Ideation and Design Process

 A stage in the design thinking process, where teams generate ideas and solutions in a facilitated, judgement- free...

 A stage in the design thinking process, where teams generate ideas and solutions in a facilitated, judgement- free environment Definition of Ideation: The process of forming ideas The goal is to produce as many ideas as possible; regardless of the feasibility, to inspire new or better solutions Purpose, Value & Techniques of Ideation: Purpose: To generate a large number (as many as possible) of ideas, good and bad, in a condensed time frame lead to innovation and breakthroughs a defined process which can be Brainstorming- most popular used across many industries Sketching / Doodling No criticism / judgement Unlock Creativity Visualization  Process Phases of creative Similar to brainstorming Innovation problem Thinking- Divergent solving ideation Process & Development Convergent Thinking- idea analysis and evaluation Phases of Actualization Ideation Invention-did not exist Requires the elimination Innovation- new way to or reduction of do something boundaries & limitations Improvement- make better  Engineers Conclusion Great problem solvers but are Ideation is a creative process not generally considered to The team dynamics are be creative critical to the success of Add value to the process, but ideation Role of need to be a member of a The strength of an idea lies in cross-functional to be more its ability to be implemented Engineers in effective The process builds trust and demonstrates a shared the Ideation corporate commitment to communication Process There is a defined process which can be used across many industries Vocabulary to Know: systematic characterized by order and planning phenomena observable facts or events iterative involving repetition of a process or set of steps prototypes first or preliminary models of something, especially a machine or system complementary enhancing or completing something else Scientific Method a systematic process used by scientists to explore and understand the natural world. Involves: asking questions, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Goal: is to uncover new knowledge and test existing theories about how the universe works. Example: a scientist might investigate why some flowers grow taller than others by designing an experiment to test different factors like sunlight, water, and soil conditions. Engineering Design Process is a creative and iterative process used by engineers to solve problems and create new solutions. Involves: defining a problem, researching existing solutions, generating ideas, building prototypes, testing and refining designs, and communicating results. Goal: to develop practical solutions that meet specific needs and improve existing technologies. Example: an engineer might use the engineering design process to create a raised flower bed that improves drainage and promotes flower growth. Steps: Engineering design Steps (9 steps) Scientific Method steps (7 steps) 1. Clarifying problem 1. State your Question specifications and constraints 2. Do Background research 2. Research and Investigate 3. Generate alternative designs 3. Formulate your Hypothesis 4. Choose and justify the optimal 4. Design Experiment solution 5. Test your hypothesis (do 5. Develop a prototype the experiment) 6. Test and Evaluate 6. Analyze your results 7. Redesign the solution 7. Communicate Results 8. Communicate your achievements 9. Re-enter the design cycle at any step to revise solution if necessary. Introduction to Engineering Technological Systems Definition: Purpose: Engineering technological systems are complex To understand how these systems work, from networks of components designed to achieve the input they receive to the output they specific functions. produce. Designed to perform specific functions without Take in information or materials, process them constant human intervention. and produce a desired output. This process is described using the input-process-output (IPO) model Key Vocabulary: Intervention: act of interfering in a situation to change or influence it. Manipulation: act of skillfully handling or controlling something, often in a way that is deceptive or unfair. Redundancy: state of being unnecessary or repetitive, often used to describe having multiple components that perform the same function. Reliability: quality of being dependable or trustworthy, often used to describe a system's ability to perform its function consistently over time. Operational: Relating to the functioning or working of a system or device. What is Input? Definition: the resources or data that enter a system. What the system receives- raw materials, information or energy Examples: Energy (electricity, fuel), raw materials, information (data), human effort. Examples of Inputs in Technology Automobiles: Fuel, air, driver’s commands Computers: Electricity, user input (keyboard/mouse), software. Factories: Raw materials, labor, machinery. What is Process? Definition: the methods or