P.6 SCIENCE LESSON NOTES TERM ONE TO THREE.pdf

WACACADEMICCONSULTANCY PRI MARYSI X SCI ENCELESSONNOTESTERM ONETOTHREE 1  WACACADEMICCONSULTANCY P. 6SCI ENCELESSONNOTESTERM ONETOTHREE THEME:THEWORLDOFLIVI NGTHINGS TOPI C:CLASSI...

WACACADEMICCONSULTANCY PRI MARYSI X SCI ENCELESSONNOTESTERM ONETOTHREE 1  WACACADEMICCONSULTANCY P. 6SCI ENCELESSONNOTESTERM ONETOTHREE THEME:THEWORLDOFLIVI NGTHINGS TOPI C:CLASSI FICATI ONOFLIVI NGTHI NGS CONTENT Char act eri sticsofli vi ngthi ngs  Theyfeed  Theygrow  Theyreproduce  Theyrespondtostumul i  Theymov e  Theyexcrete  Theyrespir e. Li vi ngthingsarediv idedint of i vekingdomsnamel y;  Animal Ki ngdom  PlantKingdom  Prokaryotal (Bacter iaKingdom)  Protocti sta(si nglecell edor gani sms)  Fungi Ki ngdom Ani malKi ngdom Ani malsar eclassi fi edi ntot wogr oups  Vertebrat es  Inv er t ebrates Ver tebr ates Ver tebr atesar eani mal swi thabackbone/ ver tebr alcol umn( spi ne) Groupsofv ertebr ates Vert ebratesar ecl assi fi edi ntof ivegr oups;  Mammal s  Birds  Reptiles  Fish  Amphi bi ans 2 Vert ebr atesareal sogroupedi ntotwo; i.War m bl ooded(homoeot hermic) ii.Coldblooded(poi ki lot her mic) Warm bl ooded i) Mammal s ii ) Bi rds Col dblooded i) Fi sh ii ) Rept il es ii i) Amphi bi ans MAMMALS Mammal sarev ert ebr ateswhi chhav emammar ygl ands. Char act eri sticsofmammal s  Mammal sarewarm blooded  Theyhav efurontheirbodi es  Mostoft hem giv ebi r thtoli vi ngyoungones.  Theyfeedt hei ryoungonesonbr eastmi lk  Theybreathethroughthelungs.  Thei rhear t saredividedint ofourchambers Gr oupsofmammal s  Primat es( mostadv anced/ fingeredmammal s)  Ungul ates( hoofedmammal s)  Carnivor ousmammal s(f lesheat ers)  Rodent s( gnawi ngmammal s)  Insectivorous(insecteat ers)  Pouchedmammal s( mar supials)  Flyi ngmammal s( chiroptera)  Eggl ayingmammal s( monot remes)  Seamammal s( cetaceans) Pri mates(f inger edmammal s) Thesear ethemostadvancedgroupofmammal s. Char act eri sti cs 3  Theyhavewell dev el opedbr ai n  Theyusefr ontlimbsf orholdingandhindli mbsf orwal king.  Theyhavefi vefinger soneachhandandf ivetoesoneachf oot.  Theyareomnivorousi.e.theyfeedonbothfleshandvegetables.  Theyhavewell dev el opedsetofal l thefourtypesoft eethi.e.inci sor s,cani nes, premol arsandmol ars( 32teeth) Exampl esofpri mat es Man,monkey s,apes,gor il las, baboon, bushbaby ,chi mpanzee, orangut an. Ungulat es(hoofedmammal s) Al lmammal sinthisgr oupar eher biv orousi. e.t heyf eedonv eget ati on. Ungulat esaredivi dedint ot wosub-groups i ) Eventoedungulates i i ) Oddtoedungulates Eventoedungulates Theyincl ude;Okapi,deer ,pigs, catt le,gir aff e,sheep, ant elopes, hippopot amus Eventoedungulat esar esubdiv idedintotwo; i ) Ruminants i i) Nonrumi nants Ruminants Theseareungul ateswi thfourst omachsandchewcuds.Mostoft hem hav ehor ns whichtheyusef orprot ect ion. Examples  Cat tl e  Goat s  Sheep  Camel Antel opeetc Nonr uminant s  Thesear eungulat eswhichdonotchewcudbuthaveacompletedent it ion.  Theyhav ewelldevel opedcani neswhicht heyuseforpr otect ion Examplesincl ude; Pigs, hippopot amus,war thog. Oddtoedungul ates Thenumberoft oesisal way sof fe. g.onei nhor se, donkey ,Zebr aandt hreei nel ephant andRhino. Car niv orousmammal s 4 Characteri sti csofcar nivorousani mals  Theyar estr ongmammal s  Theyhav ewelldev el opedcani neteethforteari ngfleshofthei rprey.  