Palomares Infectious Infertility and Abortion 2024 PDF

TM Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology & Infectious College of Veterinary Medicine Diseases Infectious infertility & Abortion in cattle...

TM Group for Reproduction in Animals, Vaccinology & Infectious College of Veterinary Medicine Diseases Infectious infertility & Abortion in cattle Roberto A. Palomares DVM, MS, PhD, Dip ACT  Infectious Infertility Conception Calving 0 15 30 42 60 75 90 120 270 285 Embryonic Period Fetal Period Certain specific infections can cause: Fertilization failure : Day 1 (Ovulation, Oocyte, Sperm, or Oviducts)  Embryonic death: < Day 42 of gestation.  Fetal Death: > Day 42 of gestation. They may affect the embryo/fetus, uterine environment/placenta, or CL  Pregnancy Loss 1. Embryonic death: Before day 42 of gestation. 2. Fetal death: After day 42 of gestation. A. Abortion. “Most common” B. Stillbirth C. Mummification. D.Maceration. Many Risk Factors for Embryonic Death 1. Heat stress 2. Dietary protein 3. Genetic merit of cows 4. Milk yield 5. Subnutrition (-) energy balance 6. Low Progesterone concentrations 7. Infections (Trich, Campy, IBR, BVD, Lepto). 8. Subclinical Endometritis 9. Salpingitis 10.Mastitis 11.Genetic gamete defects  Abortion: Termination of pregnancy, Fetal death & “expulsion”.  Stillbirth Fetus matured fully in utero but is born dead. Full-term pregnancies Fetus has died in the uterus. Look normal. Lungs do not float in water (respiration never occurred).  Fetal Maceration Fetal death, no abortion, progressive bacterial digestion Fetal bones, no placentomes, and less fetal fluid in uterus. Cow may have fetid vaginal discharge and septicemia. CL persistence & Chronic endometrial damage. Poor prognosis: Slaughter. Valuable animals: PGF2a or Colpotomy.  Fetal Mummification Fetal death, persistence of CL. No clinical signs. Fetal membranes dry & wrinkled (resorption of placental fluids). Uterus adhere to fetal shape. Dry contorted mass. Cervix close, gestation apparently continues until Dx.  Fetal Mummification Mummification becomes evident between 3-8 mo of gestation. Autolysis & fluid reabsorption in a sterile environment. Constriction of umbilical vessels, placenta congestion. No Placentomes. Treatment with 25 mg of PGF2a or Colpotomy  Lepto BVD IBR Infectiou s Infertilit y Camp Trich y  Infectious Infertility & Reproductive Efficiency From moderate reduction on reproductive performance to abortion storms Decreased rates of conception, pregnancy, and calving Extended postpartum intervals (extended seasons) Delayed 1st calving (Advanced age in heifers) Delayed return to estrus and service Increased occurrence of abortions. Decreased number of weaned calves and their weights 1. Increased culling and replacement rates  Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVD) Embryonic Death Abortion Congenital defects Stillbirths It depends on: Biotype, genotype & virulence, immunity, stage of pregnancy, co-infections  How BVD affects cows’ fertility Fertilization Failures / Embryonic Death Secresion of E2 Peak of LH Ovulation Salpingitis P4 Levels Endometritis Embryo Damage oocyte viability Oophoritis, Granulosa cell necrosis Delayed follicular development  Bovina Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Infection with BVDV NCP ≤ 125 days gestation PI **** * * farmingamerica.files.wordpress.com BVDV can cause the development of Persistently infected calves https:// BVDV BVD immunosuppression Innate Immunity High PGE2 (Regulatory) Low CD18, CD62L (Neutrophil migrat) Low C3R, FcR (Phagocytosis) Low TLR (Pathogen recognition) Low MHCII (Ag presentation) Low TNFa, IL1, IL6, CD80 CD86 (Inflam) Vaccinated Unvaccinated Bittar, Palomares et al., 2019  Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (IBR) https://www.thailandmedical.news/uploads/ Herpesviridae / Alphaherpesvirinae editor/files/herpes(2).jpg BHV1 is endemic in livestock farming in America.  