali, and Dwarkanath Tagore English, Persian, Hindi) “Indian Mirror” Newspaper Devendra Nath Tagore “Rigvedadi Bhashya Bhumika” Book Dayanand Saraswati “Satyarth Prakash” Book Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “Indian Opinion” Newspaper “Nav Jeevan” Newspaper Mohandas Karamchand “Harijan” Weekly English newspaper Gandhi “Young India” Weekly English journal “The Story of My Book Experiments with Truth” “Rast Goftar” Anglo-Gujarati paper Dadabhai Naoroji and Kharshedji Cama “Poverty and Un-British Book Dadabhai Naoroji Rule in India” “Sambad Prabhakar” Newspaper Ishwar Chandra Gupta Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “Mook Nayak” Marathi journal “Bahishkrit Bharat” Marathi journal “Janta” Newspaper “Annihilation of Caste” Book B.R. Ambedkar “The Buddha and His Book Dhamma” “The Untouchables” Book “Riddles in Hinduism” Book Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “New India” Daily newspaper Annie Besant “The Independent” Newspaper Motilal Nehru “New India” Weekly newspaper “India's Struggle for Book Bipin Chandra Pal Independence” Founded by : Bipin Chandra “Bande Mataram” English weekly newspaper Pal Edited by : Sri Aurobindo “Al-Balagh” Journal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad “Al-Hilal” Urdu weekly newspaper Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “The Comrade” English weekly newspaper Mohammad Ali Jauhar “Hamdard” Urdu daily newspaper “Bombay English-language newspaper Chronicle” Sir Pherozeshah Mehta “Hindustan Dainik” Hindi-language daily newspaper Madan Mohan Malviya “The Leader” English-language newspaper “Hindustan Times” English daily newspaper Sunder Singh Lyallpuri Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “Som Prakash” Newspaper Started by : Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Edited by : Dwarakanath Vidyabhushan “Borno Porichay” Book Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar “Indian Mirror” Newspaper Devendranath Tagore “The Bengalee” English language newspaper Girish Chandra Ghosh “Amrita Bazar Newspaper Sisirkumar Ghosh and Patrika” Motilal Ghosh Book Author or Publisher “Wings of Fire: An Autobiography” A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari “India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium” A P J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan “Mission India: A Vision For Indian Youth” “Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity” A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh “Target 3 Billion” Book Author or Publisher “Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India” “The Luminous Sparks” “Inspiring Thoughts” A P J Abdul Kalam “Indomitable Spirit” “Turning Points: A journey through challenges” “My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions” Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “Why I am an Atheist” Book Bhagat Singh “The Bandit Queen of Book Phoolan Devi India” “Atmakatha” Book Dr. Rajendra Prasad “India Divided” Book “My Times” Book J. B. Kripalani “The Golden Threshold” Book Sarojini Naidu “India Wins Freedom” Book Maulana Abul Kalam Azad “A Nation in Making” Book Sir Surendranath Banerjea Name Newspaper/Book/Journal Author or Publisher “India for Indians” Book Chittaranjan Das “Why socialism?” Book Jayaprakash Narayan “Love and Death” Book Sri Aurobindo “Hicky's Bengal Gazette” English weekly newspaper Founded by : James Augustus Hicky “Bengal Gazetti” Bengali weekly newspaper Edited by : Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya “The Indian War of Book Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Independence 1857”  Rabindranath Tagore Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Kal Mrigaya Gora Post Master Gitanjali Bangadarshan Kabuliwallah Dak Ghar Anandamath Chitrangada Aparichita Devi Chaudhurani Sonar Tari Ghare Baire Durgeshnandini Manihara Tota Kahini Chokher Bali Shesher Kobita Kapalkundala Birpurush Gitabitan Bishabriksha Sukumar Ray Sarat Chandra Abol Tabol Chattopadhyay Pagla Dashu Srikanta HaJaBaRaLa Choritrohin Abak Jalpan Devdas Parineeta Bibhutibhushan Pother Dabi Bandyopadhyay Dena-Paona Pather Panchali Baikunther Will Chander Pahar Pallisomaj Aranyak Success is not final, Failure is not fatal, It is the courage to continue that counts!  Capital Currency Sl. Country Capital Currency No. Eastern 1. Russia (Northern Asia) Moscow Russian ruble Asia 2. Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolian tögrög 3. China Beijing (Peking) Renminbi or Yuan 4. Taiwan Taipei New Taiwan dollar 5. North Korea P'yongyang Won 6. South Korea Seoul Won 7. Japan Tokyo Yen Sl. No. Country Capital Currency Central 8. Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Asia 9. Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Kyrgyzstani Som 10. Kazakhstan Nur-Sultan Tenge 11. Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan som 12. Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmenistani manat Sl. No. Country Capital Currency 13. Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee South Asia 14. Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum 15. India New Delhi Indian Rupee 16. Bangladesh Dhaka Taka 17. Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani rupee 18. Afghanistan Kabul Afghan afghani 19. Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan rupee (executive and judicial capital) Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital) 20. Maldives Malé Maldivian Rufiyaa Sl. Country Capital Currency No. South-East Asia 21. Myanmar Naypyidaw Kyat 22. Thailand Bangkok Baht 23. Laos Vientiane Kip 24. Vietnam Hanoi Dong 25. Cambodia Phnom Penh Cambodian Riel Sl. Country Capital Currency No. 26. Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit South-East Asia 27. Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar 28. Brunei Bandar Seri Brunei dollar Begawan 29. Indonesia Jakarta Indonesian rupiah 30. East Timor Dili United States Dollar 31. Philippines Manila Peso Sl. Country Capital Currency No. 32. Iran Tehran Iranian rial South-West Asia 33. Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar 34. Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar 35. Israel Jerusalem Israeli Shekel 36. Palestine Ramallah Israeli Shekel 37. Syria Damascus Syrian pound Sl. Country Capital Currency No. South-West Asia 38. Turkey Ankara Turkish lira 39. Cyprus Nicosia Euro 40. Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound 41. Armenia Yerevan Armenian dram 42. Azerbaijan Baku Azerbaijani manat 43. Georgia Tbilisi Georgian lari Sl. Country Capital Currency No. South-West 44. Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal Asia 45. Qatar Doha Qatari riyal 46. Yemen Sanaa Yemeni rial 47. Oman Muscat Omani rial 48. United Arab Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Emirates Dirham 49. Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar 50. Kuwait Kuwait-City Kuwaiti dinar Sl. No. Country Capital Currency 1. Spain Madrid Euro Europe 2. United Kingdom London Pound sterling 3. Finland Helsinki Euro 4. Norway Oslo Norwegian krone 5. Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone 6. Germany Berlin Euro 7. Greece Athens Euro Sl. No. Country Capital Currency 8. Austria Vienna Euro Europe 9. Belgium Brussels Euro 10. Belarus Minsk Belorussian ruble 11. Croatia Zagreb Croatian kuna 12. Czech Republic Prague Koruna 13. France Paris Euro 14. Hungary Budapest Hungarian forint Sl. No. Country Capital Currency 15. Ireland Dublin Euro Europe 16. Italy Rome Euro 17. Netherlands Amsterdam Euro 18. Portugal Lisbon Euro 19. Russia Moscow Russian ruble 20. Sweden Stockholm Krona 21. Switzerland Berne Swiss franc Sl. No. Country Capital Currency 22. Ukraine Kiev Hryvnia Europe 23. Bulgaria Sofia Lev 24. Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc 25. Poland Warsaw Zloty 26. Romania Bucharest Romanian Rupee 27. Serbia Belgrade Serbian Dinar Sl. Country Capital Currency No. North 1. Canada Ottawa Canadian dollar America 2. United States of America Washington D.C United States Dollar 3. Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso 4. Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemalan quetzal 5. Nicaragua Managua Nicaraguan córdoba 6. Panama Panama City Balboa and U.S. dollar 7. Cuba Havana Cuban Peso 8. The Bahamas Nassau Bahamian dollar 9. Jamaica Kingston Jamaican dollar 10. Barbados Bridgetown Barbados dollar Sl. No. Country Capital Currency South 1. Argentina Buenos Aires Peso America 2. Peru Lima Peruvian sol 3. Chile Santiago Chilean Peso 4. Brazil Brasilia Brazilian real 5. Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan Peso 6. Paraguay Asuncion Paraguayan guaraní Sl. Country Capital Currency No. South America 7. Bolivia La Paz (executive and Boliviano legislative); Sucre (constitutional and judicial) 8. Colombia Bogota Colombian Peso 9. Ecuador Quito U.S. dollar 10. Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar 11. Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar 12. Venezuela Caracas Venezuelan bolívar 13. Trinidad and Port-of-Spain Trinidad and Tobago Tobago dollar Sl. No. Country Capital Currency 1. Algeria Algiers Algerian dollars Africa 2. Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwean dollar 3. Djibouti Djibouti City Djiboutian franc 4. Egypt Cairo Egyptian pound 5. Eritrea Asmara Nakfa 6. Ethiopia Addis Ababa Ethiopian birr 7. Ghana Accra Ghanaian cedi Sl. No. Country Capital Currency Africa 8. Kenya Nairobi Kenyan shilling 9. Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar 10. Libya Tripoli Libyan dinar 11. Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy ariary 12. Mali Bamako CFA franc 13. Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupee 14. Morocco Rabat Moroccan dirham Sl. No. Country Capital Currency 15. Mozambique Maputo Mozambican Africa metical 16. Niger Niamey CFA franc 17. Nigeria Abuja Naira 18. Rwanda Kigali Rwandan franc 19. Seychelles Victoria Seychellois rupee 20. Somalia Mogadishu Shilling Sl. Country Capital Currency No. 21. South Africa Pretoria (executive) South Africa Cape Town African rand (legislative) Bloemfontein (judicial) 22. Sudan Khartoum Sudanese pound 23. South Sudan Juba South Sudanese pound 24. Uganda Kampala Ugandan shilling Sl. Country Capital Currency No. Oceania 1. Australia Canberra Australian dollar 2. Fiji Suva Fiji dollar 3. Kiribati Tarawa Australian dollar 4. New Zealand Wellington New Zealand dollar What is the capital of Philippines? Which of the Country-Capital- Currency is correct? Kuala Lumpur Manila Kenya - Nairobi - Shilling Vientiane Brazil - Brasilia - Real Jakarta Kiribati - Tarawa - Australian Dollar None of these Pakistan - Islamabad - Pakistani Rupees All are correct What is the currency of Argentina? Peso Bandar Seri Bagwan is the capital of Euro _______ Franc Brunei Dollar Belgium Sol Botswana Bogota Which of the statement is/are correct? Bahrain a. Argentina is a North American country b. Capital of Australia is Canberra c. Rupiah is capital of Indonesia d. Shilling is currency of Mauritius a, b and d is correct. b and c is correct. a and d is correct. All are correct. CITIES ON THE BANKS OF RIVERS Ganga basin covers 11 states & UTs The Ganga River 1. Uttarakhand 2. Uttar Pradesh 3. Bihar 4. Jharkhand 5. West Bengal 6. Chhattisgarh 7. Madhya Pradesh 8. Rajasthan 9. Delhi (UT) 10. Haryana 11. Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand (Panch Prayag) on the confluences of Dhauliganga Vishnuprayag River and Alaknanda River on the confluences Nandaprayag of Nandakini River and Alaknanda River on the confluences of Pindar Karnaprayag River and Alaknanda River on the confluences of Mandakini Rudraprayag River and Alaknanda River Devprayag on the confluences of Bhagirathi River and Alaknanda River Uttarakhand Badrinath Alaknanda River Haridwar Ganges River Rishikesh Ganges River  Uttar Pradesh Mirzapur Ganges River Kannauj Ganges River Varanasi Ganges River Kanpur Ganges River Etawah Yamuna River Agra Yamuna River Mathura Yamuna River Uttar Pradesh Allahabad At confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati River Ayodhya Saryu River Jaunpur Gomti River Lucknow Gomti River Gorakhpur Rapti River Bihar Falgu (Neeranjana) Gaya River Patna Ganges River Munger Ganges River Muzaffarpur Burhi Gandak River West Bengal Kolkata Hooghly River Howrah Hooghly River Farakka Ganges River  Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Chambal River Ujjain Shipra River Rajasthan Kota Chambal River Dholpur Chambal River Delhi New Delhi Yamuna River It is a trans-boundary river. Brahmaputra River It originates in China, then flows into India and then into Bangladesh. Passes through states : 1. Arunachal Pradesh 2. Assam Assam Dibrugarh Brahmaputra River Guwahati Brahmaputra River Lakhimpur Brahmaputra River Sadiya Lohit River  Indus River It is a trans-boundary river. It originates in Tibet, then flows to India and then to Pakistan. Passes through states : 1. Ladakh 2. Jammu and Kashmir 3. Punjab 4. Himachal Pradesh J&K and Ladakh Leh Indus River Srinagar Jhelum River Himachal Pradesh Kullu Beas River Manali Beas River Punjab Ludhiana Sutlej River Mahanadi River Passes through states : 1. Chhattisgarh 2. Odisha Odisha Cuttack Mahanadi River Chhattisgarh Raipur Mahanadi River  Godavari River Passes through states : 1. Maharashtra 2. Telangana 3. Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Nashik Godavari River Telangana Ramagundam Godavari River Kumbh Mela - Prayag, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik. Andhra Pradesh Rajahmundry Godavari River Krishna River Passes through states : 1. Maharashtra 2. Karnataka 3. Telangana 4. Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Mahabaleshwar Krishna River Karnataka Raichur Krishna River and Tungabhadra River Hampi Tungabhadra River  Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada Krishna River Machilipatnam Krishna River Guntur Krishna River Amaravati Krishna River Srisailam Krishna River Kurnool Tungabhadra River Cauvery River Passes through states : 1. Karnataka 2. Tamil Nadu Karnataka Mysore Kaveri River Srirangapatna Kaveri River Tamil Nadu Tiruchirappalli Kaveri River Thanjavur Kaveri River Narmada River Passes through states : 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Narmada River Narmadapuram / Hoshangabad Narmada River Maheshwar Narmada River Omkareshwar Narmada River Amarkantak Narmada River Gujarat Bharuch Narmada River  Miscellaneous City River State Ahmedabad Sabarmati River Gujarat Gandhinagar Vadodara Vishwamitri River Gujarat Surat Tapi River Gujarat Rajkot Aji and Nyari Rivers Gujarat City River State Rourkela Brahmani River Odisha Hyderabad Musi River Telangana Nellore Penna River Andhra Pradesh Thiruvananthapuram Karamana River Kerala Madurai Vaigai River Tamil Nadu Classical Dances of India Bharata Natyashastra It is believed to have been written by Bharata Muni. The Natyasashtra is the foundational treatise for classical dances of India. As per Natya Shastra, there are two basic aspects of Indian classical dance : Tandava and Lasya 1. Tandava (movement & rhythm) : This is symbolic to the male aspects of dance. 2. Lasya (grace, bhava, rasa & abhinaya) : It is symbolic to the feminine features of dance. This ‘guru-shisya parampara’ forms the core of Indian classical art form. As per Nandikeshwara’s famous treatise on dance, “Abhinaya Darpan”, an act has been broken into three basic elements : Nritta : It refers to the basic dance steps, performed rhythmically but devoid of any expression or mood. Natya : It means dramatic representations and refers to the story that is elaborated through the dance recital. Nritya : It refers to the sentiment and the emotions evoked through dance. It includes the mime and the different methods of expression including mudras in the dance.  There are nine rasas or emotions that are expressed through the dance. शृंगार रस, रौद्र रस, वीर रस, वीभत्स रस, हास्य रस, करुण रस, अद्भुत रस, भयानक रस, शांत रस The nine rasas are : Love, Heroism, Anger, Disgust, Wonder, Comedy, Tragedy, Horror and Tranquility. These moods and expressions are expressed through the use of mudras (a combination of hand gestures and body postures). There are 108 fundamental mudras, a combination of which is used to depict a particular emotion. Sangeet Natak Akademi has recognised 8 classical dance forms : Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Manipuri, Kathak and Sattriya. The Ministry of Culture has recognised 9 classical dance forms : Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Manipuri, Kathak, Sattriya and Chhau. Sangeet Natak Akademi Minister of Culture India's national academy of Shri G.K Reddy music, dance and drama. Constituency : It is the first national academy Secunderabad of the performing arts set up (Telangana) by the Republic of India. 9 classical dance forms 1. Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) 2. Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh) 3. Kathakali (Kerala) 4. Mohiniattam (Kerala)  5. Odissi (Odisha) 6. Manipuri (Manipur) 7. Kathak 8. Sattriya (Assam) 9. Chhau (Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal) Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) “Bharat” is derived from Bharat Muni and “Natyam” means “Dance” in Tamil language. However, it is also believed that “Bharata” is related to ‘Bhava’, ‘Raga’ and ‘Taal’. Origin - temple dancers or ‘devadasis’ in Tamil Nadu. Hence it was also referred to as ‘Dashiattam’. With the decline of the Devadasi system, the art too became nearly extinct. However, the efforts of E. Krishna Iyer, a prominent freedom fighter, revived this dance form. Rukmini Devi Arundale, another famous proponent of Bharatnatyam, is remembered for giving global recognition to the dance. Tanjor quartet In the early nineteenth century, four dance teachers of Thanjavur, known as the ‘Tanjor quartet’ defined the elements of a Bharatnatyam recital. Under them, Bharatnatyam also came to be known as Tanjore natyam. Important Features It is considered as the oldest classical dance form. Bharatnatyam is often referred to as the ‘fire dance’, as it is the manifestation of fire in the human body. Most of the movements in Bharatnatyam resemble to that of a dancing flame. The music of Bharatanatyam belongs to the Carnatic system of southern India. Famous proponents Yamini Krishnamurthy, Lakshmi Viswanathan, Padma Subramaniam, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Mallika Sarabhai Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh) “Kuchipudi” derives its name from the Andhra village of Kusselavapuri or Kuchelapuram. With the advent of Vaishnavism, the dance form became a monopoly of the male Brahmins and began to be performed at temples. Stories of Bhagavat purana became a central theme of the recitals. The dance form gained prominence under the patronage of the Vijayanagar and Golconda rulers. Important Features Most of the Kuchipudi recitals are based on stories of Bhagwata purana but have a secular theme. There is a predominance of Shringaara ras. Each principal character introduces itself on the stage with “daaru”, which is a small composition of dance and song, specifically choreographed for the revelation of each character. The Kuchipudi dance style is a manifestation of the earthly elements in the human body. A Kuchipudi recital is generally accompanied with Carnatic music; Violin and Mridgangam being the principal instruments. The recital is in Telugu language. Famous proponents Radha Reddy and Raja