Theyhav esharpclawsf orholding,kil li ngandt ear ingtheirpr ey.  Theyhav eav erygoodspeed, goodsenseofsmel l,keeneyesightandgoodhear ing.  Thi siswhyt heyev enhuntatni ght.  Thei rfeethavesoftpadst hereforethuscanr anafterthei rpr eywi t houtmaki ng noi se. Carni vorousmammal sar edividedi nt otwof amili es; a)Dogf amily–Facer esembl esthatofadog b)Catf amily–f aceresembl esthatofacat. Exampl esofthedogf ami lyinclude; Domest i cdog, hyena,jackal ,foxet c Exampl esofthecatfamil yinclude;l ion,l eopard,ti ger , cheetah,mangoose, domest ic cat. Somecarni vorousar escav engerse.g.hy ena,jackal. Gnaul ingmammal s(Rodent s)  Thesear emammal swhi chhavewelldevel opedi nci sor susedf orbi tt ingand chewingpower ful andr apidly.  Theydon’ thav ecani nes.  Mostr odentsareherbivores(veget ari ans) Examplesi ncl ude; Rat s,squi rr els, mice, rabbi ts, har es, por cupi nes, gui nea, pigsand moles. I nsecteat ingmammal s(insecti vores)  Thesearemammal swhi chfeedoni nsect s.  Theyhaveasensi t ivesnoutandst rongclawsfordi ggi ng.  Theyarenocturnali.e.theyhuntatnightandsleepdur ingday.  Examplesincl ude;Hedgehog, el ephantshr ew, Aardvar k.  Ahedgehogi sananimal withspinesoni t sbody.Whenthr eatened, itr oll sit sel fup int oaball. Fl yingmammal s(chir opt era) Batsaretheonlytruefl yingmammal s. Theyhaveaf oldskinatt achedt otheforeli mbwhichactaswings. Therearethreemai nt ypesofbat s; a)Insecteati ngbats: Thesearehelpfult omanbecausetheyeatmanyhar mful insectsli kemosqui t oes. b)Fruiteati ngbats: c)Bloodsuckingbats( v ampi res)t heysuckbl oodfrom l argeani malsli kehor ses, 5  cows, buf fal oesetc.batsar enoct urnali.e.theyhuntandsleepdur ingday.They canfindthei rfoodatnighti ncomplet edar knessbyusingechoesf rom thesound theyproduce. Pouchedmammal s(marsupial s) Examplesoft heseincl ude;Kangar oo, Koal abearandWal l abi es Marsupial sar efoundinAustral i aandsout hAmerica. Egglayi ngmammal s( monot remes)  Thesear ethemostpr imiti v ei nt heclassofmammal sbecause;  Theyr esemblebir dsandr epti l esi nthattheylayeggsandal sohav ebeakssimi lart o thoseofbirds.  Theyhav echaracteri sticsofbirds,mammal sandr epti les.  Monot remesareregar dedasmammal sbecauset heyfeedtheiryoungonesonmi l k from themammar yglandsandf ort hecar etheygivetothei ry oungonesafter hatching.  Exampl esincl ude;theduckbi l ledplatypusandt hespinyanteat er( echi na)of Australi a Seamammal s(cetaceans)  Thesearemammal swhi chliv einthesea.  Theydon’thav egi ll sbutt heybreat hebymeansofl ungs  Theyhav ealay eroff atsundertheskincall edblubbertokeepthem war m.  Theyhav eahi ghl evelofintel li gencenexttopri mates  Theyhav emammar yglands  Theygivebirtht olivi ngy oungonesandsuckl ethem onmilkfr om themammar y gl ands.  Mostseamammal shav efur. Examplesi nclude; Bluewhal e,Sperm whale, porpoi sesandseal s BI RDS Char act eristi csofbi rds  Thei rbodyi sst r eaml i nedi. e.poi nt edatt hefr ontandback.  Thei rbodi esarecov eredwi thfeatherswhichtheymol tev eryy ear.  Thei rbonesar ehallowi. e.donothav ebonemar row.  Theyhav escalesont heirlegs  Theyarewar m blooded  Theybreathebymeansofl ungs  Thei rfrontlimbsar emodi fiedaswi ngs  Theyhav enot eethbuthav ehor nybeaks.  Thei rey eshav ethreelidsthel ower,upperandnictat ingmembrane.  Theylayshelledeggswhi char efert il izedint ernal ly  Theycar eforthei ry oungones.  