operations used to convert inputs into outputs. Transformation that happens to the input- calculation, manipulation or changes in state Types: Energy (electricity, fuel), raw materials, information (data), human effort. Examples of Processes in Technology Automobiles: Combustion (engine), mechanical movements, control systems. Computers: Data processing (CPU), software algorithms. Factories: Assembly lines, manufacturing techniques. What is Output? Definition: the final products or results produced by the system after processing. The result of the process- could be a finished product, piece of information or change in the environment. Examples: Finished products, services, information. Examples of Outputs in Technology Automobiles: A working car ready for use. Computers: Completed tasks (documents, images). Factories: Finished goods (electronics, clothing). Putting It ALL Together Explanation: How inputs enter the system, what processes are applied, and what outputs are generated. Possible “Black Box” concept- Focuses on the system’s input and output WITHOUT delving into the internal workings. Allows engineers to analyze and understand the system’s behavior without needing to know every detail of it’s internal mechanisms. Real World Application Example: A smartphone. Input: Touchscreen commands, battery power. Process: Operating system, apps processing. Output: Displayed information, completed tasks. DOL On a response card: Provide a technological system. Briefly describe the input, process and output for the system. Sketching & Drafting Next we will cover: Information Sketching- types and characteristics Drafting- scale and perspective Oblique Sketching start off with light thin lines called construction lines Construction lines: define enclosing boxes for the shape start off with light thin lines are the path for the final straight lines of the sketch. Intersections of construction lines: specify the length of the final lines. The points will then guide the sketching of circles and arcs. Construction Line also guide the proportion of the sketch. Oblique sketching is easy, in that it begins with a two-dimensional representation of the front of the object. Isometric Sketching somewhat more difficult to master than oblique sketches choice of whether to use an oblique projection or an isometric projection is often arbitrary oblique projection is easier to sketch, it is sometimes preferred isometric projection provides a more photorealistic image of the object Sketching Auxiliary Views The view is based on the observer looking at the object along a line of sight that is perpendicular to the angled face. Sketching an auxiliary view seems quite chal-lenging at first, but following a step-by-step approach makes it nearly as easy as sketch-ing a standard orthographic view. #3 Your Turn! Following Directions, Sketch the following in Auxiliary View Professional Success: Will Freehand Sketching ever become obsolete? Pencil-and-paper freehand sketches are quick, efficient, easily modified, and easily conveyed to others. And all that is needed is a pencil and a scrap of paper. The paper and pencil will not be going away anytime soon. The only advancement may be a touch screen, but the way sketches are made will still be used. It is quicker and easier to sketch something out on a piece of paper, than it is to log in, and boot up the correct computer aided drafting system. #4 Sketch the 2 standards! American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Used in the United States Everywhere else, it’s the International Standards Organization (ISO) Sheet Layouts Engineering drawings are almost always done in “landscape” orientation. Depending on how complexity of the object, depends on the size of the drawing. Title Block- records important information about the drawing. Located in the lower right of the drawing. Lines Visible lines (thick, solid lines) represent the outline of the object that can be seen in the current view. Hidden lines (thin, dashed lines) represent features that are hidden behind surfaces in the current view. Centerlines or symmetry lines (thin, long-dash/short-dash lines) mark axes of rotationally symmetric parts or features. Dimension lines (thin lines with arrowheads at each end) indicate sizes in the drawing. Extension lines or witness lines (thin lines) extend from the object to the dimension line to indicate which feature is associated with the dimension. Leader lines (thin, solid lines terminated with arrowheads) are used to indicate a feature with which a dimension or note is associated Lines Example What are Drawing Standards? First, using standard symbols and projections ensures a clear interpretation of the drawing by the viewer. For example, the symbol Ø associated with a dimension indicates that the dimension is a diameter of a circular feature. Without this convention, it would be more difficult to unambiguously represent diameter dimensions on a drawing. On the next slide, Notice that the numbers for the dimensions in the ANSI standard are