Paperchase 3.3 Review (1) PDF

Unit 3.3 Paperchase 1. What does each of the following represent: Slide 3 P wave: Atrial Contraction/Depolarization QRS complex: Ventricular Contraction/Depolarization T wave: Ventricular Relaxation/Repolarization 2. When do the AV valves close? Slide 5 Between R & S Waves 3....

Unit 3.3 Paperchase 1. What does each of the following represent: Slide 3 P wave: Atrial Contraction/Depolarization QRS complex: Ventricular Contraction/Depolarization T wave: Ventricular Relaxation/Repolarization 2. When do the AV valves close? Slide 5 Between R & S Waves 3. When do the Aortic/Pulmonary Semilunar valves close? Slide 5 2/3 of way through T Wave 4. For the Nodal action potential, what happens during the following phases: Slide 6 1.Phase 4: Influx via open Na+ (f) & Ca++ (T) VGCs. 2.Phase 0: Rapid influx via open Ca++ (L) VGCs 3.Phase 3: Closing of Ca++ VGCs & Efflux via open K+ VGCs 5. For the Myocyte action potential, what happens during the following phases: Slide 8 Phase 4: Influx via open Na+ (f) & Ca++ (T) VGCs. Phase 0: Rapid influx via Na+ VGCs Phase 1: Closing of Na+ VGCs/Small influx of Cl-/Small efflux of K+ Phase 2: Influx of Ca++/Efflux of K+ Phase 3: Closing of Ca++ VGCs/Efflux via open K+ VGCs 6. What are the units for the following: Slide 10 CO: ml or L/min HR: beats/min Preload & Afterload INTRINSIC FACTORS Note that these are Extrinsic Vascular SV: ml or L/beat Variables Conduction System Auto-Regulation Functional Syncytium 7. What are the Intrinsic variables that affect HR? Slide 11 (Starling Mechanism) Conduction System Functional Syncytium CO = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume 8. What are the Extrinsic variables that affect HR? Slide 11 Contractility Parasympathetic & Sympathetic Nervous Systems 9. What are the Intrinsic variables that affect SV? Slide 11 Parasympathetic Sympathetic Auto-Regulation/(Starling Mechanism Nervous System Nervous System 10. What are the Extrinsic variables that affect SV? EXTRINSIC FACTORS Slide 11 Sympathetic Nervous System Preload & Afterload 11. What does Starling’s Law represent? Slide 10 As The Heart Muscle Stretches, Contractile Force Starling’s Law Increases - But Only To A Point. Contractile Force As The Heart Muscle Stretches, Contractile Force Increases - But 12. What is Preload, what affect does it have on the Only To A Point. heart, and how can it be modified? Slide 10 Stretch Venous return to the heart Afterload 13. What is Afterload, what affect does it have on the Preload (Resistance to output) heart, and how can it be modified? Slide 10 (Venous Return) Force of blood already in arteries, which constitutes a Resistance to output 14. What does TPR mean? What anatomy does the abbreviation represent? Slide 12 Total Peripheral Resistance Arterioles 15. What is Poiseuille’s Equation? What physiologic variable has the greatest effect on the resistance to blood flow? Slide 12 Q = ∆P/R Vascular diameter has the greatest effect on resistance to blood flow 16. For Bernoulli’s Principle, what do the following represent: Slide 12 KE: Kinetic Pressure, Pressure of blood moving forward PE: Pressure Energy, Blood Pressure on walls of vessel 17. Please explain what is means to say, “The total energy of the system is conserved.” Slide 12 & 13 The variables are reciprocal in nature. As one increases, the other decreases 18. What effect would TPR Vasoconstriction have on Muscular Artery BP? Slide 13 19. What effect would TPR Vasodilation have on Muscular Artery BP? Slide 13 20. What hormones cause Vasoconstriction? Slide 15 Angiotensin II (Ag II) and Arginine-vasopressin (ADH/AVP), are powerful vasoconstrictors (VC). Norepinephrine and Epinephrine can cause vasoconstriction (VC) in some blood vessels because of alpha receptors. 21. What hormones cause Vasodilation? Slide 15 Epinephrine, it can cause vasodilation (VD) because of beta-2 receptors. 22. What local or autonomic factors can cause Vasodilation? Slide 15 CO2, Lactate, NO 23. What are the cardiovascular effects of the following autonomic receptors:Slide 15 Alpha 1: VC @ TPR Beds Alpha 2: Inhibits NE release Beta 1: Increased Heart Rate and Contractility Beta 2: VD @ TPR Beds 24. What effect do the following have on cardiovascular dynamics: Slide 16 Player Source Effect Stimulus Acetylcholine (ACH) PNS/CNX - Vagus ▼ HR Parasympathetic Activation Aldosterone (ALD) Adrenal Cortex ▲ Na+ Absorption @ Kidney ▼ BP ▲ BV ▬▶ ▲ BP Presence of Ag II Angiotensin II (AGII) Kidney/Liver/ ▲ VC ▬▶ ▲ BP ▼ BP Lungs ▲ Aldosterone & ADH/AVP ▼ Renal Perfusion Atrial Naturetic Heart ▲ Na+ Loss @ Kidney ▲ BP/BV Peptide (ANP) ▼ BV ▬▶ ▼ BP ▲ Atrial Stretch Anti-Diuretic Hormone Hypothalamus/Posterior ▲ H2O Absorption @ Kidney ▼ BP (ADH/AVP) Pituitary ▲ VC In TPR Beds Presence of Ag II ▲ BP Epinephrine (EP) SNS/Adrenal Medulla ▲ VC In TPR Beds: !-1 Sympathetic Activation ▲ VD In TPR Beds: "-2 ▲HR & SV (Contractility) ▲ BP Renin Kidney (JG Cells) ▲ Conversion of Angiotensinogen ▼ BP ▼ Renal Perfusion Nitric Oxide (NO) Vascular ▲ VD ▬▶ ▲ Tissue Perfusion Various Stresses Endothelium/Peripheral Nerves 25. During a bout of exercise, there are typically a series of cardiovascular adaptations/responses. Please describe those adaptations/responses (eg, what happens during exercise?), and their potential effects on Cardiac Output (CO), as well as arteriolar & muscular artery Blood Pressure (PE), and Blood Flow (Q). Starling Mechanism Stroke Cardiac Exercise Movement Venous return (Preload) Myocardial Stretch Contractile Force Activation Volume Output Blood Pressure (BP) Vasoconstriction (VC) at Arterioles (TPR’s) For Most of Body Alpha 1 Cardiac Heart Rate (HR) & Stroke Volume (SV) Output (CO) Exercise Stress SNS Activity Epinephrine Beta 1 Beta 2 Nitric Oxide Vasodilation (VD) at Arterioles (TPR’s) Blood Flow (Q) Vasodilation For Muscles & CNS Blood Flow (Q) 26. During dehydration the CV Dehydration (Loss of Blood Volume) system must adapt to maintain BP BP. Please describe the adaptations with special Blood Pressure (BP) Stress SNS Activity Epinephrine CO emphasis on the neurohormonal responses of: BP in Kidney Renin Made in Liver Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I A C E BP VC @ Arterioles Angiotensin II BV H2O Reab Na+ Reab Aldosterone @ Kidney @ Kidney ADH/AVP