Manyoft hem canf ly. 6 Externalfeatur esofabi r d Features,ali mentarycanalofabi rd,r epr oduct ioni nbir d ReferstoP. 5(ter m work)  Feedi nghabi t antsi nbirds  Bi rdshav enoteeth  Theyhav eahor nybeak  Theshapeoft hebeakvari eswit hthety peofthef oodeat en. Cl assi ficat ionofbi r ds  Bir dshav eanumberofspeci aladaptati onfeat her s.  Theyaregr oupedavoidi ngtothetypeabeakandf eet( claws)t heyhav e.  Somebi rdsaregroupedaccordi ngt othety peoffoodtheyeat. Someoft hegr oupsar e;  Bi rdsofpl ay  Per chingbirds  Scr atchingbirds  Swi mmi ngbi rds  Wachi ngbirds  Fi ghtless( walking)bi rds  Cl imbi ngbirds  Scav engerbi rds 1.Bi rdsofpr ey  Theyar ecar nivorousbi rds.  Theyeatr at s, f ish,mi ce, li zard, chickenet c  Theyhav estrongey esightt ospottheirevenwhent heyarefl ying  Theyhav estrongshar p, hookedbeaksf orteari ngtheprey.  Theyhav estrongshar pcur vedtal ons( claws)forgri ppi ngandki ll ingthepr ey. Examplesinclude; Hawks, eagles,vul tures,secret arybir ds,owls, kites,et c St ruct ureoft hebeakandcl aws Per chi ngbirds  Bi rdsinhi sgrouphav e;  Spli tfeetandwal kinglegs.  Backwar dlypoint ingtoesuitablef orholdi ngaper ch.  Theyhav eonet oepointingbackwardandthr eet oespoi nti ngf orwar d. 7 Typesofperchingbirds i ) Seedeat er s Thesehaveshor tstr ongconi cal beakssui tabl eforbr eaki ngupseedse. g.pi geon, dov es, weaverbi rdsfinchesetc St ruct ureoft hebeakandf oot i i) I nsecteaters Theyhavestoatnarrowbeaksforpickinguptheinsectf rom t hebackoftr ees. Examplesi nclude;Sparr ows,robbins,swall ows,andswift ,beeeat erset c. Swall owsandswi ftshaveshortandwi deopenbeakswhichhelpt hem t ocatchinsect s evenwhenflyi ng. i i i) Honeysucker/nect oreat er Thosehavet hinl ongbeakswhichar esl i ght lycur ved. Exampl e,Thesunbi rd. St ruct ureoft hebeak Fruiteater Thosehav ealongst oatbeakf orcol l ect ingf rui ts Exampl e,Hor nbil l Structur eofthebeak Scrat chingbir ds  Thesebi r dsfeedonseedsandi nsect swhichtheyfindbyscr atchi ngtheear th.  Theyhav eshort, strong,fi rm poi ntedbeaksforpi ckingupthi ngsfrom t hegr ound.  Theyhav estr ongf eetwiththi cktoesandbluntnai ls.  Theycanwal keasily  Theirbodyisheavyandwi ngsareweak. Examplesincl ude;domest i cfowlsi. e.chi cken,tur key, guineafowl. St ruct ureoft hebeakandf oot 8 Swi mmi ngbi r ds  Theyhav ewebbedf eedwhickactl ikepaddles  Theyhav ebroadbreastbone.  Theirskinhasmanyoi lgl andswhichproduceoi l topr ot ectthei rbodyagai nstwater.  Theyhav ebeakswithsmallcrossplat esont hemar ginswhichhel pthem t osieve foodfrom themud.  Exampl esi nclude; Ducks,swans,geese,penguins,seagull s,pel i cans Str uct ureoft hef oodandbeak Fl ight lessbirds  Thesear ebi r dswhi char eunabl etof l ybutcanr unv eryf ast.  Theyhav eweakandsmal lwingscompar edt othebodysi ze.  Anost r ichi sthelargestandf astestfl ightl essbir d.I trunsfasterthanahone. Examplesi ncl ude;Kiwi,pengui ns,ostri ches,emu, rhea, andcrossaway. Cli mbingbirds  Theyhav et wot oespoi ntedforwar dandot hertwobackwar ds.  Thisarrangementhel pst hem inclimbingtol ookf orseedsandi nsect s.  Theyliv ei nt r eesandr unaboutonbr anchesoft rees.  Examplesi nclude;Apar r ot,awoodpecker. Thest ruct ureoft hebeakandf oot Scavengerbir ds  Thesebi r dsf eedonf leshkil l edbyot herani mal s, rott enmeatandf ish.  Theyusual l yhav ebeakssi mil artot hoseofbirdsprey.  