Reproductive System Review PDF

Reproductive System Paperchase Review  1. List the structures of the female reproductive tract. Slide 2-3 The Vulva: The part of the genitals on the outside of the body — the labia, clitoris, vaginal opening, and the opening to the urethra. The Labia The labia (lips) are fo...

Reproductive System Paperchase Review  1. List the structures of the female reproductive tract. Slide 2-3 The Vulva: The part of the genitals on the outside of the body — the labia, clitoris, vaginal opening, and the opening to the urethra. The Labia The labia (lips) are folds of skin around the vaginal opening. The labia majora (outer lips) are usually larger and covered with pubic hair. The labia minora (inner lips) are inside the outer lips. They begin at the clitoris and end under the opening to the vagina. The Glans Clitoris Developing Follicle (FSH) Connected to the body of the clitoris which projects upwards into the pelvis, and attaches via ligaments to the Primordial Follicle (FSH) pubic bone. The clitoris contains erectile tissue that swells with blood during female sexual arousal. It has Corpeus Albicans thousands of nerve endings — more than any other part of the human body. Corpus The Vaginal Introitus is Luteum the opening to the vagina. The vagina is a muscular canal that extends to the cervix, the opening ofCorpus Hemorrhagicum the uterus. Graafian Follicle (Mature) Mons pubis Follicle Rupture - Ovulation 2 The mons is the fleshy mound above the vulva. After puberty, it’s covered with pubic hair. It cushions the pubic bone.  1. Cont’d. Developing Follicle (FSH) Primordial Follicle (FSH) Corpeus Albicans Corpus Luteum Corpus Hemorrhagicum Graafian Follicle (Mature) Follicle Rupture - Ovulation 3 2. What is a primordial follicle? A Graafian follicle? A corpus luteum? Slide 4 Developing Follicle (FSH) Tunica Albuginea (Capsule) Cortex (Oocytes & Follicles) Medulla (CT & Blood Vessels) Primordial Follicle (FSH) Follicle Rupture Graafian Follicle (Mature) - Ovulation Ovary Corpus Hemorrhagicum Corpeus Albicans Corpus Luteum 3. How long does a corpus luteum last? Slide 4 “A couple of weeks, or a couple of months”  4. What are the two phases of the ovaries? Slide 9 Follicular Phase OV Luteal Phase Pituitary Gonadotropins à éFSHà êFSHàééFSH êêFSHà êFSHà éFSH Ovaries êLHà êLHà ééLH êêLHà êLHà êLH Gonadal Steroids à éE2à éE2à ééE2 êE2à éE2à êE2 M êPà êPà éP éPà ééPà êêP M E E N N S S E E S S 6 5. Which hormone stimulates the development of the ovarian follicle? Slide 12 Get The Follicle Ready FSH For Ovulation & Initial Uterine Preparation Follicular Maturation Follicular Maturation Proliferation Phase Granulosa Cells Thecal Cells Of Endometrium (Corona Radiata) Enclosure ↑E2 6. What hormonal changes result in ovulation? Slide 10 Ovulation: This “Critical Value” of E2 ééE2à Stimulates the Hypothalamusà ééFSH + ééLH +éP= Ovulation! to release a surge of GnRH Together, these three thin the wall and increase the pressure inside the follicle 7. What hormonal changes result in menses? Slide 10 Menses: The crash of the two Steroids (especially P) causes the Blood The lack of LH causes theà êE2 + êêPà Flow to the Endometrium to êêLHà Corpus Luteum to Fail Constrict. The Endometrium then Dies, and is shed as Menses 8. What influences do estradiol and progesterone have around the female body? Slide 17 ESTROGEN Female Sex Organs: PROGESTERONE Female Genetilia Enlarge. Female Sex Organs: Vaginal Epithelium Change – Cuboidal To Stratified. Contributes to Ovulation Fallopian Cilia Increase. Decreases Uterine Contractions! Endometrial Glands Proliferate. Increases Uterine Secretions. Breasts: Fallopian Tubes: Ductile Cells. Secretory Changes In Fallopian Tubes. Greater Fat Deposition & Stromal Tissue. Breasts: Skeleton: Promotes Development Of Lobules, Alveoli & Acinar. Decrease Osteoclasts. Alveolar Cells Proliferate & Become Secretory Cause Early Growth Plate Fusing. Osteoporosis In Old Age (Post Menopause). Protein & Fat Deposition: Protein To Sex Organs, Bones & Other (Less Than Men). Greater Fat Deposition & Widening Of Hips Electrolyte Balance: Na+ & Water Retention. More During Pregnancy. Skin: Thicker In Females, More Pliant. More Vascularized. 