Padhle 11th Geography as a Discipline PDF

www.padhle.in @padhle.in Geography as a Discipline CH 1 Geography | Class 11 Notes + Important Questions www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in Thank you for using www.padhle....

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Padhle!  GEOGRAPHY AS A DISCIPLINE Index - - - why would we study Geography ? - what is Geography ! - Work of geographer - Concept of Naturalised human - Different dimentions of geography ( what , where , why ) - Geography as an Integrating discipline - Physical geography and natural sciences - Physical geography and social sciences - Branches of geography > Systematic approach > Regional approach > Dualism in geography > Branches on the basis of systematic approach Physical geography Human geography Biography geography > Branches on the basis of Regional approach - Physical geography and its importance * Why should we study Geography ? → Geography equips you to appreciate diversity and investigate into the causes responsible for creating such variations over time and space. 0 What is Geography ? In very simple words , it can be said that geography is the description of the earth. The term GEOGRAPHY was first coined by Eratosthenes geofearth) graphos /description) The earth 's surface is not uniform. - It has variations in its physical features. - There are mountains , hills valleys , , plains , plateaus , oceans , lakes , desert and wilderness. This variation provides a clue to the understanding of the relationship between the physical environment and social cultural / features The physical environment has provided the stage , on which human societies enacted the drama of their creative skills with the tools and techniques which they invented and enveloped in the process of their cultural development. * Definition of Geography according to scholars : " The description of earth abode of the the human beings : → as We have noted that there exist variations over the surface of the earth in its physical as well as cultural environment. A number of phenomena are similar are similar and many are dissimilar. → It was , therefore , logical to percieve geography as the study of areal differentiation.  Thus , geography was perceived to study all those phenomena which vary over space. Geographers do not study only the variations in the phenomena over the earth 's surface ( space) but also study the associations with the other factors which cause these variations. → Thus , the concern of geography is to find out the casual relationship between any two phenomena or between more than one phenomenon. - Eg. : Tate Work of Geographer : 4 Explains the phenomena in a frame of cause and effect relationship. ttlelps in interpretation and also foresees the phenomena in future. → The geographical phenomena , both the physical and human , are not static but highly dynamic. This can be explained with example Difference between Primitive human societies and Present human societies : Primitive human societies Present human societies 1- Directly dependent on their immediate i. Far ahead from primitive societies. environment. 2. Present societies have modified their 2- Geography , thus , is concerned with natural environment by inventing and the study of Nature and using technology and thus , have expanded Human interactions as an integrated the horizon of their operation by whole. appropriating and utilising the resources provided by nature. Human ' ' 3. is an integral ' part of Technology ' nature ' ' and nature has the 3. has a big role in ' ' imprints of human. bringing this change. * Concept of Naturalised human : ↳ With the help of technology human , beings moved from the stage of necessity to a stage of freedom. 4 They have put their imprints everywhere and created new possibilities in collaboration with nature. + We now find humanised nature and naturalised human beings and geography studies this interactive relationship. * Geography as a discipline is concerned with three sets of questions : Why ? what ? Where ? What ? Some questions are related to the identification of the patterns of natural and cultural features as found over the surface of the earth. Where ? Some questions are related to the distribution of the natural and human / cultural features over the surface of the earth. Taken together , both these questions take care of distributional and locational aspects of the natural and cultural features. These questions provided organised information of what features and where located. - It was a very popular approach during the colonial period. → These two questions did not make geography a scientific discipline till the third question was added.  