Theyar eusefulbecauset heyclearmostoft hedeaddecayi ngmatterwhi chmay ot herwisebeasour ceofmanydi seases. Examplesincl ude; v ult ur ecrows,andmar abosstorks Thewaysinwhi chbi rdsar eadapt edf orfl ying  Theyar estreaml i nedt oreducef ri cti onsot hattheycanmov ethroughaireasil y.  Theyhav ehal l owboneswhi chreducewei ghtandtheirbackbonesar ef used (j oined)togi vethem r igi dity.  Theyhav est r ongat tachmentoft hei rpower f ulandst r ongfrontmuscleswhichare usedf ormov ingwi ngs  Theirforeli mbsar emodi fi edi ntowings  Theyhav enopi nnat oabst r actt hefl owofai r.  Theyhav egoodey esighttoseewel lfrom longdistancesandjudgethedistance accuratel y  Theyhav eani ctitati ngmembr anewhi chcov ertheeyeandpr otectt hem against mov i ngai rduringf li ght.  Theirbodiesar ecov eredwi thf l i ghtfeat hers. 9 NB:somedomest i cfowl sar eunabl etof lyhi ghbecauset heyhav ebonemar rowwhi ch makethem heav y. Adv antagesofbi r ds  Theyaresourceoff ood  Thefeathersareusedf ordecorati onslikeohats,suit s,handbagsi nst aff ing mattr ess  Bonesareusedf ormaki ngglue.  Somebir dskeptf orcustomar ypurposeli kemaki ngsacri fi cesandpay i ngdowr y.  Theyaresourceofi ncomet ofarmers.  Theyatt racttourist  Somebir dspoll inatef l owerslikethesunbirds,t heypolli natewhencoll ecti ngnector.  Somehel ptocleanourenv i ronmentl i kethev ul tures, crawsandmar abourstor ts. Di sadvant agesofbirds  Manybirdsdamageourcr opsbyeat i ngseeds,l i kemill et, rice, mai ze, sor ghum et c manybirdsarepests  Somebirdscauseaccidenttorunawaysattheair por t.  Theymakeal otofnoisel ikethefloasandmites REPTILES Mostreptil esar eav i par ousani malsi.e.theyanimalswhichlayeggsvivi parousani mals ar eani malswhi chpr oducel i vingyoungones Characteri sti csofr eptiles  Thecol dbloodedani mal s  Theybr eathebymeanofl ungs  Thei rwastepr oofiscov eredwi t hscal es  Thei rt eethar esi mil ar  Theyhav eat hreecl amber edhear ti. e.twoaaur icl esandonev entr icl e  Wi thexceptionofsnakes, theyhav efourli mbswi t hclaws.  Theyhav eexternal ear s.Thetympani cmembr ane(eardrum)isusual lysit uated bel owt hesur faceoft hebody.  Theyl ayeggswhi char eferti li zedinternall y.Theshellsofeggsareeit herleat heryor qui tehardmadeofcal ci um carbonat e.  Theyusual lydon’ tl ookaf tertheiryoungones. Classi ficat ionofreptil es Reptil esaredi v idedintothefol l owinggroups i) Snakes ii ) Lizar ds ii i) Tur tl es,t ortoises, andter rapi ns 10  i v) Cr ocodi l esandAl i gat ors Snakes  Theyhav enol i mbs  Theyar ecarnivorousani mals  Thei reyesar ewithoutey elidsbuteachey eisprotect edbyai mmov able tr anspar entmembr ane  Theyhav eaf orkedt onguewhi chactsasasenseor ganforsmel landtaste.  Theyhav eal ar genumberofr ibsandv ert ebrat es.  Theyshed( moult)theirskinafteracertai nperi od.  Thei rbackwar dpoint edteethpreventthepreyfr om escapi ngfrom themout h.  Somesnakehav epoi sonfangswhi chhav eadeepcanal throughwhi chpoison passes.  Ther i bsandl argescal esont heundersideoftheirbodyalsohel pthem t omov e.  Theyhi deormov eawaywhendi st urbed. Classi fi cati onofsnake Snakesaregroupedint othreemai ngr oupsnamel y;  Poisonoussnakes  Constri ctors  Non-poisonoussnakes Poisonoussnakes Theyhavetwol ongteethcal ledfangsnearthefr ontoft hemouthtoi njectv enom. Exampleofpoisonoussnakest heCobra(whit ebite/ spi tpoi son)  Mamba( black/gr een)  Puffudder/ ni ghtudder  Viper Nonpoi sonoussnakes  Thesedonothavefangsandthevenom poi son.  