unidirectional, having the same orientation, where-as the values for the dimensions in the ISO drawing are aligned with the dimension line. Sketching & Drafting Next we will cover: Information Sketching- types and characteristics Drafting- scale and perspective Oblique Sketching start off with light thin lines called construction lines Construction lines: define enclosing boxes for the shape start off with light thin lines are the path for the final straight lines of the sketch. Intersections of construction lines: specify the length of the final lines. The points will then guide the sketching of circles and arcs. Construction Line also guide the proportion of the sketch. Oblique sketching is easy, in that it begins with a two-dimensional representation of the front of the object. Isometric Sketching somewhat more difficult to master than oblique sketches choice of whether to use an oblique projection or an isometric projection is often arbitrary oblique projection is easier to sketch, it is sometimes preferred isometric projection provides a more photorealistic image of the object Sketching Auxiliary Views The view is based on the observer looking at the object along a line of sight that is perpendicular to the angled face. Sketching an auxiliary view seems quite chal-lenging at first, but following a step-by-step approach makes it nearly as easy as sketch-ing a standard orthographic view. #3 Your Turn! Following Directions, Sketch the following in Auxiliary View Professional Success: Will Freehand Sketching ever become obsolete? Pencil-and-paper freehand sketches are quick, efficient, easily modified, and easily conveyed to others. And all that is needed is a pencil and a scrap of paper. The paper and pencil will not be going away anytime soon. The only advancement may be a touch screen, but the way sketches are made will still be used. It is quicker and easier to sketch something out on a piece of paper, than it is to log in, and boot up the correct computer aided drafting system. #4 Sketch the 2 standards! American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Used in the United States Everywhere else, it’s the International Standards Organization (ISO) Sheet Layouts Engineering drawings are almost always done in “landscape” orientation. Depending on how complexity of the object, depends on the size of the drawing. Title Block- records important information about the drawing. Located in the lower right of the drawing. Lines Visible lines (thick, solid lines) represent the outline of the object that can be seen in the current view. Hidden lines (thin, dashed lines) represent features that are hidden behind surfaces in the current view. Centerlines or symmetry lines (thin, long-dash/short-dash lines) mark axes of rotationally symmetric parts or features. Dimension lines (thin lines with arrowheads at each end) indicate sizes in the drawing. Extension lines or witness lines (thin lines) extend from the object to the dimension line to indicate which feature is associated with the dimension. Leader lines (thin, solid lines terminated with arrowheads) are used to indicate a feature with which a dimension or note is associated Lines Example What are Drawing Standards? First, using standard symbols and projections ensures a clear interpretation of the drawing by the viewer. For example, the symbol Ø associated with a dimension indicates that the dimension is a diameter of a circular feature. Without this convention, it would be more difficult to unambiguously represent diameter dimensions on a drawing. On the next slide, Notice that the numbers for the dimensions in the ANSI standard are unidirectional, having the same orientation, where-as the values for the dimensions in the ISO drawing are aligned with the dimension line. Drafting introduction What is drafting? Why is it important? Definition: Drafting is the process of creating detailed drawings Importance of Drafting: and plans for engineering projects. Visual representation of ideas Purpose: To communicate design ideas clearly and accurately. Ensures accuracy and precision Aids in manufacturing and construction Helps in problem-solving and testing designs Drafting is an essential skill in engineering, bridging the gap between ideas and tangible products. Drafting Types, Tools & Techniques Tools: Techniques: Traditional Tools: Key Techniques: Pencils, rulers, compasses, and drafting tables Line types (solid, dashed) Dimensioning and scaling Digital Tools: Use of symbols and annotations CAD software (e.g., AutoCAD, SolidWorks) Types: Technical Drafting: Focus on detailed drawings for Mechanical Drafting: Create parts and assemblies for construction and manufacturing. machines. Architectural Drafting: Design plans for buildings and Civil Drafting: Design infrastructure like roads and structures. bridges. Scale Definition: Scale is the ratio of the size of an object in a Types: drawing to its actual size. Architectural Scale: Often used for buildings (e.g., 1/4" = 1'). Purpose: It allows for accurate representation of large objects