9. What are the two phases of the uterus? Slide 9 OV M M E E N Proliferative Phase Secretory Phase N S S E Growth of the Endometrium Continued Growth of the E S Mainly driven by E2 Endometrium & Increased S Uterus Secretion of Mucous Mainly driven by P, and to A lesser extent by E2 11 10. What is menarche? What is menopause? How does either affect the body? Menarche: The first menstrual period. This is the start of puberty in females. Menopause: The termination of ovarian function, it signals the end of the reproductive years. 11. What are the functions of the placenta? Slide 22 1. Placenta Functions: Diffusion Of Nutrients From Mother To Embryo/Fetus. Diffusion Of Metabolic Wastes From Embryo/Fetus To Mother. Permeability Increases Over Duration Of Pregnancy. O2, CO2, Etc. Diffuse Through Placenta. 2. Oxygen Diffusion O2 Diffuses Into Fetal Blood Via PO2 Pressure Gradients. Fetal Hb Has Greater Affinity for O2 Than Adult Hb. Concentration Of Fetal Hb Is 50% Greater Than Mothers. Fetal Oxyhemoglobin Higher At Low PO2. 3. CO2 & Nutrients PCO2 Greater In Embryo/Fetus – Diffuses Into Mother. Nutrients e.g. Glucose, Concentrations Are Greater In Mother – Diffuses Into Fetus.  12. What are the important hormones produced by the placenta? Slide 23 1.Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Trophoblast Cells Secrete HCG (Chorion). HCG Is Present In Urine 8 Days After Fertilization (sooner in blood). Prevents Involution Of Corpus Luteum. Stimulates Corpus Luteum To Secrete More P and E2 To Nourish Endometrium. Prevents Menstruation. 2.Estradiol ↑30x Toward The End Of Pregnancy. Secreted By Placenta Once Corpus Luteum Involutes. Synthesized (Aromatized) @ Placenta From Steroids Of Mother & Fetusʼ Adrenal Glands Causes Enlargement Of Uterus & Breasts, Ductile Cells Of Breast, Relaxes Ligaments (w/ Relaxin), & Enlarges Female Genitalia 3.Progesterone Causes Development Of Decidual Cells In Endometrium (Nourishment). Prevents Contractions Of Uterus. Development Of Ovum Prior To Implantation. Prepares Breasts For Lactation – Acinar, In Conjunction w/ Prolactin. 4.Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS) Development Of Breasts & Synergistic w/ Prolactin. Weak Actions Similar To Growth Hormone (Somatotropin). Affects Metabolism By Decreasing Glucose Use By Mother (Save For Embryo/Fetus) & Promoting Fatty Acid Extraction From Mother. 12. Cont’d SUMMARY HCG MAINTAIN CORPUS LUTEUM HORMONE OUTPUT E2 GET MOTHER READY FOR PARTURITION P SUPPORT PREGNANCY BY SUPPRESSING UTERINE CONTRACTIONS HCS HELP FEED FETUS & GET BREASTS READY FOR LACTATION 13. How does the female body change during pregnancy? Slide 25 Weight Gain Mother Puts On Weight Associated With Fetal Presence & Nutrient Storage. See Right. Nutrition Greatest Growth In Fetus During Last Trimester. Mother Stores Nutrients. Need Supplemental Vitamins & Minerals. Respiration O2 Usage Increases 20%. Progesterone Increases Sensitivity To CO2 Levels. Amniotic Fluid Fluid Replaced Every 3 Hours. Electrolytes Replaced Every 15 Hours. Renal Function ↑ In Urine Output. ↑ In Na+ & H2O Reabsorption. ↑ In GFR. Cardiac Output ↑ 30 – 40%. ↑ Blood Flow Through Placenta. ↑ BMR. Blood Volume ↑ 30% Over Normal. Contingency – Expecting Blood Loss During Parturition 14. Describe the events in the process of parturition. Slide 26-27 Mechanics Of Parturition Contractions Begin At Top Of Uterus & Spread Downward – Lower Areas Are Weak. Intensity & Frequency Of Contractions Increase. Downward Force ~ 25Lbs. Contractions Oscillate In Order To Permit Blood Flow. 19 – 20 Births Head Expelled 1st. Cervix Is Major Obstruction To Birth. 