Theyhavesol iduni formteeth.  Theyki llt hei rpreybycrashi ngandsuffocat ingusingthei rst rongmuscl es.  Theli ckthepreyt omaket hem smoothandslipperyandswal lowt hem whol e. Exampl esofconstri ctor s  ThePython  Anaconda  Boaconstr ict or Fi rstai dforthesnakebite  Appleblackstoneonthei njur edpar ttosuckt hepoisonaftermaki ngcut s  Stayquietandrestt hebit tenpar tsothatt hevenom doesnotspr ead. 11  Ti eabandage/ t ourni quetabov ethebitetolimitthefl owofpoi sonedbl oodt othe hear t.  Cutbet weenthefangmar ksandsuckoutt hev enom ifyoudonothav ewoundsin themouth.  Taket hevicti mtothenear esthealt hunittor ecei veant i v enom i nject ion. Howt otel lthatapersonhasbeenbi ttenbypoi sonoussnake. I tleavestwof angmarksonthebi tt enar eathr oughwhi chsomebl ooddozes LIZARDS Theyhav efourl i mbsandt ail swhi chcangr owwheni tscut. Exampl esofl i zards  Si nks  Geckos  Chamel eons  Agamal i zards  Moni t orlizards  I guanalizards Chameleonsareslowmov i ngrepti l eswhichprotectt hemsel vesbychangi ngcol our. (camoufl agi ng) Theyusetheirl ongsti ckytonguestocapt uret heirprey. Theyhatchthei reggsinsi dethebodyandlayyoungones Tor toi ses,tortl es,terrapi ns  Thesearer epti lesthathavehardshell sont heirbacks  Turt lesandt errapi nshav ethei rfeetmodi fiedintofli pper sforswi mmi ngi nwat er.  Tort oisesmov ebywal ki ngusingthei rstr ongl egs.  Theyalllaytheireggsinsandont hebankofwat er. Di agram showi ngt or t oiseandat urtl e NB:t ortoi sehaver aisedshell swhi letur tl eshav efl atshel l s, Cr ocodi lesandal l igators  Theyarethelargestofr ept il es  Theyli veinwat erandcomeoutt osleepinthesandothebanks.  Theyhavestrongt ail sforswimmi ngandattacki ngthei renemies/ prey  Theyhaverawsoft eethinthei rlongjawsforgri ppi ngthei rprey  Theyproducebyl ayingeggswhi chareburi edunsandatthebankoflakesorr iver s. Di agr am I mpor tanceofr ept il est oman 12   Theyhav egoodski nswhichi sformakingdrums,bel ts, andshoes.  Thei rskinscanbesol dast rophi estogetincome/money.  Theyar esourcesoff oodtoman.  Somer eptil eslikegeckosandl i zardshelptoeatdi seasevect orsl ikemosqui toes i nthehouse.  Theyareusedf orstudyandr esearch  Somel i kecr ocodil esactastour i statt racti on. Fi shbel ongst othegr oupofv ert ebr atescal l edpi sces Character isti csoff i sh  Theyl iveinwater  Theybr eathethroughgi l ls  Theyl ayeggswhi chhat chintofi res  Theireggsar efert i li zedbyt hemal efr om outsidet hef emal e’ sbody.Inwat er ( externalfer ti li zation)  Mosthav escalesont heirbodyexceptcatt lef ish.  Theyhav efi nsf orswi mmi ngandpr ot ecti on  Theyar ecoldbl oodedv er t ebrat es  Theyf eedonpl ant sandani malsinwater. Thest ruct ureoft hef ish Functi onsofpar t sofafi sh Typesoffi sh Therearet hreetypesoff ish  Bonnyf i sh  Cart il aginousfi sh  Lungfish Bonnyf ish Exampl esofbonnyf i share;Ni leperch, Tilapi a,herri ngs,t rout ,sal mons.  Theyhavenoey eli ds.  Theyhaveswim bladderwhi chhelpst okeepthem fl oatortosi nk.  Thei rgil lsareprot ectedbygil lcoveroroperculum  Thei rbodiesarecoveredbyoverl appingscales. Car ti laginousfi sh  Theirskini stoughandshinny  Theyhav egi ll ssli tsi nsteadofgill cover.  Theyhav emostl ycart il ageinsteadofbonesi nthei rskel etons  Theydonothav eswim bl adder. 