Parasite Lecture 1 PDF

 ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎ ات اﻟبﺎرا ‪...‬ﻼ ﻧبﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎردة ﻫﻨبﺪأ ﻣﻊ بﻌﺾ‬ ‫‪ Parasitology: science that deal with parasites in many points of‬‬ ‫‪view.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺑ ﺪرس اﻟﻄﻔ ﻠ ﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻛﺬە ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ,‬أول ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻫﺪرس اﻟـ ‪...

 ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎ ات اﻟبﺎرا ‪...‬ﻼ ﻧبﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎردة ﻫﻨبﺪأ ﻣﻊ بﻌﺾ‬ ‫‪ Parasitology: science that deal with parasites in many points of‬‬ ‫‪view.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺑ ﺪرس اﻟﻄﻔ ﻠ ﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻛﺬە ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ,‬أول ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻫﺪرس اﻟـ ‪ morphology‬ﺑﺘﺎﻋﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ي‬ ‫ ﻌي ﻫﺪرس دورە‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ اﻟـ ‪ biology‬ﺑﺘﺎﻋﺘﻪ ي‬ ‫ﺗﺎي ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻫﺪرﺳﻬﺎ ي‬‫ ﻌي ﺷكﻠﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ازاي‪ ,‬ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺑ ﻣﻌﺪي ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﺗﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬‫ﺣ ﺎﺗﻪ واﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟ أﻗﺪر اﺷﺨﺼﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ او اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟ ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ اﻟـ ‪ pathogenesis‬اﻟﻄﻔ ﻞ دە ﺑ ﻌﻤﻞ ا ﻪ ي اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻫﻮ داﺧﻞ او ﻃﺎﻟﻊ‪ ,‬راﺑﻊ‬‫ﻫﺪرﺳﻬﺎ ي‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻫﺪرﺳﻬﺎ ازاي اﻋﻤﻞ ‪ prevention‬و‪ control‬ﻟﻠﻄﻔ ﻞ دە‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Other definitions for parasitology: relationship between big‬‬ ‫‪organism (host) and small organism (parasite).‬‬ ‫ ﻌي )بﺠﺎﻧﺐ(‪,‬‬‫ن‬ ‫كﻠﻤﺔ ‪ parasitology‬أﺻﻼ كﻠﻤﺔ ﻻﺗيﻨ ﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﻗﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻟـ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‪ para ,‬ي‬ ‫ ﻌي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ تﻧ ﺟﻢ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﻓ ﺔ وﻧﻘﻮل ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ ﻌي )ﻋﻠﻢ(‪ ,‬ي‬ ‫ ﻌي )آ ﻞ(‪ ology ,‬ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫‪ sito‬ي‬ ‫اﻟ دا ﻤﺎ ﺟﻨﺐ اﻷ ﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺑ ﺪرس اﻟ ﺎﺋﻨﺎت ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫‪ Parasite: small organism obtains food and shelter from the host‬‬ ‫‪and cause harm to it.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻐ ة ﻳﺘﻄﻔﻞ ﻋ كﺎﺋﻦ ﺗﺎئف ي ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﺎﺧﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ اﻷ ﻞ واﻟﻤﺄوى وﺗﺄذ ﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ كﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻔ ﻠ ﺎت ي‬ ‫‪ Host: the organism that gives the parasite shelter and food and‬‬ ‫‪suffer from harm.