Why ? The third question is related to the explanation or the casual relationships between features and the processes and phenomena. It studies the patterns of distribution , location and concentration of phenomena over space and interprets them providing explanations for these patterns. It also takes - note of the associations and interrelationships between the phenomena resulting from the dynamic interaction between human beings and their physical environment. * Geography as an Integrating Discipline : Heterography is a discipline of synthesis. → Geography as an integrating discipline has interface with numerous natural and social science. → All the sciences , whether natural or social , have one basic objective , of understanding the reality. → Every discipline , concerned with scientific knowledge is linked with geography of their elements vary over as many space. → Geography helps in understanding the reality in totality in its spatil perspective. → Geography , thus , not only takes note of the differences in the phenomena from place to place but integrates them holistically which may be different at other places. & A geographer is required to have a broad understanding of all the related fields , to be able to logically integrate them. This integration can be understood with some examples. - Geography influences historical events. Like : Way - In India , Himalayas have acted as great barriers and provided but provided routes to the migrants traders protection the passes and from Central Asia. The sea coast has encouraged contact with people from East and Southeast Asia , Europe and Africa. 4 The geographical factors have modified the course of history in different parts of the world. * Every geographical phenomenon undergoes change through time and can be explained temporarily. The change in landforms , climate , vegetation , economic activities occupations and cultural developments have followed a definite historical course. → It is possible to convert time in terms of space and space in terms of time. Ege. : A → B. 15000 km away , or 2 hrs away > all 3 are > same or F- hours away , → Time is an integral part of geographical studies as the fourth dimension. When ? What ? Why ? → 4 Dimensions where ? * Physical Geography and Natural Sciences : → All the branches of physical geography , have interface with natural sciences.  PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY NATURAL SCIENCES a. Physical geography Geology Climatology a. Meteorology Oceanography Hydrology Soil Geography Pedology * Mathematics in Geography : A geographer should have some proficiency in mathetics and art , particularly in drawing maps. Geography is very much linked with the study of astronomical locations and deals with latitudes and longitudes. The shape of the earth is Geoid but the basic tool of a geographer is a map which is two dimensional representation of the earth. * Arts in Geography : Maps are prepared through autistic imagination. Making sketches , mental maps and cartographic work require proficiency in arts. * Aerography and Social Science * Role of Philosophy in Geography : Every discipline has a philosophy which is the raison d 'etre for that discipline. Philosophy provides roots to a discipline and in the process of its evolution , it also experiences distinct processes. All the social science displines , They study the society viz. Sociology political science economics study different aspects of social reality demography. → Difference between Political Science and biography : Political Science Geography → The core concern of political → Political geography is also interested science is territory , people and in the study of the state as sovereignty. a spatial unit as well as people and their political behaviour. Economics Geography → It deals with basic attributes of → The role of economic geography the economy such as production , to study the spatial aspects of distribution exchange , and consumption. production , distribution. exchange and consumption. Population of Geography and demography : te Population geography is closely linked with the discipline of demography. → Thus it is clean that geography has strong interface with natural and social sciences. It follows its own methodology of study which makes it distinct from others. * It has osmotic relationship with other disciplines. 4 While all the disciplines have their own individual scope , this individuality does not obstruct the flow of information. → Geographers use data obtained from sister disciplines and attempt synthesis over space. → Maps are very effective tools of geographers in which the tabular data is converted into visual form to bring out the spatial pattern. * Branches of Geography 4 It has very dearly brought out that geography is an interdisciplinary subject of study. Different approaches to study Geography : is systematic Approach its Regional Approach is systematic Approach - The systematic geography approach is the same as that of general geography. This approach was introduced by Alexander Von Humbolt , a German geographer (7769-1859). Here we see the world as a whole. Identification of typologist or spatial pattern is done. A single phenomenon is studied. For example , if one is interested in studying natural vegetation. * The study will be done at the level as a first step. - The typologies such as equatorial rain forests or softwood colonial forests or monsoon forests , etc. will be identified , discussed and delimited. its Regional Approach : Regional geography approach was developed by another German geographer and a contemporary of them bolt , Karl Ritter (1779-7859).  