13 Exampl esofcar ti lagi nousf ish  Dogf i sh  Skates  Rays Lungfish  Theybr eat hethroughgill sinwaterandbyswi m bl adderwhengi l lscannotsuppl y enoughoxygen.  Theyl i veindir typools,swampsorriver s.  Theyhav elongandt hi npelvi candpectoral fins.  Theyhi ber nateindryseasons. Examplesoflungfi sh Thecommonl ungf ish/ mamba  Epicer atodus  Diponi Br eathi ngi nfish  Fi shbr eatheindissol vedoxygeninwat er.  Watercont ai ningoxygenmov est hrought hemout handpassesoutovert hegil ls whichabsor btheoxygeninthewater.  Gil lrackerstrapsoli dpart icl esordirttopreventdamaget othegil l s.  Thegillbarsarespreadoutthegi ll st opreventinter locki ng.  Gil lfi lament saremanyinordertogivelargesurfaceareatoabsor balotofoxy gen di ssolvedi nwaterforr espir ati on. Di agr am Howisfi shadopt edt oli v i ngi nwat er?  I tsstr eaml i nedbodyhel psi ttomov eeasilyinwat er  Fi nshelpittomov einwat erandst opitfrom r oll ing.  Theyhavegillsforbreathingi nwater.  Theyhavelaterall inest odet ectsoundwav es( hearing)ordanger.  Thei rscalesandcol ourpr ov i deprotecti on.  I tssli pperyscalepr otectsitfrom predat orsandhel psinreducingviscosi ty( fri cti on i nwat er )  Somehav eelectri cor ganswhi chgiveouthi ghv oltageofelect ricshocktoit senemy.  Somef i shinjectpoisoni ntotheirenemies. Usesoffishtoman  Theyar ekeptaspetsi naquar ium f ordecor ati on  Theirbonesar eusedt omakeglue  Theyar esourcesofempl oymente. g.fi shmongers. 14  Theycanbeusedf orr esearchandlear ning.  Someareusedasmedi cinee.g.si l verf ish. AMPHIBIANS Thesear ecoldbl oodedv ert ebr atest hatcanl i vebot hinwat erandonl and Charact erist icsofamphi bians  Theyar ecoldbloodedv ert ebrates  Theyr epr oducebyl ayingeggs  Theyundergoext ernal fer til i zati oni. e.themal eshedssper msont heeggsout side t hefemale’sbodyast heyar ebeingl aidinwat er.  Theyhav enoext ernal earlobes.  Theireggsar eusual l ylaidineggspawns.  Theyhav escalelessski n  Theirheartisthr eechamber ed. Examplesofamphi bians Frogs, toads, Newts, salamandas, axol oti s,ef fsbl i ndwor m(ocaecel l ians) Di ff erencesbetweenaf rogandat oad  Frogsmostlyl iveinwat erwhiletoadsmostlyliv eonl and.  Frogshavesmoot hslipperyskinswhil etoadshav ewar t yroughski ns.  Toadslayeggsinlongr ibbonspawnswhi l et oadslayeggsinmassspawns.  Frogshaveful lywebbedhi ndfeetwhil etoadshav epartl ywebbedfeet.  Frogscanbreathethrought hei rlungsandmoi stskinwhilet oadsbreat het hrough thei rlungs.  Tadpolesoffr ogsar ebr ownwhi l eoftoadsar eblack. Feedi nginfr ogs  Theyfeedonsmalli nsectsandworms  Theyusethei rlongst ickytonguest otr apt hei rpr ey. Reproductioninamphi bians  Themal eandf emal emate.  Thef emal elayseggsandt hemal eshedsspermsoverthem tofer ti li zet hem ( externalfer til izati on).  Theeggsdev elopandafteraboutt woweekshatchint ot adpol es.  Thet adpolesunder gosev eralchangestoful ldev elopintoanadult.  Thistakesaboutt hreemont hs. Di agr am t oshowl i fecy cleofanamphi bian 15 I NVERTEBRATES Theseareani malswi thoutabackbone. Theyaremult icel l edani mals. Cl assesofi nvert ebr ates  Coelenterates  Echinoderms  Sponges  Wor ms  Mol l usks  Arthropods a)Coelent erates  Theyhav ecylindri calbodi eswit honlyoneopeni ngwhi chact sasthemout handt he anus.  Theyhav estingingcell sonthetent acl essur roundi ngt heopeni ngs.  