Reddy, Yamini Krishnamurthy, Indrani Rehman Kathakali (Kerala) ‘Katha’ meaning story and ‘Kali’ meaning drama. Origin : Two forms of dance-drama, Ramanattam and Krishnattam, evolved in the temples of Kerala, narrating episodes from Ramayana and Mahabharata. These folk drama traditions latter became the source of Kathakali. Important Features It was revived in the 1930s by the famous Malayali poet V. N. Menon under the patronage of Mukunda Raja. Kathakali is essentially an all-male troupe performance. There is minimal use of props in the Kathakali recital - very elaborate facial make up along with a head gear is used for different characters. Most Kathakali recitals are a grand representation of the eternal conflict between good and evil. It draws its themes from the stories narrated in the epics and the puranas. It is also called as the ‘ballad of the east’. The language used for Kathakali songs is Manipravalam, i.e., a mixture of Malayalam and Sanskrit. Important Features Different colours have their own significance : Green indicates nobility, divinity and virtue. Red patches beside the nose indicate royalty. Black colour is used to indicate evil and wickedness. Yellow colour is for saints and women. Completely Red painted face indicates evil White beard indicates beings with higher consciousness and divinity. Famous proponents Guru Kunchu Kurup, Gopi Nath, Kottakal Sivaraman, Rita Ganguly Mohiniattam (Kerala) ‘Mohini’ meaning beautiful woman and ‘attam’ means dance. Mohiniattam or the Dance of an Enchantress is essentially a solo dance performance by women. It was revived by the famous Malayali poet V. N. Menon along with Kalyani Amma. Mohiniattam combines the grace and elegance of Bharatnatyam with the vigour of Kathakali. Mohiniattam generally narrates the story of the feminine dance of Vishnu. Important Features Costume is of special importance in Mohiniattam, with white and off-white being the principal colours and presence of gold coloured brocade designs. The element of air is symbolised through a Mohiniattam performance. ‘Atavakul or Atavus’ is the collection of fourty basic dance movements. Musical instruments used are : Manjira (cymbals), veena, drums, flute, etc. Famous proponents Sunanda Nair, Kalamandalam Kshemavathy, Madhuri Amma, Jayaprabha Menon etc. Odissi (Odisha) “Odissi” derives its name from the ‘Odra nritya’ mentioned in Natya Shastra. It was primarily practised by the ‘maharis’ and patronised by the Jain king Kheravela. The caves of Udayagiri-Khandagiri provide some of the earliest examples of Odissi dance. Important Features The dancers create intricate geometrical shapes and patterns with her body. Hence, it is known as ‘mobile sculpture’. Odissi dance is accompanied by Hindustani classical music and instruments generally used are Manjira (Cymbals), Pakhawaj (Drums), Sitar, Flute, etc. The dance form symbolises the element of water. The lyrics of Gita Govinda, written by Jayadeva, is used along with compositions of some local poets. The woman dancer wears an elaborate hair-style, silver jewellery, long necklace etc. Famous proponents Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Guru Kelu Charan Mohapatra, Sonal Mansingh, Sharon Lowen (USA), Myrla Barvie (Argentina). Manipuri (Manipur) The mythological origin is from the celestial dance of Shiva and Parvati in the valleys of Manipur along with the local ‘Gandharvas’. The dance form also traces its origin to the festival of Lai Haraoba where many dances were performed.  However, the dance gained prominence with the advent of Vaishnavism in 15th century. Then, Krishna became the central theme of this dance form. In the modern times, Raja Bhag Chandra of Manipur in 18th century tried to revive Manipuri dance. Rabindranath Tagore brought back the dance form into limelight when he introduced it in Shantiniketan. Important Features Manipuri dance is unique in its em phasis on devotion. It is performed generally by females. The faces are covered with a thin veil and facial expression is of lesser importance, Hand gestures and gentle movement of feet are important. The females wear unique long skirts. The drum – pung – is an intricate element of the recital. Flute, Khartals (wood clapper), dhols ,etc also accompany music. Compositions of Jayadeva and Chandidas are used extensively. Famous proponents Jhaveri sisters : Nayana, Suverna, Ranjana and Darshana, Guru Bipin Singha etc. Kathak “Kathak” derived its name from the “Kathika” meaning “the story-tellers”. The story-tellers who recited verses from the epics, with gestures and music. Origin : The Ras Leela of Brajbhoomi. The classical style of Kathak was revived by Lady Leela Sokhey in the twentieth century. Kathak is generally accompanied with dhrupad music. Taranas, thumris and ghazals were also introduced during the Mughal period. Different Gharanas Lucknow : Reached its peak under the reign of Nawab Wajid Ali Khan. It puts more importance on expression and grace. Jaipur : Initiated by Bhanuji, it emphasised fluency, speed and long rhythmic patterns. Raigarh : It developed under the patronage of Raja Chakradhar Singh. It is unique in its emphasis on percussion music. Banaras : It developed under Janakiprasad. It sees a greater use of floorwork and lays special emphasis on symmetry. Famous Proponents Birju Maharaj, Lacchu Maharaj, Sitara Devi, Damayanti Joshi etc. Sattriya (Assam) “Sattriya” is derived from the Vaishnava monasteries known as “Sattras”, where it was primarily practised. Sattriya dance in modern-form was introduced by the Vaishnava saint Shankaradeva in the 15th century A.D in Assam. The songs composition of Shankaradeva are known as ‘Borgeets’. It is inspired from Bhakti Movement. The focus of the Sattriya recitals is the devotional aspect of dance and narrates mythological stories of Vishnu. Important Features The dance is generally performed in group by male monks known as ‘Bhokots’ as part of their daily rituals or even on festivals. Costumes (male dancers) : Dhoti, and ‘Paguri’ (turban). Costumes (female dancers) : traditional Assamese jewellery, ‘Ghuri’ and ‘Chador’ made in Pat silk. Waist cloth is worn by both men and women. Important Features Khol (drum), Cymbals (Manjira) and flute form the major accompanying instruments of this dance form. In the modern times, Sattriya dance has evolved into two separate streams : i. The Gayanbhayanar Nach and ii. The Kharmanar Nach. iii. Ankia Naat : iv. It is type of Sattriya. v. It involves play or musical-drama. vi. It is also called ‘Bhaona’. vii. It involves stories of Lord Krishna. Chhau Dance Sangeet Natak Academy recognises 8 classical dances, while Ministry of Culture recognises Chhau also in that list. Semi classical with martial, tribal and folk traditions Originates from Chhaya meaninig shadow. Vigorous martial movements. Usually mask in used and based on mythological stories. 