Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of FSH in the ovarian cycle?
Which structure is responsible for the temporary hormone production after ovulation?
How long can a corpus luteum persist?
What are the two main phases of the ovarian cycle?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for the rupture of the follicle during ovulation?
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What is the composition of the ovarian medulla?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
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Which layer of the ovary contains the oocytes and follicles?
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What does a surge in estradiol (E2) stimulate during the ovulation process?
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What is the primary effect of the crash of steroid hormones leading to menses?
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Which cells are primarily involved in the maturation of follicles during the ovulation process?
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How does progesterone affect uterine contractions?
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During which phase do endometrial glands proliferate due to estrogen?
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What hormonal change leads to the failure of the Corpus Luteum?
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In response to estrogen, what major change occurs in female genitalia?
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What is a significant effect of progesterone on the endometrial environment?
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What is the primary role of testosterone in the male body after puberty?
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Which of the following components directly contributes to spermatogenesis?
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Which structure is responsible for the transport of sperm from the epididymis?
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What effect does testosterone have on muscular development?
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Which gland is primarily responsible for secreting testosterone?
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Which structure is involved in the maturation and storage of sperm?
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What hormone works alongside testosterone to promote spermatogenesis?
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Where does fertilization typically occur?
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What role do parasympathetic impulses play in sexual activity?
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Which mechanism is associated with lubrication during sexual activity?
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What occurs as a result of increased blood flow to the corpora cavernosa?
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Which term best describes the rhythmic contractions associated with sexual activity?
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What is the primary function of sympathetic impulses during sexual activity?
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What is the effect of bulbourethral gland secretion during sexual arousal?
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Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for initiating erection?
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What is the primary role of prolactin in breast milk production?
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Which hormone is secreted first during a breastfeeding session?
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What distinguishes foremilk from hindmilk?
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How does colostrum benefit a newborn?
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What triggers the release of oxytocin in breastfeeding mothers?
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What happens to the composition of breast milk over time?
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What might occur if oxytocin is not produced adequately during breastfeeding?
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When does the maximum level of prolactin occur in the blood after a feeding begins?
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Study Notes
Ovarian Follicles and Hormones
- Follicle Types: Primordial Follicles develop into Graafian Follicles, which are mature and ready for ovulation.
- FSH Function: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for the development of ovarian follicles and stimulating ovulation.
- Corpus Luteum Duration: The corpus luteum lasts for a couple of weeks to a couple of months.
- Ovarian Phases: The ovarian cycle consists of two phases: the Follicular Phase and the Luteal Phase, driven by pituitary gonadotropins and gonadal steroids.
Ovulation and Menstrual Cycle
- Ovulation Trigger: A critical increase in estradiol (E2) stimulates the hypothalamus to release GnRH, resulting in a surge in FSH and LH, leading to ovulation.
- Menstrual Phase Mechanism: The drop in LH causes a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, constricting blood flow to the endometrium, leading to tissue shedding during menses.
Hormonal Influences
- Estrogen Effects: Estradiol causes enlargement of female genitalia, changes in vaginal epithelium, increases in fallopian cilia, and promotes endometrial proliferation.
- Progesterone Role: Progesterone reduces uterine contractions, contributes to ovulation, and increases uterine secretions and breast development.
Breast Milk Composition
- Colostrum: High in immunoglobulin IgA, provides immune protection, and helps newborns expel meconium shortly after birth.
- Foremilk vs. Hindmilk: Foremilk is watery and low in fat, while hindmilk becomes richer in fat as feeding progresses.
Male Reproductive Structures
- Structures in Male Tract: Includes seminiferous tubules, rete testes, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, bulbo-urethral gland, and seminal vesicles.
Testosterone Functions
- Developmental Roles: Testosterone promotes development of male sexual organs, enhances secondary sexual characteristics, and contributes to muscle growth, voice deepening, and increased RBC production.
Spermatogenesis Requirements
- Hormonal Necessities: Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone are critical for spermatogenesis, with inhibin regulating FSH levels.
Fertilization Site
- Fertilization: Typically occurs in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system.
Autonomic Nervous System and Sexual Activity
- Reflex Mechanisms: Involves both sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes, where parasympathetic impulses cause erection and lubrication, while sympathetic impulses lead to emission and ejaculation.
- Arterial Dilation Mechanism: Nitric oxide mediates increased blood flow to the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum during sexual arousal.
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