In this we study the geographical phenomena in a particular region. Region could be : - Natural , political or designated. → The phenomena in a region are studied in a holistic manner searching for unity in diversity. * Dualism in Geography : From very starting of the subject. Earlier scholars laid emphasis on physical geography. But human beings are an integral part of the earth 's surface. They part of nature - are. They also have contributed through their cultural development. Thus developed human geography with emphasis on human activities. * Branches of Geography (Based on systematic Approach) : Physical Human Biogeography Geography Geography  Physical Geography : → Geomorphology - - It is devoted to the study of landforms , their revolution and related processes. → Climatology - It encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements - of weather and climates and climatic types and regions. → Hydrology - - It studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans , lakes , and other water bodies and its effect on different life forms including human life and their activities. → Social Geography - - It is devoted to study the processes of soil formation , soil types , their fertility status , distribution and use. ° Human lteography : A Social cultural Geography surrounded the study of society and its spatial dynamics as well as the cultural elements contributed by the society. te Population and Settlement Geography (Rural and Urban) : It studies population growth , distribution , density , sex ratio , migration etc. Settlement geography studies the characteristics of rural and urban settlements. tefeonomic Geography studies economic activities of the people including tourism , trade and transport agriculture , industry , etc. 4 Historical Geography studies the historical processes through which the space gets organised. - Every region has undergone some historical experiences before attaining the present day status. The geographical features also experience temporal changes and these form - the of historical concerns geography. 4 Political Geography looks at the space from the angle of political events and Studies boundaries , Space relations between political units neighbouring , delamination of constituencies , election scenario and develops theoretical framework to understand the political behaviour of the population. * Biogeography : The and interface between physical geography human geography has ' lead to the development of Biogeography. A Plant Geography which studies the spatial pattern of natural vegetation in their habitats. 4200 Geography which studies the spatial patterns and geographic characteristics of animals and their habitats. A Ecology (Ecosystem deals with the scientific study of the habitats characteristics of species. 4 Environment Geography world concerns over leading to the realisation of environmental problems such as land gradation pollution and concerns for , conservation has resulted in the introduction of this new branch in geography. * Branches of Geography (Based on Regional Approach) 1. Regional Studies / Area Studies : → Comprising Macro , Meso and Micro Regional Studies. 2. Regional Planning : → Comprising Country ( Rural and Town ( Urban Planning. 3. Regional Development 4. Regional Analysis : → There are two aspects which are common to every discipline , these : are B Philosophy a) Geographical Thought b) Land and Human Interaction / Human Ecology  ii. Methods and Technique a) Cartography including Computer Cartography b) Quantitative Techniques / Statistical Techniques c) Field Survey Methods d) Geo - informatics comprising techniques such as Remote Sensing , G- IS , GPS etc. 4 The above classification gives a comprehensive format at the branches of geography. but this classification is not static Any discipline is bound to grow with new ideas , problems , methods and technique. For example ; what was once manual cartography has now been - transformed into computer cartography. Technology has big role in this transformation. * Physical Geography And Its Importance 0 Physical geography includes the study of - → Lithosphere : Landforms , drainage , relief and physiography. → Atmosphere : Its composition , structure , elements and controls of weather and climate temperature , pressure , winds , precipitation , etc. → Hydrosphere : Oceans , Seas , lakes and associated features with water realm. → Biosphere : Life forms including human beings and macro organism. 0 Why their study is important ? As we know that the soil is an important feature for us , thus we study its formation to understand it better. * Each element is important for human beings : 4 Importance of Lithosphere - Landforms provide the base on which human activities are located. The plains utilised for are agriculture. Plateaus provide forests and minerals. Mountains provide pastures , forests , tourist spots. and are sources of rivers providing water to lowlands. A Importance of Atmosphere - Climate influences our house types. clothing and food habits. The climate has profound effect a on vegetation cropping pattern - , , some industries etc. Human beings have developed technologies which modify climatic elements in a restricted space such as air conditioners and coolers. Temperature and precipitation ensure the density of forests and quality of grassland. Importance of Hydrosphere - We study oceans which are the store house of resources. - Besides fish and other sea - food , oceans are rich in mineral resources. 