3 main styles: Mayurbhanj Chhau – Odisha (mask not used) Saraikella Chhau – Jharkhand Purulia Chhau – West Bengal Got inscribed in UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010 Major Dams of India  Dam A barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water Reservoirs created by dams - suppress floods, provide water for irrigation, electricity, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability Highlights on some important Dams in India: Tehri Dam Highest Dam in India River: Bhagirathi River (Uttarakhand) Hirakud Longest Dam in India River: Mahanadi Dam (Odisha) Kallanai Dam Oldest Dam in India River: Kaveri (Tamil Nadu) JAMMU & KASHMIR Uri Dam/ उरी ब ाँध River: Jhelum Dulhasti Dam Salal Dam Baglihar Dam River: Chenab  HIMACHAL PRADESH Bhakra Dam River: Sutlej Koldam Dam Sutlej Nathpa Jhakri Dam / Sutlej river HIMACHAL PRADESH Pong Dam Pong Dam Beas river Chamera Dam Nathpa Jhakri Ravi Dam PUNJAB Ranjith Sagar Dam (Thein Dam/ थीन ब ांध) On border of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir Ravi River Nangal Dam River: Sutlej  The Bhakra Nangal Dam India's 2nd tallest at 225 m. Bhakra Dam – Himachal; Nangal Dam - Punjab Reservoir of Bhakra Dam - Gobind Sagar Described as "New Temple of Resurgent India" by Jawaharlal Nehru Nangal dam is another dam downstream of Bhakra dam. Sometimes both the dams together are called Bhakra-Nangal dam though they are two separate dams. UTTARAKHAND Tehri Dam River: Bhagirathi Tallest Dam in India Height: 260.5 meters Koteshwar Dam Bhagirathi River UTTARAKHAND Lakhwar-Vyasi Dam Yamuna River RamgangaDam (Kalagarh Dam) DHAULIGANGA DAM Ramganga River TEHRI DAM Jamrani Dam Gola River (Lakhwar-Vyasi Dam project - biggest hydroelectric dam complex on the Yamuna River)  UTTAR PRADESH Rihand Dam/ Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Dam Rihand River (tributary of the Son River) Reservoir in UP & MP border Rani Laxmibai Dam Rani Laxmibai dam (Rajghat Dam) Rihand Dam Matatila Dam Betwa River Matatila Dam/ ODISHA Hirakud Dam (Longest Dam in India) River: Mahanadi (Total Length: 25.79 km Length of Main Dam:4.8 km) Indravati Dam – Indravati River (tributary of Godavari) Kapur Dam – Kapur river Rengali Dam – Brahmani river Haldia dam – Haldia river JHARKHAND Tilaiya Dam Tilaiya Dam and Maithon Dam River - Barakar (a tributary of Damodar river) Panchet Dam Maithon Dam Panchet Dam- Damodar river Konar Dam - Konar River (a tributary of Damodar river) Tenughat Dam – Damodar River Damodar valley multipurpose project four dams: Tilaiya and Maithon (on Barakar River), Konar (Konar River), and Panchet (Damodar River).  RAJASTHAN Bisalpur Dam Bisalpur Dam/बीसलपुर ब ांध Banas River Banas River Ranapratap Sagar Dam Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam Chambal River Mahi river Jaswant Sagar Luni River Rana Pratap Sagar dam, Jawahar Sagar Dam Chambal River Chambal is a tributary of Yamuna Chambal Valley Development Project: consisted of three dams, namely, Gandhi Sagar in Madhya Pradesh, Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar in Rajasthan for power production and the Kota Barrage in Rajasthan for irrigation. MADHYA PRADESH Gandhi Sagar Dam Gandhi Sagar Dam Chambal River Indra Sagar Dam Narmada River Indra Sagar Dam Bansagar Dam Son River (Tributary of Ganga) Omkareshwar Dam Narmada River Tawa Dam (upcoming world's largest floating 600 MW solar Tawa River (tributary of Narmada) energy project to be constructed) Daudhan Dam Daudhan dam will be built on Ken river inside the Panna Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh. Construction of the Daudhan dam will result into the submergence of 10% of the critical tiger habitat of MP’s Panna Tiger Reserve that will adversely affect the tiger conservation efforts. Submergence by Daudhan and Makodia reservoirs will result into the displacement of 20,000 people of the Bundelkhand region and will give rise to rehabilitation issues. GUJARAT Sardar Sarovar River: Narmada Ukai Dam & Kakrapar Dam River: Tapti Kadana Dam Mahi River Karjan Dam Karjan River (Tributary of Narmada) Sipu Dam Sipu River (Tributary of Banas) MAHARASHTRA Koyna Dam Koyna River (tributary of Krishna) Ujani Dam Bhima River Jayakwadi Dam Godavari River Bhatsa Dam Bhatsa & Chorna Rivers Aruna Dam Aruna River  TELANGANA Pochampad Dam (Sri Ram Sagar Project) Godavari River Pochampad dam Nagarjuna Sagar, Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Srisailam Dam River: Krishna Nizam Sagar Dam, Singur Dam Manjira River (tributary of Godavari) Nagarjuna Sagar & Srisailam straddles the border between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. ANDHRA PRADESH Polavaram Project (upcoming) Godavari Srisailam Dam Nagarjuna Sagar, Srisailam Dam Somasila Dam River: Krishna Somasila Dam Nagarjuna Sagar & Srisailam straddles the border between Telangana and Andhra Pennar River Pradesh.  Karnataka Krishna Raja Sagara Dam Kaveri River Almatti Dam Tungabhadra Dam Tunga Bhadra Dam Tungabhadra River Basava Sagar Dam, Almatti Dam (Lal Bahadur Shastri Dam) Krishna River Krishna Raja Sagara Dam Supa Dam – Kali Nadi Hidkal Dam - Ghataprabha Kerala Idduki Dam River: Periyar Biggest Arch Dam of India Mullaperiyar Dam River: Periyar Banasura Sagar Dam River: Kabini (tributary of Cauvery)  TAMIL NADU Kallanai Dam (Oldest Dam in India) River: Cauvery Mettur Dam River Cauvery Mettur Dam Kallanai Dam Bhavanisagar Dam, Pillur Dam Bhavani River (tributary of Cauvery) Sholayar Dam Sholayar River Dam State River Dudhawa Dam Chhattisgarh Mahanadi Hasdeo Bango Dam Chhattisgarh Hasdeo Nagi Dam & Nakti Dam Bihar Nagi & Nakti respectively Kohira Dam Bihar Kohira Mayurakshi reservoir West Bengal Mayurakshi project Rangit Dam Sikkim Rangit river (tributary of Teesta) Arunachal Pradesh Ranganadi Dam Ranganadi  Major Deserts in the World Desert & Types A place that receives less than 10 inches (25 centimetres) of rain per year is considered a desert. Deserts cover more than one-third of the Earth's land area, and they are found on every continent. Types of Deserts: Polar Sub-Tropical Cold Winter Coastal Sub Tropical Deserts  Ten largest deserts Rank Desert Area (km2) Type 1 Antarctica Desert (Antarctica) 1,42,00,000 Polar 2 Arctic Desert (Arctic) 1,39,00,000 Polar 3 Sahara Desert (Africa) 92,00,000 Subtropical 4 Arabian Desert (Middle East) 23,30,000 Subtropical 5 Gobi Desert (Asia) 12,95,000 Cold Winter 6 Patagonian Desert (South America) 6,73,000 Cold Winter 7 Great Victorian Desert (Australia) 6,50,000 Subtropical 8 Kalahari Desert (Africa) 5,60,000 Subtropical 9 Great Basin Desert (North America) 4,92,000 Cold Winter 10 Syrian Desert (Middle East) 4,90,000 Subtropical Antarctica Desert (polar) Largest desert on earth 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice The research stations scattered across the continent – the largest being McMurdo Station It’s covered by a permanent ice sheet that contains 90% of the Earth’s fresh water Source: Worldatlas.com Arctic Desert (polar) Second largest desert on Earth During the summer months sun doesn’t sets for a period of 60 days. Sahara Desert (subtropical) 3rd largest overall Largest hot desert in world Location: Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia Rivers – Nile, Niger Arabian Desert (subtropical) Largest in Asia World’s second largest subtropical desert Rich in natural resources, such as oil and sulphur It is bordered to North by the Syrian Desert, to East by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, to the southeast and south by the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden, and to the west by the Red Sea Gobi Desert (cold winter) 2nd largest desert in Asia Largest Non-Polar Cold Desert Location: China and Mongolia Extremely high temperatures during summer and frigid temperatures during winter River: Yellow River Patagonian Desert (cold winter) Continent: South America Location: Argentina and Chile  Great Victorian Desert (subtropical) Continent: Australia The Great Victoria desert is a World Wildlife Fund Ecoregion Kalahari Desert (subtropical) Continent: Africa Location: Botswana, Namibia and South Africa Land of famous San people(hunters) Famous for diamond mining River: Okavango (Orange river) Kalahari means great thirst. Great Basin desert (cold winter) Continent: North America Location: United states The Great Basin Desert boasts some of the darkest night skies in the United States and is designated as International Dark Sky Park. Syrian Desert (subtropical) Continent: Asia Location: Syria, Iraq and Jordan Other Important Deserts (Continent-wise)  ASIA Arabian (subtropical) Gobi (cold) Taklamakan Desert (cold) Thar (subtropical) Syrian (subtropical) Karakum (continental climate) Kyzylkum (continental climate) Karakum Desert (black sand) is in Turkmenistan Kyzylkum Desert (red sand) is in Uzbekistan & Kazakhstan Africa Sahara Desert (subtropical) Kalahari Desert (subtropical) Namib Desert (Coastal) North America Great Basin Desert (cold) Chihuahuan Desert (subtropical) Sonoran Desert (subtropical) Mojave Desert (subtropical) South America Patagonian Desert (cold) Atacama Desert (coastal) Driest non polar desert in world Continent: South America Location: Chile The soil here is compared to planet Mars Australia (subtropical deserts) Great Victorian Desert Great Sandy Desert Gibson Desert Tanami Desert Simpson Desert Key Points Polar Largest – Cold Winter Largest - Subtropical Largest – Antarctica Gobi Desert Sahara Arctic Patagonian Arabian Driest Non-Polar: Atacama Largest Non-Polar – Sahara Coldest Non-Polar - Gobi  FESTIVALS OF INDIA In Gujarat the next day after Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar. FESTIVALS OF LADAKH Hemis Festival – Hemis is the largest monastery (gompa) located in Ladakh – Hemis Festival is celebrated to commemorate the birth anniversary of Padmasambhava who is known as the founder of Tibetan Buddhism – Celebrated for two days in the fifth month of the year, also called Tibetan lunar month – Saka Dawa Festival/ Buddha Purnima or Vesak Day Tak - Tok Festival Dosmoche festival also known as the "Festival of Scapegoat” being celebrated for peace and prosperity in the coming Ladakhi new year Celebrated in February; 28th and 29th day of the 12th month of the Tibetan lunar calendar every year Sindhu Darshan Festival held in Leh every year in June on the full moon day of Guru Purnima. Nomadic Festival Ladakh Lieutenant Governor RK Mathur inaugurated a 2-Day Ladakh Nomadic Festival at Korzok Phu, Changthang region of eastern Ladakh. The festival is organised by Ladakh Cultural Academy in collaboration with Ladakh Tourism Department. It aims to highlight the distinctive culture of Changthang region. The Changthangi is a breed of cashmere goat native to Ladakh, reared by the nomads of the region for fine-grade Pashmina wool. FESTIVALS OF JAMMU & KASHMIR Tulip Festival Srinagar hosts the great Tulip Festival every year Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden in Kashmir is Asia's largest tulips garden. Shikara Festival Celebrated once in a year on Dal Lake in Kashmir Kashmir's government began this festival in 2016. Shikaras are painted and dressed beautifully. Shikaras participate in Shikara Race, Dragon Boat Race and Canoe Polo Match. Gurez festival Aharbal Festival Kulgam district administration and the Department of Tourism, Jammu & Kashmir organized the 1st ever Aharbal Festival at Kulgam, J&K to promote tourism in Kashmir, particularly at the Aharbal waterfall. Aharbal falls, also known as “Niagara Falls” of Kashmir, is a hill station in the southwestern part of Kashmir Valley in the Jammu and Kashmir. FESTIVALS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH Kullu Dussehra One of the most significant festivals in Himachal Pradesh. Grand fair is organised in October in the Kullu valley. Fair commences on Vijaya Dashmi and continues for the next seven days Losar Religious festival of Buddhists in Himachal Pradesh The new year according to the Tibetan calendar. Phagli To usher in spring from mid Jan onwards Worship of Shiv, Naga and goddess Hadimba Halda One of the beautiful festivals in Himachal Pradesh closely resembles Diwali, the festival of lights. 