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻳﺰە و ﺎد ﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺑيﺘﻄﻔﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻪ اﻟﻄﻔ ﻞ و ﺎﺧﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ي‬ ‫دە اﻟ ﺎﺋﻦ ي‬ ‫‪ Habitat: site where the parasite lives.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺑ ﻌ ﺶ ﻓ ﻪ اﻟﻄﻔ ﻞ ﺳﻮاء ض ي ﻋﻀﻮ ﺟﻮا اﻟﺠﺴﻢ او ﺑﺮا ﻋ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤكﺎن ي‬ ‫‪Elite Team | Parasitology‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬  Host parasite relationship 1. Mutualism: two species living together, each dependent on the other (ex: cellulose digesting organisms in caecum of horse) ‫ف‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎي ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗبﺎدل ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ كﻞ واﺣﺪ ﺑ ﺴﺘﻔ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ي‬parasite ‫ واﻟـ‬host ‫دي ﻋﻼﻗﺔ يﺑن اﻟـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ ﻫﻮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎد‬,horse ‫ ي اﻟـ‬cellulose ‫اﻟ ﺑﻴﻬﻀﻢ اﻟـ‬ ‫ ي‬organism ‫ زي ﻣﺜﻼ اﻟـ‬,‫بﺎﻟﻌﺮي ﻛﺪە‬ ‫بي‬.cellulose ‫وﺧﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﺤﺼﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎد وﻫﻀﻢ اﻟـ‬ 2. Commensalism: two species living together for benefit of one, and no harm or benefit to the other. ‫ﺑيﺘ زي اﻟـ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺎي ﻻ ﺑﻴتﺴﻔ ﺪ وﻻ ض‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ي ن‬ ‫ واﺣﺪ ﺑ ﺴﺘﻔ ﺪ‬parasite ‫ واﻟـ‬host ‫ﺑن اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﺖ اﻹ ﺴﺎن ﻟ ﻦ ﻻ ﺑﺘﻔ ﺪە وﻻ‬intestine ‫ﻟ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ي اﻟـ‬ ‫( ا ي‬Entamoeba coli) ‫ض‬.‫ﺑﺘ ە‬ 3. Parasitism: relationship where one organism gains benefits (parasite) while the other is harmed (host). :‫ زي‬, ‫ﻛﺘ‬ ‫ﺑيﺘ ودي ﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻣﺜﻠﻪ ي‬ ‫ ض‬host ‫ ﺑ ﺴﺘﻔ ﺪ واﻟـ‬parasite ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟـ‬.organ ‫ وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ ﺑ ﺪﻣﺮ اﻟـ‬Fasciola ‫ اﻟـ‬.1 ‫ف‬ ‫ دي ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺑ ﺤﺼﻞ‬cyst ‫ ﺣﻮاﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﺎﻟـ‬cyst ‫ﻛﺒ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ي‬parasite ‫ ي‬.2.organ ‫ ﻟﻠـ‬atrophy ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ ﺑتﺴبﺐ‬Fasciola ‫ ﻌي ﻣﺜﻼ اﻟـ‬‫ ي‬,‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺎ‬microorganisms ‫ ﺑتﻨﻘﻞ‬parasite ‫ ي‬.3.‫ دە ﻣﺮض ﻫﻨﺘكﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﻪ بﻌﺪﻳﻦ‬clostridium novyii ‫ف‬ ticks ‫ ﺗﺎﺧﺪ دم وﺗﺤﻂ ﻋﺪوى زي اﻟـ‬absorption to blood ‫ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬parasite ‫ ي‬.4 (‫)اﻟﻘﺮاد‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺑ ﺨ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫( ودە‬Ascaris) ‫ زي اﻟـ‬digestive material ‫ ﺑتﺘﻐﺬى ﻋ اﻟـ‬parasite ‫ ي‬.5.‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﺿﻌ ﻒ ووزﻧﻪ ﻗﻠ ﻞ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ ي اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑتﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣكﺎن ﻟﻤكﺎن وﻃﻮل‬migration ‫ ﺑﺘﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬parasite ‫ ي‬.6.inflammation ‫ﻣ ﻣﺎﺷ ﺔ ﺑتﺴبﺐ‬.blood parasites ‫ﺑتﻨﻘﻞ أﻣﺮاض زي اﻟـ‬parasite ‫ ف ي‬.7 Elite Team | Parasitology 2  Types of parasites 1. According to habitat: a. Internal (endoparasite) (blood, organs) b. External (ectoparasite) 2. According to host: a. Monoxene → ‫واﺣﺪ‬host ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ أو ت‬2 host ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺘﺎج‬ b. Heteroxene → ‫أ‬ b.1.Diheteroxene → 2 host ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺘﺎج ت‬ b.2. Polyheteroxene → 2 host ‫أ ﻣﻦ‬ 3. According to invasion power: a. Aggressive parasites b. Lethal parasites (blood parasites) 4. According to specialization: ‫ض‬ ‫ت‬ a. Facultative → ‫ﺑتب ﻋﺎ ﺸﺔ ﺟﻮە ي اﻷرض ﻋﺎدي ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮا اﻟـ‬host. ‫ت‬ b. Accidental → ‫ﺑتب ﺑﺮﺿﻮ ﺣﺮە ﻋﺎدي ﻟﻐﺎ ﺔ م اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﺎﺧﺪﻫﺎ بﺎﻟﻐﻠﻂ زي‬ ‫اﻟﺪروﺳ ﻔﻼ ت‬ ‫ﺑتب ﻋ اﻟﻔﺎ ﻬﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺎ اﻟﻔﺎ ﻬﺔ ﺑتﺘﺎ ﻞ ﺑﺘﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ c. Obligatory: ‫ف‬ i. Permanent → Fasciola ‫ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﻬﺎ زي اﻟـ‬habitat ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة دا ﻤﺎ ي اﻟـ‬ ii. Temporary → ‫ ﻤ‬ ‫دە ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺸكﻞ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ زي اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻮس ﺑ ﺎﺧﺪ دم و ش‬ ‫ي‬ iii. Incidental → Fasciola ‫ ﻌي ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﻬﺎ ي‬host ‫ﺑﺘﻐ اﻟـ‬ ‫دي ﻃﻔ ﻠ ﺎت ي‬ ‫ف‬.dog ‫ﺗ ي اﻟـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ بﻘﺖ كﻤﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ب ي‬ruminant ‫ﺑيﺘ ي اﻟـ‬ ‫ب ي‬ Elite Team | Parasitology 3  ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ iv. Erratic → vagina ‫ ﺲ ﺑتﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﻠـ‬intestine ‫ﺑتب ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎدة ي‬ (enterobicus vermicularis) ‫ زي ﻣﺜﻼ‬habitat ‫ﻏ ت اﻟـ‬ ‫ ي‬parasite ‫ﻫﻨﺎ اﻟـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ ي ن‬season ‫ﺑت‬ v. Seasonal → ‫ﻣﻌن‬ ‫ ب ي ي‬parasite ‫ﻣﻌن زي اﻟﺪ ﺪان ش‬ vi. Specific → ‫اﻟ ﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ ي ن‬habitat ‫ و‬host ‫ﺑتب ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟـ‬‫ت‬ Types of hosts A) According to life cycle of parasite 1. Final host (F.H): adult sexual stage of parasite is reached in the host. 2. Intermediate host (I.M.H): developmental and asexual stage occurs in it. 3. Reservoir host: ‫ ازاي؟‬natural ‫ ﺲ ﻣﺶ‬final host ‫دە‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ي‬ruminants ‫ﺑت ي اﻟـ‬ ‫ ﺲ‬Fasciola ‫ ﺟﻮاە‬dog ‫اﻻ اﻟـ‬ ‫ ب ي‬Fasciola ‫ ﻌي ﻣﺜﻼ اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬.‫ﻣﺶ بﺎﻳﻦ ﻋﻠ ﻪ أي اﻋﺮاض‬ 4. Vector: (‫)اﻟﺤ ش ات‬arthropods ‫ و‬invertebrate ‫ﺧﺎص بﺎﻟـ‬host ‫دە‬ 5. Carrier host → ‫ﺑي ﻟﻠـ‬ ‫ ب ي‬trichomonas ‫ ﻃﺐ ازاي؟ ﻋﻨﺪي ﻣﺮض اﺳﻤﻪ اﻟـ‬natural ‫ و‬final host‫دە‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ sexual contact ‫ﻏ أي أﻋﺮاض وﻟﻤﺎ ﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ ي‬bull ‫ ﺑيب ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ي اﻟـ‬ruminants.abortion ‫ و ﺴبﺐ‬cattle ‫ﻳنﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻠـ‬ 6. Transport host → ‫ﺣ ە و ﻔﻀﻞ ﺟﻮاﻫﺎ ﻟﻐﺎ ﺔ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﺎ ﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺎ ﻫﻮ كﻞ‬‫ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑ ﺪﺧﻞ ف ث‬parasite ‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬.‫وﻇ ﻔﺘﻪ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ Elite Team | Parasitology 4 B) According to susceptibility of the host: 1. Natural frequently parasitized → Fasciola ‫ دا ﻤﺎ ﺑتﺘﺼﺎب بﺎﻟـ‬ruminant ‫ دي زي اﻟـ‬parasite ‫ﻃﺒ ﺼﺎب بﺎﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬ 2. Foreign parasitized → Fasciola ‫ ﻣﺶ دا ﻤﺎ ﺑ ﺠ ﻠﻪ‬dog ‫ زي اﻟـ‬parasite ‫ﻣﺶ دا ﻤﺎ ﺑيﺘﺼﺎب بﺎﻟـ‬ 3. Tolerant (easily parasitized) → ‫ ﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬parasite ‫ﺑيﺘﺼﺎب بﺎﻟـ‬ 4. Refractory (difficult parasitized) → parasite ‫ﺻﻌﺐ ﻳﺘﺼﺎب بﺎﻟـ‬ 5. Accidental → ‫ بﺎﻟﻐﻠﻂ ﺲ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺶ ﺑيﺘﺼﺎب ﺑﻴﻬﺎ‬parasite‫اﺗﺼﺎب بﺎﻟـ‬ 6. Temporary → ‫ ﺲ ﺑ ﻘﺪر ﻳﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬parasite ‫ﺑيﺘﺼﺎب بﺎﻟـ‬ Transmission of parasite 1. Direct contact (mange) ‫ﺟﺮب‬ 2. Penetration to skin (cercaria) 3. Ingestion of infective stage 4. Sexual contact (trichomonas fetus) 5. Blood sucking (malaria, ticks) ‫ف‬ ‫يف‬ 6. Intrauterine or prenatal (ascaris) → ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨن و ﻫﻮ ي بﻄﻦ أﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻔ ﻞ ﺑيﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬ Elite Team | Parasitology 5  Factors affecting infection A) Host factor: 1. ‫ ت‬Fasciola ‫ ﺑيﺘﺼﺎب بﺎﻟـ‬sheep ‫اﻟـ‬ Species → goat ‫أ ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‬ 2. ‫ﻟﻮ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻫﻴﺘﺼﺎب ﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ت‬ Stress factor → ‫أ‬ 3. Pregnancy → ‫ﻟﻮ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻴﺘﺼﺎب اﺳﻬﻞ‬ 4. Susceptibility → parasite ‫ﻗﺎبﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﻟﻺﺻﺎبﺔ بﺎﻟـ‬ B) Parasite factor: 1. Contact between host and parasite. 2. Dose of infection → ‫اﻟ ا ﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬ ‫ ي‬parasite ‫كﻤ ﺔ اﻟـ‬ Definitions Pathogens: any agent that causes a disease. ‫أي ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺴبﺐ ﻣﺮض‬ Infection → ‫ ﻫﻴﺘكﺎﺛﺮ ﺟﻮاك‬virus ‫ ﻟﻮ ﻣﺜﻼ اﺗﺼبﺖ بـ‬parasite ‫اﻟﻌﺪوى ﺲ اﻟ ﻠﻤﺔ دي ﻣﺶ ﺑتﺸﻤﻞ اﻟـ‬ worm ‫ﺗب‬ ‫ واﺣﺪة ت‬egg ‫ ﺑﺘﺎ ﻞ‬parasite ‫ ﻟ ﻦ اﻟـ‬infection ‫وﻋﺪدە ﻳ ﺪ ف اﺳﻤﻬﺎ‬.infestation ‫واﺣﺪة ﻓﺎﺳﻤﻬﺎ‬ Re-infection → ‫اﻹﺻﺎبﺔ ﻣﺮة ﺗﺎﻧ ﺔ‬ ‫ف‬ Super infection → parasite ‫ﺗﺎي ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟـ‬ ‫اﻹﺻﺎبﺔ ي‬ Super parasitism → ‫ن‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﺼﺎب‬Fasciola ‫ ﻌي ﻣﺜﻼ بﻘﺮة ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫يف‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ ي‬parasite ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔن ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﻋن‬ ‫اﻹﺻﺎبﺔ‬.