Theyl i veinwat er. Exampl esofcoel ent erat es  Corals  Jell yfish  Hydra  Seaanemone. b)Echi noder ms Thehavespi nyski nsandt ubef eet. Theypumpli qui dintot hei rfeettomaket hem ex pand. Exampl esofEchi noder ms  Starf ish  Seaurchi ns  Seali li es  Seacucumbers c)Sponges  Spongesareacol lecti onofindivi dualcell sorganizedintoonebodyont heseaf loor.  Theycannotmoveaboutbutremai nstuckontheseaf loor.  Theysuckinseawaterandfil teroutti nypiecesoff ood.  Theybreat heandfeedthroughtheholesintheirbodies. d)Moll uscs  Thesearei nver tebr ateswi thsof tandunsegment edbodi escov eredbyapr otect ive shel lormantl e. 16  Theyl iveonlandandfleshwaterorsal tywat er.  Somemol l usksdonothav eshel lsli keoct opus  Moll usksreproducebylay ingeggs. Examplesofmol l usks -Octopusandsquids( thel argestandmosti ntel l igent ).Theymov ebyj etpr opul sion - Snai l sandSlugs - Oy ster s - Cut t lefi sh - Cl ams - Mussel Snai lsli veonlandandwater Theyfeedonplant s,whi leot her sarecar niv orous Sl ugsar esi mil artosnai l sbutdonothav eshell s. Di agr am showi ngsnai l sandsl ugs E)WORMS  Thesearethi n,l ongandsoftbodi edinv ert ebr ates.  Somel i veinsoi lorwat erwhil eother sarepar asitesl i vingi nsi deot herani mal s  Theybreat hethrought hei rmoistski ns  Theylayeggs. Gr oups/ty pesofwor ms  Theyaredi vi dedi nt ot hr eegroupsnamel y;  Segmentedworms( anneli ds)  Roundworms( nematodes)  Fl atworms(platyhelmint hes) a)Segment edworms Thesearewor mswhosebodi esaredi videdintori ngsorsegments. Theymost l yli veinsoilandwat er. Examples  Leeches  Bristl ewor ms  Earthwor ms  Theyl i veinsoil andeatsoi l ordecayedv eget ati on.  Theyar ehermaphroditei. e.hasbothmal eandf emal eproduct iveor gans  Theyhel ptoaeratethesoilbymakingtunnelswhichalsohel ptoimprov esoi l dr ainage.  Theyhel pint hef ormationofhumusi nthesoil. 17 Di agr am showi ngcommonsegment edwor ms b)Fl atwor ms Theyhavef l attenedandsegmentedbodi es. Manyofthem ar eparasi tesofmanandotherani mal s. Examplesoff l atworms  Tapewor ms  Pondf latworms  Liverfl ukes Tapewor msf eedondigest edf oodi nthesmal li ntest ines Li v erfl ukessuckbloodfrom animal s. Diagram showingcommonf latworms c)Roundworms  Thesearegroupsofwormswit hcyli ndri cal bodies.  Somear eparasi tesi nmanandotherani malsandplant swhi l eot her sli vei nwat er.  Theyarepointedonbot hends. Commonexamplesofr oundwor ms  Hookworms  Ealworms  Pinworms  Threadwor ms  Ascari s  Hookwor msent erourbodi esbypenet rati ngthroughtheski nofbaref eet.  Theyfeedondi gest edfoodi nbloodbysuckingblood.  Theyenterourbodiesbydrinki ngwat erwhichiscontaminat edwit hhookwor ms.  Bathi ngwat erwhichiscontaminatedwithhookwor ms. F)ANTHROPODS Thesear einvertebr ateswithsegment edandjoint edlegs. 18 Char act eri sti csofar thropods  Theyhavejoi ntedl egs  Theyhavehardext ernalskel etoncall edexo-skel eton( cuticl e)  Theycanshedt heircuti clesthroughthepr ocessofmol t ingifgr owt hist ooccur.  Theyhavesegment edbodies. Gr oupsorcl assesofar thr opods  My ri apods  Arachnids  Crustaceans  Insects Myriapods Thesear earthropodswi thmanyj ointedlegs. Thei rbodi esar esegment edwi t heachsegmenthav i ngat leastapai rofl egs. Therearet wogr oupsofmy riapods 1.Centipedes( chil opoda)  Thesehav eonepai roflegsi neachsegmentandapai rofant ennae  Thef r ontlegsar emodi fiedtof orm poisonclaws.  Theyar ecarnivorous. 