on paper. Engineering Scale: Used for civil and mechanical drawings (e.g., 1:50). To fit large designs on manageable paper sizes. To ensure accurate measurements when building or Graphic Scale: Visual scale that shows proportional manufacturing. distances. To communicate designs clearly to others. How to Read a Scale: Identify the scale ratio (e.g., 1:100). Use the scale to measure distances on the drawing. Convert measurements to actual size using the scale. Renewable v. Nonrenewable. Nonrenewable energy sources, such as oil, cannot be replaced. There is a fixed supply that will eventually be used up. Renewable energy can be replaced. Most of the energy we use today comes from nonrenewable, or limited, energy sources. It takes millions of years for coal, oil, and natural gas to be created. As we use them up, more will not become available. At our present rate of use, it is estimated that we have only a hundred-year supply of oil and natural gas remaining Fossil Fuels Oil, natural gas, and coal are all called fossil fuels A fossil fuel is an energy-rich substance formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Fossil fuels are made primarily of hydrogen and carbon atoms joined together as molecules in a high-energy, chemical bond. During combustion, when fossil fuels are burned, the molecules break down into simpler molecules. As they break down, they release much of the energy that is contained in the high-energy bonds. Coal The first fossil fuel used during the Industrial Revolution. Strip Mining- Very shallow holes are dug and then the coal is removed. After the mining is done, miners will need to plant grass and trees in place of the holes. Coal is abundant, but must be moved by barge, train, or truck to its location. Coal can contain sulfur, and once burned and mixed with groundwater, it can create acid rain. Oil Called “Black Gold” because we depend on it the most Used more than coal, because we can take it easily from the ground. It also has more energy per pound than coal. Wells are dug even in areas with harsh climates or hazardous conditions, such as the northern coast of Alaska and the deep ocean floor. Let’s Think About this… Natural Gas Is used in home heating, cooking, and as well as in industry. Burns cleaner than in fossil fuels. Natural gas is transported by pipelines from its source in the ground to the places where it is used. Gas is also used to make fertilizers, which has helped increase food production tremendously. So not all bad! Nuclear Fission Unlike oil, gas, and coal, uranium is not a fossil fuel. It is not burned to obtain energy. Nuclear fission, the splitting of an atom’s nucleus. The atom splits and forms two smaller nuclei and extra neutrons, which give off a great deal of energy in the form of heat and light. Large amounts of energy is produced. In a nuclear power plant, the nuclear energy is converted into electricity A nuclear power plant produces excess unusable material called radioactive waste, which contains unstable atoms that give off radiation. Renewable Energy Resources Renewable energy resources are those that are so abundant or that replenish themselves so quickly that they will never run out. For example, solar energy is essentially unlimited because, although the sun will burn out in a few billion years, we could never deplete the amount of energy released by the sun in our lifetime. Renewable energy resources have low energy values, so it takes much more energy to get the energy value needed. Human and Animal Muscle Power While using your muscle power allows some work to be done, it is rarely good enough for something demanding a lot of power consistently. Example of this is in gyms, elliptical machines are used to generate SOME power for the gym. Animal power is used more often: Teams of horses can pull wagons, or teams of oxen can pull a farm plow, for example. Solar Energy We depend on the sun to provide energy to support life on Earth through photosynthesis. Solar power plants, for example, use many special mirrors called parabolic reflectors to focus sunlight onto a single spot to generate very high temperatures. The heat causes water to boil and create steam, which can be used to generate electricity A photovoltaic cell is a solar cell that can turn sunlight into electricity to charge batteries, or on most satellites and space vehicles. 