1st Stage Of Labor Is Cervical Dilation (8 – 24 Hours). 2nd Stage Of Labor Is Fetal Head Through Birth Canal & Out. Separation & Delivery Of Placenta Placenta Sheared From Uterine Wall During Contractions. Bleeding Ensues. Contractions & Prostaglandins Limit Blood Loss. 15. What roles do oxytocin and prolactin play in breast feeding? Slide 28 Two hormones play an important role in the production (Prolactin) and expulsion (Oxytocin) of milk. PRL After a baby starts feeding, the maximum levels of prolactin are seen in the blood after about 30 minutes. This helps to produce milk for the next feeding. OT Oxytocin is secreted faster than prolactin because it is required for the current feeding as contrasted to prolactin (which is required for the next feeding). In fact oxytocin secretion can start even before a baby starts suckling - for example when a mother prepares for feed or hears the baby cry, she may start secreting oxytocin. If oxytocin is not produced in adequate amounts, the baby may have difficulty in getting the feed, although there may be milk in motherʼs breasts. 16. What is in colostrum? Foremilk? Hindmilk? Slide 28 Colostrum Present in small volume before delivery and in first days after delivery high in the immunoglobulin IgA, which coats the gastrointestinal tract. This helps to protect the newborn until its own immune system is functioning properly along with creating a mild laxative effect, expelling meconium Mature Milk The exact composition of breast milk varies from day to day, depending on food consumption and environment, meaning that the ratio of water to fat fluctuates. Foremilk, the milk released at the beginning of a feed, is watery, low in fat and high in carbohydrates Hindmilk is more fatty, and is released as the feed progresses. 17. List the structures of the male reproductive tract. Slide 4-5 Seminiferous Tubule Rete Testes (Mediastinum) Efferent Ductules Epididymis Vas Deferens Prostate BulboUrethral Gland Gland Seminal Vesicles Ejaculatory Duct Urethra Urethra (Membranous) (Penile - Spongy) Urinary Bladder Urethra (Urine) (Prostatic) 18. What role does testosterone play around the male body? Slide 7 Fetal Development Development Of Male Sexual Organs In Fetus. Descent Of Testes In Newborn. Primary And Secondary Sexual Characteristics After Puberty, Causes Penis/Scrotum To Enlarge 8 Fold. Growth Of Body Hair: Pubis, Face, Chest, Back. Voice: Effect On Laryngeal Mucosa & Larynx. Skin: Increases Thickness And Ruggedness. Increase Protein Formation & Muscular Development. Bone Growth And Calcium Retention. Increase Basal Metabolism. RBC: More Than That In Women. 19. What hormones are necessary for spermatogenesis? Slide 4 Inhibin Interstitial Fluid LH FSH Seminiferous Tubules Interstitial Sertoli Cells Cells (Leydig) Spermatogenesis Testosterone 20. Where does fertilization typically occur? Female Slide 19 21. How is the Autonomic Nervous System involved in sexual activity? Slide 6 Psychic Elements And/Or Glans Penis Stimulation Reflex Reflex Mechanisms Mechanisms Parasympathetic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Sympathetic Impulses Impulses Glandular Arterial Dilation (NO) With Bulbourethral Contraction & Increased Blood Flow To Emission Filling Of Corpora Cavernosa & Corpus Internal Urethra Spongiosum Spinal Cord Erection Lubrication Relay Rhythmic Contractions Ejaculation