2-day grand carnival celebrated in the secluded region of Lahaul valley. It is dedicated to Shiskar Apa, the Goddess of wealth. Chaitraul Festival Celebrated in Sirmaur Area in the month of Chaitra on a bright fortnight of moon. Also known as festival of pictures - walls in the house are cleared, painted and decorated with figures of male animals and crops symbolising plenty. FESTIVALS OF PUNJAB Hola Mohalla An annual event at Anandpur Sahib that spans three days. Celebrations include displays of bravery and military prowess by the Nihang Sikhs. Gurupurab A celebration related to the lives of the Sikh Gurus, typically their birth or death anniversary. A number of gurupurabs are observed through the year, with Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s birth anniversary being amongst the major celebrations. Baishakhi Also called Vaisakhi - marks the first day of the month of Vaisakha Marks the end of peak winter & beginning of Punjabi New Year, birth of the Khalsa A harvest festival of northern India Lohri Marks the end of peak winter; celebrates the harvest of crops. It is a popular festival in Punjab and Jammu. FESTIVALS OF HARYANA Pinjore Heritage Festival a two-day winter festival held every year in the last week of December showcases exquisite cultural heritage of the state and region with cultural performances, dance and music competitions, craft bazar, food court and evening performances. International Gita Mahotsava The weeklong festival is celebrated at Kurukshetra during Novermber/ December FESTIVALS OF UTTARAKHAND Phool Dei Is the harvest festival of Uttarakhand that is celebrated in the month of Chaitra (March-April) in the Hindu calendar. On this occasion, girls decorate their houses with flowers. Harela in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand and some regions of Himachal Pradesh. celebrated thrice every year - during Chaitra Navratri (March-April), Sharad Navratri (September) and Shravan Harela, in the rainy season (July). Kandali  This unique festival coincides with the blooming of the kandali flower, which blooms once every 12 years (it last bloomed in 2011). Celebrated between August and October. Anduri Utsav or the butter festival – held in Raithal in Uttarkashi district every year to thank Lord Krishna for protecting cattle from evil forces while they were grazing in the open meadows Bhitauli – A festival dedicated to married women of the state – Bhitauli is celebrated in the month of March or April. Egaas/Igas or Igas Diwali – is celebrated 11 days after Diwali. Folklore says that the news of Lord Rama's return to Ayodhya from exile reached the hilly regions of Kumaon and Garhwal 11 days late. Ghee Sankranti festival – is held in August. Mostly celebrated in villages by farmers, it marks the harvesting season. Dishes are made with ghee (clarified butter). Chhipla Jaat is a festival that is celebrated in August, once in three years Janopunya – Celebrated along with Raksha Bandhan. – On this day, people change their janeu (sacred thread worn across the body by Hindu men). – Hilljatra – is associated with paddy transplantation, which is held during the rainy season. Khatarua  – A special festival of the pastoral and agricultural community in the Kumaon region observed in mid-September to mark the onset of autumn and winter. – large quantities of fire-wood and dry grass are stacked at cross-roads or open grounds and bonfires are lit in the evening. FESTIVALS OF UTTAR PRADESH Ganga Festival, Varanasi : October- November. KHICHDI Makar Sankranti is called Khichdi in Uttar Pradesh It is a harvest festival and involves ritual bathing. Buddha Mahotsav, Shilpotsava, Kajari Mahotsav The state government had in 2018 organized the One Kushinagar, Banana Festival District One Product (ODOP) scheme to promote Uttar Pradesh traditional enterprise. FESTIVALS OF MADHYA PRADESH Bhagoria Haat Festival Tribal Festival of Malwa Region Young girls and boys try to entice each other and if both like each other, then they put red powder on their partner’s face. Malwa Utsav one of the biggest, largest and most spectacular events in Madhya Pradesh. Dance and music performances are the most integral part of the festival.  OTHER FESTIVALS Khajuraho Dance Festival Lokrang Festival Nagaji Fair Tansen Music Festival Pachmarhi Utsav Jal Mohotsav Bhagoria Haat Festival - by the Bhil tribe of Madhya Pradesh. Mandu Festival The three-day famous “Mandu Festival” began at the historic town of Mandu in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh on February 13, 2021. During the festival, the newly constructed Dino Adventure Park and Fossils Museum were inaugurated in Mandu. The Dinosaur Park is the first modern fossil park in India which has 24 eggs and other fossils of dinosaurs on display. Name of Festival Purpose Date Held at 97th World Sangeet Tansen To celebrate Tansen December 25 to Gwalior, festival December 30 Madhya Pradesh FESTIVALS OF RAJASTHAN Gangaur Celebrated by females and dedicated to Lord Shiva and Parvati as the symbol of love and successful marriage. Rajasthan International Folk Festival An annual music and art festival organized to promote traditional folk music and arts held at Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur  Bundi Festival - celebrated in the month of Kartik (Oct-Nov) Summer Festival - Held in Mount Abu every year Camel Festival: bBkaner elephant Festival: Jaipur held on the day of Holi festival, usually in the month of March. The festival features Elephant polo and Elephant Dance. KITE FESTIVAL: Jaipur MATSYA FESTIVAL - Alwar Name of Festival Purpose Organized by/date Held at JKK, RUDA (Rural Non- To present the beauty of Jawahar Kala 24th Lokrang Agriculture Development folk arts of their different Kendra (JKK) in 2021 Agency), and Art and Culture regions Jaipur, Rajasthan Department The Maru Mahotsav Theme: New Year, New Hope, 13th to 16th Jaisalmer, or Jaisalmer Desert New Celebration Feb 2022 Rajasthan Festival FESTIVALS OF GUJARAT Uttrayan/International Kite Festival Celebrated around Makar Sankranti to mark the transit of Sun northwards from tropic of Capricorn to tropic of Cancer. Rann Utsav – at Kutch Uttarardh – Modhera Dance Utsav Panch Mahotsav – at Panchmahal NAVRATRI Saputara Monsoon Festival FESTIVALS OF MAHARASHTRA Gudi Padwa - Maharashtrian New Year Marabats and Badgyas (मराबात और बड़ज्ञस) – Nagpur – around Aug/Sept directly confront social evils and criticise their perpetrators through a procession with effigies Marabat and Badgyas are female and male representations respectively. In the evening a festival of toy bulls, called ‘Tanha Pola’, is celebrated by children. Khandoba Festival/ Champa Shashthi Six-day festival for worshipping Lord Shiva. Prayers are offered to Khanderao or Khandoba (incarnation of Lord Shiva). FESTIVALS OF GOA Feast of Saint Francis Xavier 3rd December marks the anniversary of St Francis Xavier’s death, when thousands gather at the Basilica of