Unit 6 Reproductive System Practice

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of FSH in the ovarian cycle?

To produce gonadal steroids

To stimulate the development of the ovarian follicle (correct)

To regulate the menstrual cycle length

To promote ovulation

Which structure is responsible for the temporary hormone production after ovulation?

Graafian Follicle

Corpus Luteum (correct)

Corpus Hemorrhagicum

Primordial Follicle

How long can a corpus luteum persist?

Less than a week

Only during the follicular phase

Indefinitely until pregnancy occurs

A couple of weeks or a couple of months (correct)

What are the two main phases of the ovarian cycle?

Follicular Phase and Luteal Phase Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the rupture of the follicle during ovulation?

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the ovarian medulla?

Connective Tissue (CT) and Blood Vessels Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

It transforms into the corpus albicans Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the ovary contains the oocytes and follicles?

Cortex Signup and view all the answers

What does a surge in estradiol (E2) stimulate during the ovulation process?

Release of GnRH from the Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the crash of steroid hormones leading to menses?

Constriction of blood flow to the endometrium Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily involved in the maturation of follicles during the ovulation process?

Granulosa Cells Signup and view all the answers

How does progesterone affect uterine contractions?

Decreases uterine contractions Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do endometrial glands proliferate due to estrogen?

Follicular Phase Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal change leads to the failure of the Corpus Luteum?

Decrease in LH Signup and view all the answers

In response to estrogen, what major change occurs in female genitalia?

Enlargement of female sex organs Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of progesterone on the endometrial environment?

Increases uterine secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of testosterone in the male body after puberty?

Enlarges the penis and scrotum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components directly contributes to spermatogenesis?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the transport of sperm from the epididymis?

Vas Deferens Signup and view all the answers

What effect does testosterone have on muscular development?

Increases protein formation Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily responsible for secreting testosterone?

Leydig Cells Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in the maturation and storage of sperm?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

What hormone works alongside testosterone to promote spermatogenesis?

FSH Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization typically occur?

Fallopian Tube Signup and view all the answers

What role do parasympathetic impulses play in sexual activity?

They cause arterial dilation and increased blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is associated with lubrication during sexual activity?

Glandular secretion Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of increased blood flow to the corpora cavernosa?

Erection Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the rhythmic contractions associated with sexual activity?

Ejaculation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sympathetic impulses during sexual activity?

Inducing ejaculation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of bulbourethral gland secretion during sexual arousal?

Lubricates the internal urethra Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for initiating erection?

Parasympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of prolactin in breast milk production?

Stimulates milk production for future feedings Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted first during a breastfeeding session?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes foremilk from hindmilk?

Foremilk is watery and low in fat, while hindmilk is creamier and higher in fat. Signup and view all the answers

How does colostrum benefit a newborn?

It contains high levels of immunoglobulin IgA to protect the gastrointestinal tract. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of oxytocin in breastfeeding mothers?

Hearing the baby cry or preparing for feeding. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the composition of breast milk over time?

It varies from day to day depending on food consumption and environment. Signup and view all the answers

What might occur if oxytocin is not produced adequately during breastfeeding?

The baby may struggle to latch and receive milk, despite the presence of milk. Signup and view all the answers

When does the maximum level of prolactin occur in the blood after a feeding begins?

30 minutes after feeding begins. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ovarian Follicles and Hormones

Follicle Types: Primordial Follicles develop into Graafian Follicles, which are mature and ready for ovulation.
FSH Function: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for the development of ovarian follicles and stimulating ovulation.
Corpus Luteum Duration: The corpus luteum lasts for a couple of weeks to a couple of months.
Ovarian Phases: The ovarian cycle consists of two phases: the Follicular Phase and the Luteal Phase, driven by pituitary gonadotropins and gonadal steroids.

Ovulation and Menstrual Cycle

Ovulation Trigger: A critical increase in estradiol (E2) stimulates the hypothalamus to release GnRH, resulting in a surge in FSH and LH, leading to ovulation.
Menstrual Phase Mechanism: The drop in LH causes a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, constricting blood flow to the endometrium, leading to tissue shedding during menses.

Hormonal Influences

Estrogen Effects: Estradiol causes enlargement of female genitalia, changes in vaginal epithelium, increases in fallopian cilia, and promotes endometrial proliferation.
Progesterone Role: Progesterone reduces uterine contractions, contributes to ovulation, and increases uterine secretions and breast development.

Breast Milk Composition

Colostrum: High in immunoglobulin IgA, provides immune protection, and helps newborns expel meconium shortly after birth.
Foremilk vs. Hindmilk: Foremilk is watery and low in fat, while hindmilk becomes richer in fat as feeding progresses.

Male Reproductive Structures

Structures in Male Tract: Includes seminiferous tubules, rete testes, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, bulbo-urethral gland, and seminal vesicles.

Testosterone Functions

Developmental Roles: Testosterone promotes development of male sexual organs, enhances secondary sexual characteristics, and contributes to muscle growth, voice deepening, and increased RBC production.

Spermatogenesis Requirements

Hormonal Necessities: Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone are critical for spermatogenesis, with inhibin regulating FSH levels.

Fertilization Site

Fertilization: Typically occurs in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system.

Autonomic Nervous System and Sexual Activity

Reflex Mechanisms: Involves both sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes, where parasympathetic impulses cause erection and lubrication, while sympathetic impulses lead to emission and ejaculation.
Arterial Dilation Mechanism: Nitric oxide mediates increased blood flow to the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum during sexual arousal.

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