Clinical disease after acute infection or viral reactivation. BHV-1.1: Respiratory and Reproductive Disease Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Pneumonia > young animals. ED (effect on embryo & oophoritis & necrosis of CL). Abortion at any time. Most common > 4 months. Conjunctivitis & Encephalitis. Pustular vulvo-vaginitis https://slideplayer.com/slide/10683499/37/images/8/Early+embryonic+loss+Infection+of+dam+during+preimplantation+period+ %28before+days%29.+Delayed+return+to+heat..jpg  BHV1 latency (Infection or Vaccination) Infection of Stress Latency in nerve ganglion Susceptible Animal Reactivation Trigeminal/sacrum Dissemination (10–17 days) Replicates in epithelial cells Latency (Rhinotracheitis) Hoyos, Palomares, et al., 2018 High prevalence of latent infections in cattle. Disease occurs after viral reactivation  Oophoritis by BHV1 Kennedy and Richards, 1964 Timothy J. Parkinson, 2019 Viral Ag and Necrosis of the CL Post-Infection Decrease in P4 concentrations Lesions in the LC 4-9 d after infection or vaccination. (Van der Maaten and Miller, 1985) Kennedy and Richards, 1964 Autolysis Effusion in the cavities Hemoglobin staining Abortion (placental damage and stillbirth). Abortion @ 4–7 months gestation. Abortion a few weeks after infection Abortion can take up to 4 months Stillbirths, weak calves and mortality of young calves  Diagnosis PCR Virus isolation Antigen Capture Elisa (ACE) Serology (ELISA, SN) Fetus – Kidney, liver, adrenal glands, lungs.  Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Multifactorial and polymicrobial disease Significant economic losses in global livestock farming. Low feed conversion & yield, high treatment costs & mortality Cattle at higher risk: Stressed calves (young, weaned and transported)  Vaccines are effective tools to prevent abortion and infertility Vaccines Are Not 100% Effective !! Stress Extreme climates Nutrition Infectious Pressure Age at Vx Vaccination Route Vaccine management Passive immunity The immune response depends on many factors  Vaccines Attenuated Virus vs Inactivated Virus Safety Efficacy  IBR & BVD vaccines: Modified-Live Virus vs Inactivated Virus Attenuated vaccines (MLV) Inactivated vaccines (KV) Replicates in the animal, Rapid Does not replicate. Needs booster at Response 21d Stimulates Cellular Immunity (BSC) Limited Cellular Immunity Higher and longer-lasting antibodies Lower antibodies and short duration* Can reverse virulence, cause latency Safe Some risk of contamination Low risk of contamination Can suppress the immune response Do not affect the immune response Risk of abortion in pregnant animals No risk of abortion  What is the Evidence?  BVDV vaccination (41 studies, Newcomer et al., 2016):  45% abortion rate,  85% fetal infection rate  5% pregnancy rate, compared to unvaccinated animals.  In calves, MLV had a lower risk of morbidity than KV(17 studies).  In cows, MLV had greater clinical and fetal protection than KV(22 studies)  Inability of KV vaccines to induce a long-lasting humoral protection response. Newcomer et al., 2016  " MLVs induce greater fetal protection" "Limitation of KV to induce prolonged Ab titers" Newcomer & Givens, 2016  Vaccination Newcomer & Givens, 2016 Vaccination effectively controls and prevents BoHV-1 reproductive failures (including abortions) when administered prior to AI or NM  Vaccination Protocol for Heifers MLV SC Vaccine MLV SC Vaccine MLV SC Vaccine 1 2 3 6 12 Months IN Vaccine BRSV, IBR, PI3 They must be vaccinated at least 2 times with MLV before AI. Isolate them from pregnant cows during and after vaccination  At least 4 weeks before synchronization and AI.  