Bom Jesus. This annual festival, known as the Feast of St Francis Xavier or Goinchea Saibache Fest, (Lord of Goa Festival), is the biggest of all the Christian festivals in Goa. Feast of Three Kings celebrated as an ode to the ‘Our Lady of The Mount’, a statue of Virgin Mary with infant Jesus in her hand, viewed to be the protector of the people. Sao Joao Festival Celebrated on 24th June every year amongst the Catholic community and is dedicated to St. John the Baptist SHIGMOTSAV/ Shigmo festival (a spring festival celebrated) FESTIVALS OF BIHAR Bihula – Eastern Bihar, maily Bhagalpur People worship Devi Mansa for the welfare of their families. Chhath Pooja Sun God, along with His wife Usha, is worshipped to thank them for bestowing life on Earth. Madhushravani Mainly celebrated by the Maithil Brahmins of Bihar. It marks the arrival of Monsoon in the region. JANAKI NAUMI / Sita Navami - birth anniversary of Goddess Sita. FESTIVALS OF JHARKHAND Hal Punhya begins with the fall of winter. The first day of Magh month, known as "Akhain Jatra" or "Hal Punhya", considered as the beginning of ploughing. Rohini a festival of sowing seeds in the field. Farmers starts sowing seeds from this day Tusu Parab or Makar harvest festival held during the winter - celebrated in Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha. It is also for the unmarried girls. Karam/ Karma vibrant youth festival in Jharkhand's tribal area. worship of Karam devta, the god of power, youth and youthfulness. Sarhul main festival of the tribal population of Jharkhand. The verbal meaning of Sarhul is worship of the Sal tree. can also be redefined as worship of nature in which local people worship Sita as `Dhartimata`. Bhagta Parab the tribal festival comes between spring and summer. Bhagta Parab is best known as the worship of Budha Baba. Sohrai known for the care of domestic animals such as cows and buffaloes celebrated immediately after diwali, on the new moon day. FESTIVALS OF CHATTISGARH Bastar Dussehra It is the longest celebrated Dussehra in the world. It is celebrated for 75 days from August to October. Madai festival by people belonging to the Gond Tribe Bhagoriya Festival a festival of the Bhil tribe and is celebrated in the Jhabua district of Chhattisgarh. OTHER FESTIVALS: Bhoramdeo Festival (last week of March) Chakradhar Festival  Rajim Lochan Mahotsa Hareli First fruit Festival Earth Festival Goncha Festival Also popularly known as the Chariot Festival celebrated at a time when Hindus celebrate Rath Yatra. Generally falls in the month of July Pola Festival It is a festival of the state of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh which celebrated by the farmers by the worship of the bull. Navakhana Festival Newly harvested rice is offered to the family deity on the 9th day (Navami ) of Bhadrapad month. National Tribal Dance Festival 2021 Chhattisgarh has observed the annual 2nd National Tribal Dance Festival 2021 at Raipur’s Science College ground as a part of the tourism development plan of the state. It was inaugurated by the Chief Minister (CM) of Jharkhand Hemant Soren and CM of Chhattisgarh Bhupesh Baghel. The event was clubbed with Chattisgarh’s Rajyotsava (state foundation day- November 1, 2021). SAMPLE PYQ ______ festival in the Bastar region is celebrated along with the worship of the local goddess, Kesharpal Kesharpalin Devi. 1. Phool Dei 2. Harela 3. Madai 4. Khatarua FESTIVALS OF ODISHA Jagannath Puri Rath Yatra It is also known as Gundicha Yatra, Chariot festival, Dasavatara or Navadina Yatra. The festival is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, his sister Subhadra and his elder brother Balabhadra. on the second day in bright fortnight of Aashaadha month, during June/July. Chhau Festival Primarily attached to the Chhau dance of Mayurbhanj District. The festival usually happens in March/April. Dhanu Yatra The largest open air theatre in the world This eleven-day long folk theatre is essentially based on Krishna Leela and Mathura Vijay. It falls in the month of Pousa(Dec/Jan) which is called Dhanu Budi Thakurani Yatra The biennial Maa Budi Thakurani Yatra is held during the month of Chaitra (March /April) and is the main festival of Ganjam.  The festival is celebrated with the concept that after her marriage, the Goddess returns to her paternal home ‘Eco Retreat’ festival A luxury camping festival Raja PaRba Three days long festival at the onset of the rainy season. the first day is called Pahili Raja, second day is called Raja Sankanthi and third day is called Basi Raja. Raja Parba (festival) is also one of the few festivals in the country which celebrates menstruation and conveys the message of empowerment against the societal taboos. NuAkhai Festival Nuakhai or Navkhana is the harvesting festival to welcome the new rice of the season. held in the months of August and September. Baliyatra Festival (Boita Bandana ritual) The word Baliyatra literally means voyage to Bali. Each year during Kartik Purnima, particularly in Cuttack, people observe the ritual of ‘Boita Bandana’ by floating paper/cork boats, in ponds, rivers and other water bodies. The festival is the maritime tradition that is celebrated as a testament to the maritime trade history of Kalinga, tradesmen and mariners known as sadhabas travelled on boitas (boats) to trade with distant island nations that share borders with the Bay of Bengal like Indonesia, Java, Sumatra and Bali.  FESTIVALS OF WEST BENGAL Durga Pooja One of the oldest traditions of the Hindu community in Bengal, celebrated in the month of October. They worship Goddess Durga during the festival. Women put red powder on each other’s faces. ‘Dol Utsav’ or ‘Dol Jatra’ In West Bengal & Odisha, Holi is known by the name of "Dol Jatra", "Dol Purnima" or the "Swing Festival". The festival is dedicated to Lord Krishna and Radha and celebrated on full moon day. It also marks the last festival of the year as per the Bengali calendar. Other Festivals Festival Purpose/Theme Organized by/date Held at To celebrate science and ‘Vigyan Sarvatra technology (S&T) and display the Vigyan Bhavan, 22nd to 28th Feb 2022 Pujyate’ country’s scientific legacy and New Delhi technology prowess. 5th edition of Ganga To celebrate the glory of the river 1st-3rd November Delhi Utsav 2021 Ganga. 2021 International Mango Two-day festival showcasing July every year Delhi Festival mangoes  FESTIVALS OF INDIA (Part 2) SOUTHERN & NORTH-EASTERN STATES FESTIVALS OF TELANGANA Bonalu (1st state festival)