4 Importance of Biosphere - Soils are renewable resources , which influence a number of economic activities such as agriculture. The fertility of the soil is both naturally determined and culturally induced. Soils also provide the basis for the biosphere accommodating plants , animal , micro organisms. * Conclusion : 4 The study of physical geography is emerging as a discipline of evaluating and managing natural resources. H In order to achieve this objective , it is essential to understand the intricate relationship between physical environment and human beings. A Physical environment provides resources. and human beings utilise these resources and ensure their economic and cultural development. 4 Accelerated pace of resources utilisation with the help of modern technology has created ecological imbalance in the world. 4 Hence , a better understanding of physical environment is absolutely essential for sustainable development.  Chapter—1 Geography as a Discipline (Important Questions) Very Short Answer Type→ Question 1. The ancient Indian scholar who first propounded the theory of a heliocentric universe. Answer: Aryabhata Question 2 The branch of biogeography that studies the man-nature relationship. Answer: Human ecology Question 3 What do you mean by geomorphology? Answer: It is the science that studies landforms. Question 4 What do you understand by Regionalism? Answer: The process of identifying various regions is known as regionalism. Short Answer Type→ Question 5 What is the relation of geography with other sciences? Answer: Geography draws its contents from both natural science and social science (sociology, economics, political science). It has also. contributed to them. Hence there are several interdisciplinary’ areas in; geography. For example. Geomorphology is closely linked with. Geology, Economic Geography with Economics, and Bio-geography with life sciences (Botany and Zoology). Question 6 Why did geography become a popular subject in school by the end of the eighteenth century? Answer: It was because it gave knowledge about the land to prospective migrants, administrators and traders. Gradually, along with the description of places and peoples, explanation for varying responses of people to the natural environment was also presented. Thus, geography emerged as the study of the dynamics of the man- environment relationship and its imprints on the earth’s surface. Question 7 What are the two ways of studying geographic problems? Answer: The two ways of studying geographic problems are systematic and regional. A study of a specific natural or social phenomenon that gives rise to certain spatial patterns and structures on the earth’s surface is called systematic geography. Unlike systematic geography, regional geography starts with the spatial imprints of one or all the systematic geographic processes discernible as regions of different sizes. Question 8 Write in brief on the geographic methods and techniques. Answer: Geographers use various types of methods and techniques in order to collect and analyse information related to the surface of the earth. They include the following: 1. Field studies (physical as well as socio-economic surveys). 2. Cartography (the science of drawing maps and diagrams). 3. Quantitative geography (covers a number of mathematical and statistical techniques). 4. Spatial information system, e.g., GIS, LIS, GPS. Question 9 Name the various branches of bio-geography. What led to the development of bio- geography? Answer: The interface between Physical geography and Human geography has led to the development of Bio-geography. It includes: 1. Plant geography – Study of the spatial. the pattern of natural vegetation in their habitats. 2. Zoo-geography – Study of spatial patterns and geographic characteristics of animals and their habitats. 3. Ecology/Ecosystem – Study of the habitat’s characteristic of species. 4. Environmental geography – The environmental concern world over leading to the realization of environmental problems, such as land degradation, pollution, and concerns for conservation, led to the introduction of this new branch of geography. Question 10 What do you mean by Systematic geography? Answer: A study of a specific natural or cultural phenomenon that gives rise to certain spatial patterns on the earth’s surface is called Systematic geography. There are four branches of systematic geography: 1. Physiography  2. Biogeography 3. Human ecology 4. Geographic methods and techniques. Question 11 What are the two ways of studying geographic problems? Answer: The two ways of studying geographic problems are systematic and regional. A study of a specific natural or social phenomenon that gives rise to certain spatial patterns and structures on the earth’s surface is called systematic geography. Unlike systematic geography, regional geography starts with the spatial imprints of one or all the systematic geographic processes discernible as regions of different