‫بﺎﻟﻤﻼر ﺎ‬ ‫ ق‬organism ‫اﻟـ‬ Auto infection → parasite ‫ﺑيب ﺳبﺐ إﺻﺎبﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ بﺎﻟـ‬ Elite Team | Parasitology 6  Clinical periods 1. Period related to parasites: a. Pre-patent: period from infection to diagnostic stage. b. Patent: period from diagnostic stage until disappearance of the signs. 2. Period related to host: a. Incubation period: ‫ﺑن اﻹﺻﺎبﺔ بﺎﻟﻄﻔ ﻞ و بﺪا ﺔ‬ ‫ ت‬,‫ﻓ ة اﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ة اﻟ ﻣﺎ ي ض‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮر اﻷﻋﺮاض‬ b. Period of symptoms. ‫اﻷﻋﺮاض‬ c. Period of convalescence → complete cure ‫ﺗﺨﺘ ﻟﻐﺎ ﺔ م ﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺑن اﻷﻋﺮاض ﺗبﺪأ‬ ‫ ا ت‬,‫ﻓ ة اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻫﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔ ة ﻣﺎ ي ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ d. Period of relapse → ‫ف‬ ‫ﻳب اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﺧﻒ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻷﻋﺮاض ﺗﺎ ن يي ودە ﻏﺎﻟبﺎ ﺑ ﺤﺼﻞ ي اﻟـ‬ ‫ بﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ت‬,‫ﻓﻨ ة اﻻﻧﺘكﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻔﻀﻞ ﺳﺎ ﻨﺔ ض اﻟ بﺪ ت‬malaria.‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬20 ‫أ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ي‬ Classifications of worms ‫اﻟ اﺧﺪﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻗبﻞ ﻛﺪە‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺴ ﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎد ﺔ ي‬ Kingdom → phylum → class → order → family → genus → species animalia ← ‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‬kingdom ‫ اﻟـ‬ platyhelminths, acanthocephalan, nemathelminths ← 3 phylum ‫ ﻋﻨﺪي‬ trematode, :2 class ‫( ﺑيﺘﻘﺴﻢ ﻟـ‬Platyhelminthes) ‫اﻟ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ ي‬phylum ‫ ﻫﻨبﺪأ بﺄول‬ cestode Elite Team | Parasitology 7  :3 orders ‫اﻟ ﺑتﺘﻘﺴﻢ ﻟـ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ ي‬trematode ‫ﻫﻨﺘكﻠﻢ ب ﻋﻦ اﻟـ‬ 1. Monogenea → parasites of fish, direct have no I.M.H, ectoparasitic. 2. Aspidogastrea → parasite of aquatic vertebrates. 3. Digenea → ‫اﻫﻢ واﺣﺪة ﻫﻨﺘكﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ Trematode (dignea)  Characters: Indirect life cycle (needs I.M.H). Fish, birds and mammal’s parasite. Endoparasite Mainly oral infection except in Schistosoma. Don’t have body cavity (organs embedded in parenchyma)  Morphology: Dorso-ventral flattened, bilaterally symmetrical, may be leaf shape (Fasciola) - fleshy body (paramphistroma) – thin worm (Schistosoma). Size ranging from (mm) as Heterophyes to (cm) as Fasciola  Suckers: oral sucker ‫ اﺳﻤﻪ‬oral opening ‫ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟـ‬2 suckers ‫ﺑيب ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬‫ ﻋﺎدة ق‬ ‫ت ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻳب ي واﺣﺪ ﺗﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ وﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ventral sucker ‫ ي ﻧﺺ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﺳﻤﻪ‬ventral ‫وواﺣﺪ‬.Heterophyes ‫ ودە ف ي ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟـ‬genital sucker ‫ ودە اﺳﻤﻪ‬genital duct ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟـ‬ Elite Team | Parasitology 8  :‫ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت‬3 ‫ ﻟـ‬suckers ‫ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟـ‬trematode ‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ أﺻﻨﻒ اﻟـ‬ 1. Enchinostome →.leaf like process ‫ﺑيب ﺣﻮاﻟ ﻪ‬‫ ق‬oral sucker ‫اﻟـ‬ 2. Amphistome →.posterior end ‫ﺑيب ف ي اﻟـ‬ ‫ ﻣﺒيبﻘﺎش ف اﻟﻨﺺ ق‬ventral sucker ‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬ 3. Distome → 2 suckers ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬  Body structure: The cuticle is smooth as in Dicrocoelium or with scales as in Fasciola or spines as in Heterophyes or with tuberlcles as in Schistosoma. ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﺷ ﺔ ي كﻞ‬muscles ‫ ﻋبﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬sub-cuticle ‫ ﺑتب ق ي ﻃبﻘﺔ‬cuticle ‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟـ‬.parenchyma ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت ﻟﻐﺎ ﺔ اﻟـ‬  Nervous system: ‫ ﻃﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ganglia ‫بﺪائ ﻋبﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ئن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ ﻌ ي‬primitive ‫ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑيب‬nervous system ‫ اﻟـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ واﻟـ‬Meracidium ‫و اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻷو زي اﻟـ‬ ‫ ي‬esophagus ‫ واﻟـ‬pharynx ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟـ‬ ‫ق ف‬ ‫ وﻇ ﻔﺘﻬﺎ اﻟـ‬eye spots ‫ﺑيب ي‬ ‫ كﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬sense organs ‫ ﻣﺒيبﻘﺎش ﻓ ﻪ‬cercaria.sensation  Digestive system: ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ ي‬oral opening ‫ ﺑيبﺪأ بﺎﻟـ‬,‫ ﻌي أﺧﺮە ﻣﻘﻔﻮل‬‫ ي‬blind system ‫ ﻫﻨﺎ‬digestive ‫ اﻟـ‬ ‫ين‬ ‫ اﻟـ‬esophagus ‫ﺣﻮاﻟن اﻟـ‬ ,esophagus ‫ بﻌﺪ ﻪ اﻟـ‬oral sucker ‫ﺣﻮاﻟ ﻪ اﻟـ‬ 2 ‫ ﺑيﺘﻔ ع ﻟـ‬esophagus ‫ و ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷكﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﻧ ﺔ بﻌﺪﻳﻦ اﻟـ‬pharynx.posterior end of the body ‫ ف ي اﻟـ‬intestinal caeca Elite Team | Parasitology 9  Excretory system: ‫ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻊ اﻟـ‬flam cells ‫ ﻋبﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼ ﺎ اﺳﻤﻬﺎ‬excretory system ‫ اﻟـ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ excretory ‫ بﻌﺪﻳﻦ ي‬excretory duct ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ كﻠﻪ وﺗﻔﻀ ﻪ ي‬wastes.excretory pore ‫ بﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﺑ ﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‬vesicle  Male genital system: ‫ ﺟﻮاﻫﺎ‬parasite ‫ ﻌىن ي ا ﻪ قب ؟ ﻌىن ي اﻟـ‬hermaphrodite ← trematodes ‫كﻞ اﻟـ‬.male + female genital system ‫ ﻫﻞ اﻟـ‬parasites ‫اﻟ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﻢ اﻋﺮف اﻓﺮق اﻟـ‬ ‫ ي‬2 testes ‫ ﺑيﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬male ‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ ﺟﻨﺐ‬,‫ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﻬﺎ ا ﻪ‬position ‫ ﻃﺐ اﻟـ‬,branched ‫ او‬oval ‫ او‬smooth ‫ دي‬testes ‫ف‬.parasite ‫ ﺴﺎﻋﺪي اﻓﺮق اﻟـ‬ ‫ كﻞ دە‬oblique ‫بﻌﻀﻬﺎ وﻻ ﻗﺼﺎد بﻌﺾ وﻻ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ اﻟـ‬,‫ واﺣﺪە‬vas deferens ‫ ﺑيﺘﺠﻤﻌﻮا ي‬vas efferentia ‫ ﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬testes ‫كﻞ‬ ‫ف‬ ,seminal vesicle ‫ و ﺘﻜﻮن اﻟـ‬dilatation ‫ دي ي اﻻﺧﺮ ﺑ ﺤﺼﻠﻬﺎ‬vas deferens ‫ ﺣ ي ن‬,parasite ‫ ﺑﺘﺎع اﻟـ‬copulatory organ ‫ اﻟ ﻫﻮ اﻟـ‬cirrus ‫ﺑيب ف اﻟـ‬ ‫ﻮاﻟن‬ ‫بﻌﺪﻫﺎ ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ ق‬cirrus ‫اﻟـ‬.prostate gland ‫ﺑيب ﻓ ﻪ اﻟـ‬ ‫ين‬ cirrus sac ‫ اﺳﻤﻪ‬sac ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺎﻃن بـ‬ cirrus ‫ اﻟـ‬+ prostate ‫ اﻟـ‬+ seminal vesicle ‫اﻟـ‬.common genital pore ‫و اﻻﺧﺮ كﻞ دە ﺑ ﻔﺘﺢ ف ي اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬.‫ ← ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺪ ﺪان‬Helminthology.1 :Note pierced ‫ أو‬fluke ‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﻤﻴﻬﺎ‬trematode ‫ اﻟـ‬.2.ventral sucker ‫اﻟ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ ي‬hole ‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ Elite Team | Parasitology 10 1. 2. Female genital system: ‫يف‬ seminal ‫ اﻟـ‬,‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔن‬ 2 structures ‫ ﻃﺎﻟﻊ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ovary ‫ ﻋﻨﺪە‬parasite ‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‬ova ‫ ﺗﻄﻠﻊ اﻟـ‬sperms ‫ﺑيب ﻓﻴﻬﻢ اﻟـ‬ ‫ دول ق‬laurers’s canal ‫ واﻟـ‬receptacle ‫ ﺤﺼﻞ‬oviduct ‫ ﻳﺮوﺣﻮ ﻟﻠـ‬seminal receptacle ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‬sperm ‫ واﻟـ‬ovary.zygote ‫ و ﺘﻜﻮن اﻟـ‬fertilization ‫ن‬ ‫ ي‬vitelline gland ‫ ﻫﻴﺘﻜﻮن ﻋﻦ ﻃ ﻖ‬yolk ‫ ﻫﻴبﺪأ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟـ‬zygote ‫ﺣﻮاﻟ ين اﻟـ‬.parasite ‫ دي ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋ ﺟﻨﺐ اﻟـ‬gland ‫ اﻟـ‬,yolk ‫اﻟ ﻫﺘﻜﻮن اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ,shell gland ‫( او اﻟـ‬MEHLis gland) ‫ اﺳﻤﻬﺎ‬oviduct ‫ﺣﻮاﻟن اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ ﺗﺎﻧ ﺔ‬gland ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ ف اﻻﺧﺮ ت ف‬zygote ‫ﺣﻮاﻟن اﻟـ‬ ‫ين‬ ‫ وﺗﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‬uterus ‫ﺑﻴ ﻗﻮا ي اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬ shell ‫ﺑﺘﻜﻮن اﻟـ‬.common genital pore ‫ف‬ ‫ ﻟﻠـ‬male genital system ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‬sperm ‫ ﺑﺘﻄﻠﻊ اﻟـ‬common genital pore ‫ي اﻟـ‬.‫ ف ي اﻻﺧﺮ‬fertilized egg ‫اﻟ ﺑ ﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟـ‬ ‫و ي‬ ‫ ي‬female genital duct ‫يف‬ ‫ف‬ self-fertilization ‫ أول ﻃ ﻘﺔ اﻟـ‬,‫ﻃ ﻘﺘن‬ ‫ ﺑ ﺤﺼﻞ ازاي؟ ي‬fertilization ‫اﻟـ‬ mixed fertilization ‫ﺗﺎي ﻃ ﻘﺔ اﻟـ‬ ‫ ن‬,worm ‫ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟـ‬oviduct ‫ﺑ ﺤﺼﻞ ف اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬.‫ ﻟبﻌﺾ‬fertilization ‫ وواﺣﺪە ﺗﺎﻧ ﺔ ز ــﻬﺎ ﻌﻤﻠﻮا‬hermaphrodite ‫ﺗ دودە‬ ‫ ي‬ Elite Team | Parasitology 11 3. Development of trematodes: ‫ف‬ ‫ نن‬final host ‫ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ف اﻟـ‬adult worm ‫ﻋﻨﺪي اﻟـ‬ ,feces ‫ﺑﺘﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ي اﻟـ‬egg ‫ﻫﺘ ل اﻟـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ ﻌي‬‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ ي‬immature ‫ او‬Meracidium ‫ ﻌي ﺟﻮاﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ي‬mature ‫ دي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗب‬egg ‫اﻟـ‬.Meracidium ‫ ﻟﻐﺎ ﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟـ‬yolk ‫ ﺑيﺘﻐﺬى ﻋ اﻟـ‬one cell embryo ‫ﺟﻮاﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺴﺎﻋﺪە‬cilia ‫ ﺣﻮاﻟ ﻪ‬triangular in shape ‫ دە قب‬Meracidium ‫اﻟـ‬ snail ‫ ﻟﻠـ‬penetration ‫ ﺑ ﺴﺎﻋﺪە ﻌﻤﻞ‬anterior spine ‫ ﻋﻨﺪە‬,snail ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠـ‬.sporocyst ‫ﺑيﺘﺤﻮل ﻟـ‬ snail ‫ ﻟﺴﻪ ﺟﻮا اﻟـ‬germ cells ‫ ﻣﻠ ﺎن‬elongated body ‫ ﻋبﺎرە ﻋﻦ‬sporocyst ‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ وﻣﻠ ﺎن‬oral sucker ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬cylindrical organism ‫ ﻋبﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬Redia ‫ﻫﺘﺘﺤﻮل ﻟـ‬.‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ وﺗﻄﻠﻊ ف ي اﻟﻤﺎ ﺔ‬snail ‫ ﺑﺮا اﻟـ‬birth pore ‫اﻟ ﺑ ﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‬ ‫ ي‬cercaria ,oral sucker ,oral opening ‫ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬head ‫ اﻟـ‬,head,tail ‫ ﻋبﺎرە ﻋﻦ‬cercaria ‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ ودي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟـ‬,2 simple intestinal caeca ,esophagus ,pharynx.Schistosoma ‫ زي ف ي اﻟـ‬infective stage ‫ق ف‬ ‫ين‬ encysted ‫ ﺑﺘﺤﺎوﻃﻬﺎ وﺗﻜﻮن‬cystagenous ‫ﺑيب ي‬ ‫ دي‬cercaria ‫ﺣﻮاﻟن اﻟـ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ت‬.gland ‫ دي ﺑتب‬metacercaria ‫ ودي ت‬head ‫ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﺖ اﻟـ‬structures ‫و تب ﺟﻮاﻫﺎ اﻟـ‬ ‫ﺑتب اﻟـ‬ ‫ت‬ grasses ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدە ﻋ اﻟـ‬.Fasciola ‫ ف ي ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟـ‬infective stage Types of cercaria 1. Leptocercus → simple tail → Fasciola 2. Lophocercus → simple tail covered by sheath → Heterophyes 3. Furcocercus → Forked tail → Schistosoma ‫ﻛده اﻟﺣﻣد ﺧﻠﺻﻧﺎ اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣن اﻟﺑﺎرا‬ ‫ﯾﺎ رب ﯾﻛون ﺗرم ﺳﮭل وﺑﺳﯾط ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ ﺟﻣﯾﻌﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﺎ رب ﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة ﺳﮭﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻛوا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣذاﻛرة‬ 🖤🖤🖤🖤 ‫دﻣﺗم ﺑﺧﯾر وﻣوﻓﻘﯾن داﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺷﺑﺎب‬ Elite Team | Parasitology 12