Parasitology for Technologists (1) TL 202 PDF

Department of Microbiology & Immunology Parasitology for technologists (1) TL 202 By Dr. Selwan Hamed Aboelnaga PhD In Pharmaceutical Sciences (Microbiology & Immunology) From Faculty of Pharmacy - Helwan University and UIUC...

Department of Microbiology & Immunology Parasitology for technologists (1) TL 202 By Dr. Selwan Hamed Aboelnaga PhD In Pharmaceutical Sciences (Microbiology & Immunology) From Faculty of Pharmacy - Helwan University and UIUC (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) – Illinois – USA Parasite name: Balantidium coli Type: Intestinal protozoa Infective stage: cyst Symptoms: abdominal pain and tenderness, nausea, anorexia, and watery stools with blood and pus. Diagnostic stage: trophozoite, cyst Definitive host: human Intermediate host: None Sample type: Stool Treatment: Rehydration, Metronidazole. 1) Protozoa  Protozoa 2) According to site of infection: They could be classified into : A)Intestinal –urogenital protozoa. B) Blood and tissue protozoa.  Parasitology Blood & tissue protozoa B) Blood and Tissue Protozoa 1) Plasmodium  1)Plasmodium Plasmodia are sporozoan parasites of blood cells, and they require two hosts: *The mosquito for the sexual reproductive stages- Sporogony (definitive host). *Humans and other animals for the asexual reproductive stages- schizogony (intermediate host).  Plasmodium Human infection is initiated by the bite of female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces infectious plasmodia sporozoites via its saliva into the circulatory system.  Plasmodium The four species of plasmodia that infect humans are: P. vivax & P. ovale invade only young, immature erythrocytes. P. malariae infects only mature erythrocytes; P. falciparum invades any red cells at any stage of growth. Infective stage: Sporozoites Diagnostic stage: Gametocytes  Clinical Syndromes After the incubation period the patient experiences Flu-like symptoms with head-ache, muscle pains, photophobia, anorexia ,nausea, and vomiting.  Clinical Syndromes As the infection progresses, increased numbers of rupturing erythrocytes liberate merozoites into the circulation. Due to products of erythrocytic schizogony and the host’s reaction to them>>> Paroxysm happeds. Paroxysms ‫ النوبات‬are composed of 3 successive stages: cold stage, hot stage, and sweating stage. Parasite Cycle of Disease paroxysms P. vivax every 48 hours Benign tertian Malaria P. ovale every 48 hours Benign tertian Malaria P. malariae every 72 hours Quartan Malaria P. falciparum every 48 hours Malignant tertian Malaria  Laboratory Diagnosis 1.Microscopic examination: Blood films can be best taken between paroxysms of chills and fever, when the greatest number of intracellular organisms will be present.  Laboratory Diagnosis 2. Serologic procedures: Serologic findings usually remain positive for a year; even after complete treatment of the infection.  Treatment, Prevention and Control Supportive therapy : a.Bed rest, relief of fever and headache. b. In the cold stage hot water bottles and extra blankets are needed. c. In the hot stage do not use antipyretics but apply ice-bags. d. Regulation of fluid balance. e. In some cases, blood transfusion in severe hemolytic anemia. Chemotherapy: *Chloroquine is an anti-malarial in erythrocytic form *Primaquine phosphate This drug acts on the exo-erythrocytic forms in the liver. Thanks