sizes. Long Answer Type→ Question 12 Write a short note on Spatial Information Technology (SIT). Answer: The last quarter of the 20th century has put geography on a new trajectory of development with SIT as the main source of information and information processing. SIT is concerned with data collection and analysis related to physical space or the surface of the earth with the help of advanced means of information technology, such as remote sensing, aerial photographs, and satellite imageries. They have enabled geographers to develop geographic information systems (GIS), land information systems (LIS), and global positioning systems (GPS) as location decision administration and managerial tools. Geography in the 21 st century has entered a new era of spatial information technology (SIT). They are going to be used not only in answering the question of what is where and why but also in what should be where and why. They will not only be generating information for decision-making but also will be actively participating in decision-making. Question 13 Describe the various branches of geography. Answer: Today geography is the only discipline that brings all-natural and human sciences on a common platform. It is an interdisciplinary and integrative science having numerous branches: A. Systematic geography: 1. Physiography: Studies the physical aspects of the earth’s surface, as landforms, climate, water, and soil. 2. Plant Geography: Studies the distribution of various kinds r- of forests and grasslands. Zoo-geography studies the distribution of animals and micro-organisms. Human ecology studies the changing human-nature relationship and its consequences on human life and living. Environmental y geography studies the quality of the living environment and its implications for human welfare. 3. Human Geography: Human beings interact with nature and create a great variety of cultural phenomena like villages, Ji towns, cities, countries, factories, roads, houses, etc. The study of location and distribution of all such phenomena falls under the purview of human geography. 4. Geographic methods and techniques: Field studies, cartography, quantitation geography, and spatial information system (GIS, LIS, GPS). B. Regional Geography: 1. Regional Studies 2. Regional Planning 3. Regional Development 4. Regional Approach Question 14 Discuss two perspectives of study that characterized geography in the twentieth century. Answer: Geography in the twentieth century became a discipline that studied the earth’s surface from two perspectives systematic and regional. The former produced sub- disciplines like physiography, climate, biography, political geography, economic geography, health geography, etc., while the latter gave rise to regional geography, regional science, regional development, regional planning, area planning, etc. The first started with systematic knowledge to arrive at regional patterns, while the second started with a region to arrive at systematic details. In both cases, humans remained a central theme i.e., the emphasis of the study being on the impact of systematic processes and regional patterns on humans and their activities. Question 15 How did the Indian scholars contribute to geography in the ancient period? Answer: Indian scholars were among those who laid the foundation of geography in the ancient period. Atharva Veda, written around the 10th century B.C., gives the details of the then known earth, its physical features, bio-geography, and human settlements. Indians went to different parts of the world to carry the message of Indian culture, particularly of Hinduism and Buddhism. The contribution of Indian astronomers and geographers was highly advanced for their times. Aryabhata propounded the theory of heliocentric universe a century before Copernicus, and Bhaskar Acharya mentioned the gravity of the earth 1200 years before Newton. Kalidas’s description of the geography of Central India in ‘Meghaduta’ is highly professional. Question 16 What is the importance of Physical geography? Answer: Physical geography includes the study of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.  Soils are formed through the process of pedogenesis and depend. upon the parent rocks, climate, biological activity, and time. Time provides maturity to soils and helps in the development of soil profiles. Each element is important for human beings. Landforms provide the base on which human activities are located. The plains are utilized for agriculture. Plateaus provide forests and minerals. Mountains provide pastures, forests, tourist spots and are sources of rivers providing water to lowlands. Climate influences our house types, clothing, and food habits. Climate has a profound effect on vegetation, cropping pattern, livestock farming, and some industries, etc. Temperature and precipitation ensure the density of forests and the quality of grassland. Oceans are the storehouse of resources and are rich in mineral resources, fish, and other seafood. Soils are renewable resources, which influence a number of economic activities such as agriculture. Physical geography is fast emerging as a discipline for evaluating and managing natural resources.