10% of the sun’s energy is converted to electricity in a photovoltaic cell. Wind Energy Machines that harness the wind have been used to pump water, grind grain, and move ships across the water. Has been used for hundreds of years In some locations where it is windy, farmers lease their land for wind farms. The farmers earn income and can still grow crops on the land. Problem: Only generates electricity when windy, or is flowing at a certain speed.The speed of the wind and the diameter of the blades determine the amount of energy produced. Water Energy The gravitational potential energy of water has been used for centuries. Water wheels provided power for grinding grain into flour. A turbine was invented in the 1800s that used the gravitational potential energy of water to produce power. Turbine is a circular device with blades, and when water runs over it, the turbine turns. The turbine is connected to a generator that then produces electricity. Wave energy, another possible source of water power, is being used in experimental facilities to produce electricity Geothermal Energy Has anyone ever run a 5K before? At Earth’s center is a hot, molten core. Volcanic activity within the last 3 million years has brought molten rock, called magma, to within 3 miles of Earth’s surface. The same distance as a 5K. When magma is close to the surface, it can heat underground water to the boiling point, creating steam. Steam can be used to power turbines Problem: Geothermal Energy is very unstable, and the water from the steam is corrosive due to minerals and salts that have been dissolved. Nuclear Fusion In nuclear fusion, the nuclei of two atoms are forced together to form a new nucleus, and a large amount of energy is released. Sources for these fuels are readily available, making than a renewable energy source The waste products of fusion are not radioactive, and the process would not cause pollution. Problem: A successful fusion power plant has not yet been built, but fusion research continues. It is hoped that someday fusion will prove to be an efficient way to generate electricity. Biomass Biomass is accumulated vegetable and animal wastes. Biomass can serve as a major source of renewable energy. Three basic biomass processes are used to produce energy 1. Direct combustion of waste products. Ex: Burning wood is a biomass process. 2. Gasification. Ex: Methane gas is produced as biomass rots, being collected and stored to be used as fuels. 3. Fermentation, which uses microorganisms to turn biomass such as corn or other grain into alcohol and carbon dioxide gas. An example of this is gasohol, which is a mixture of gasoline and alcohol, or ethanol made from corn. Work Energy that is expended by exertion of a force over a distance. Ex: Pushing a heavy desk across the floor, What would make you more tired? Pushing it 5 ft, or pushing the desk 50 ft? Work=Force x Distance Traveled=F*d Other types of calculations for work are Potential Energy, and Kinetic Energy Potential and Kinetic Energy Potential Energy is work done by moving a weight in a vertical direction, Or height (h). Weight is calculated by mass (m) times gravity (g). Potential energy= PE = Weight x Height = m*g*h Kinetic energy is a form that is possessed by an object in motion. There are 2 equations for kinetic energy, there’s translational motion, and rotational motion. Potential and Kinetic Energy cont. Translational motion is when an object moves linearly. Translate to ½ mass times the difference between final velocity and initial velocity. KEt= ½*m*(vf^2–vi^2) Rotational is for when an object is spinning in place. I stands for moment of inertia, and the w symbolizes angular velocity. KEr= ½ *I*(wf^2-wi^2) If you are trying to calculate the KE of a bowling ball that is doing both (rolling and traveling down a lane) you would add these two equations together to get the total. Thermal Energy Have you heard of mCAT from Chemistry? Energy can also be calculated from a change in temperature, which is “delta” or the triangle, T. Thermal energy = Q =mass*specific heat capacity*change in temperature= m*C*(Tf-Ti) or mCAT The unit for this would be Joules (J) Power Defined as Energy over Time Power= Energy/Time= J/s Unit for Power = Watts NOTE: Power is the RATE at which energy is delivered over time. Efficiency (Input and Output) Efficiency is a measure of how much energy is lost in a process. In perfect world, everything would be at 100% efficiency, and all energy inputted would be recovered in the output of a system. Efficiency (Input and Output) cont. Voltage Voltage is a measure of how much work is required to move an electric charge in the vicinity of other electric charges. Volts = V = Current x Resistance = I*R Resistance Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is to move charges through a material. Resistance = R = Voltage/Current = V/I Ohm’s Law To maintain a specific current through a resistance requires a voltage proportional to the resistance. A larger resistance makes it harder to “push” the electrons through the device, thus a larger voltage is required. Similarly, current is inversely proportional to resistance. For a given voltage, if the resistance increases, the voltage cannot “push” as many electrons through the device per second, so the current must decrease Ohm’s Law: V=IR Schematic Symbols and Ideas Series Circuits When two resistors are connected in series, the current through both of the resistors is the same, even though the value of each resistor may be different. Parallel Circuits When two resistors are connected in parallel, the voltage across both of the resistors is the same. The current through each resistor may be different. The voltage is applied to the entire system.