Annual Vaccination Protocol in Cows 1. Maximum protection during the first 4 months of pregnancy calving 1. MLV Vaccine 2. KV Vaccine 30 days postpartum 60 days pre-partum 2. To improve the quality of colostrum MLV (6m) + MLV (12m) + KV(pregnancy) greater fetal protection Vs. MLV (12 m) + MLV (pregnancy) Walz et al., 2017  Leptospira Zoonosis >200 Serovars Septicemia and Nephritis in Young Animals Rajeev et al., 2017  Leptospira L. borgpetersenii hardjo-bovis L. interrogans (pomona, icterohaem) High Temperature Contaminated standing water Lepto invades intact mucosa Wild and domestic animals are reservoirs  Leptospira Leptospira persists in the kidneys and genital tract (L. interrogans Sejroe serogroup strains) Microb Pathog 2022 Dec;173(Pt A):105841. & Ovaries (Vet Microbiol. 2022 Aug:271:109489.)  Leptospira Fertilization, embryonic development, implantation, fetus https://www.farmersjournal.ie/five-safety-steps-when-dealing-with-stock-bulls-621890 Infertility, Repeat breeding, Prolonged PCI, Abortion Higher levels of IL-6 in endometrium Abortions, Stillbirth, weak calves Serovar hardjo: Sporadic abortion (3-10%) Incidental Serovars: Abortion storms. (50%)  Campylobacter & Tritrichomonas C. fetus subsp. venerealis: Gram -, extracellular, motile, microaerophilic. T. fetus: Flagellate protozoan (3 anterior & 1 posterior ) Obligate pathogens of the bovine genitalia Venereal transmission Infertility Sporadic abortion (5%) 4 yrs) Chronic carriers https://www.facebook.com/geneticaanimalworld/photos/ a.1287549814680413/2653557791412935 The folds of the prepuce create a microenvironment for Campy & Trich.  Campylobacter & Tritrichomonas Do not affect fertilization and early embryonic development Inflammation results in embryonic and fetal death (15-80 days) Cervix and vagina remain infected (Source of infection for months). www.researchgate.net Salpingitis Vaginitis & Cervicitis Endometritis  Campylobacter & Tritrichomonas Repeat breeding and delayed return to estrus. IEI 35 days Low pregnancy rates (40%) early pregnancy at the end of the season They clear the infection in 3-6 months. Short immunity. Less than 10% have abortions. Pyometra in 1% of Trich cases  Leptospira vaccination Multivalent: Hardjo-bovis, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, e Icterohaemorrhagiae. Monovalent: (Hardjo-bovis): Protection against serovar hardjo. Controls renal colonization of hardjo-bovis for 1 year (APHIS, USDA). Other reports suggest that Vx does not prevent renal or genital colonization Prev. Vet. Med. 2018, 153, 71–76. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 321.  Lepto & Campy Vaccination Low risk (closed herds/controlled environment): Vaccination once/year Moderate Risk (endemic regions): Vaccination twice/year. High risk (open herds/humid environment, high prevalence): Vaccination 3 times/year ✅ Pereira et al., Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2013, 137, 56–62. Include Bulls ✅ Aono et al., Theriogenology 2013, 79, 242–248 Booster 4-6 weeks of primary Vx. Annual re-vaccination (1 dose). 1 month before the mating season, and around weaning. It reduces long-term infertility and abortion caused by Leptospira.  Vaccination against Tritrichomonas Booster @ 4 weeks. Annual revaccination: 4 weeks before NM Vagina Uterus Serum Palomares et al., Theriogenology. 2017 1;87:235-241. Prevents subfertility caused by Trich (Edmondson et al., 2017)  Neosporosis Neospora caninum (Protozoa) Abortion (3 mo-term; 5-6 mo) storms or sporadic, weak calves, Stillborn. Encephalomyelitis and myositis in dogs Wildlife  Diagnosis Presence of parasites (IHC) in fetus and placenta PCR Serological evidence Compatible gestational age Autolyzed fetus Disseminated inflammatory lesions  Biosecurity: Decreases the level of exposure & infectious pressure Importing herd-only animals with high repro performance Quarantine. Isolate new animals for 4 weeks. (e.g. IBR) Identification (e.g. BVD PI, Lepto (screening >90d PostVx, Campy). Lepto treatments (e.g. oxytetracycline, tulathromycin, ceftiofur)  Avoid overpopulation in very large groups (dairy heifers