2.Mill ipedes( dipl opoda) Thesehav etwopai r sofl egsi neachsegment. Theycur lorcoiltoprotectthemsel v esorproducesbadsmell. Di agr am showi ngcommonmy riapods b)Cr ustaceans  Thesearear t hropodswhichhavehardandcr ustli keexo- skelet on.  Theyhavej oi ntedlegs  Thei rbodiesar edivi dedint otwomai npar tsi.e.t hecephal othoraxandt heabdomen.  Theybreathethroughgil l sortheirski n. Examplescrust aceans  Crabs  Crayfish  Lobstars  Prawns  Sandhoppers Usesofcr ustaceans  Theyareeatenasfoodbyman.  Somear eusedasbait sinf ishi ngi ndust ry. 19 c)Arachnids Thesearearthr opodswithf ourpai rsofl egsandt hei rbodi esar edi vi dedi ntot womai n bodyparts.( cephal othor axandabdomen) Exampl esofar achnids Spiders Theyhav especi alorganattheendoft heirabdomencalledspi nnerett esforspinning thei rwebs. Theybr eathethroughbookl ungs Theyuset hei rwebsf ormovement, bui ldi ngt hei rnet s,tr appingthei rpreyandfinding thei rwayback. Theyr eproducebyl ayingeggs. i i.Ticks Theyliveont heski nofanimals Theyf eedonbl ood Theyspr eadmanydi seasesindomest icanimalse. g.Eastcoastfever ,redwater,heart water,andt yphusfev eri nhumans. i ii.Scorpi ons Theyhavealargetai lwi thapoisonoussting Thei rfr ontlegsaremodif iedint opincers Theydonotlayeggsbutgiv ebirt htoy oungones. i v.Mi tes I nsects Thesearear thr opodswi th3( thr ee)mai nbodypar tsorj oint edl egs. Char act erist icsofinsect s  Theyhavet hr eemai nbodypar ts( Head, thorax, abdomen)  Theheadcont ai ns; compoundey es, mout hpart sandfeel ers.  Thethoraxcarri est hreepai r sofl egs,thewi ngs.  Theabdomencont ainst hespiracl es,ovipositor sandsti ngsinsomei nsect s  Theyhavet hr eepai rsofj oi ntedl egs.  Theyhaveanexo- skelet oncalledCut icles  Theyhaveapai roff eelersorant ennae  Theyhaveapai rofcompoundey es  Theyreproducebyl ayingeggs  Theybreathethroughspi r acles. Di agr am showi ngpar tsofani nsect 20 Functi onsofpar t sofaninsect i.Mout hpar t s Proboscisi sat ubef orsuckingfoodini nsect sli kemosqui t oes,housefli es,bees, tset sefl iesetc. Mandiblesareusedforchewingini nsect sli kegrasshopper s,l ocusts,cockr oaches, beetl es,etc i i.Antennae/f eelers Thesear eusedassenseor ganfortouch,smelldet ecti ngsound( hear ing)anddet ect ing changesi ntemper ature,humidi tyandf i ndingdir ect ion. i ii.Wingsf orf lyi ng i v.Compoundey esf orseeing v.Halt eresi nhousef lyforbal ancingduringfl ight. vi.Spiraclesforbr eathi ng Li fecycl eofinsect s Ther earetwot y pesofli fecycl eini nsect s Complet emet amor phosis I ncompletemetamorphosi s Complet emetamorphosi s Thi sisali fecycl eofsomeinsect swhi chgot hroughf ourst agesofdev elopment namel y; Eggs–Larva–Pupa–Adult Exampl esofinsect swhi chundergocompl etemet amor phosi s  Housefl ies  Mosquit oes  Butt erf li es  Bees  Moth  Wasps Lif eofahousef l y Adult slayeggsinbat chesof100- 150eggsinmanureheap, rot ti ngbodi es, exposed foodorfeaces. Theeggshat chi ntol arv acal ledmaggotsaf teraday. 21 NB:Somef l i essuchasbl uebott lefl yhat chtheeggsfrom i nsi dethebodyandlay maggots.  Maggotsf eedondecayi ngmat t er,growqui ckl yandtur nintopupaaft er4- 6day s.  Thepupadoesnotf eedbutgrowsf rom i nsidethepupaacasecall edCocoon.  Theadultcrawlsoutofthepupaafterabout4-5days. Di agr am showi ngt hel i fecy cleofahousef ly Dangers/economicimpor t anceofhousef l ies  Theycar rygermsont hei rbody ,sali vaormouthparts, whichcausethefol l owing di seases;diar rhea, dysent ery ,cholera,t yphoi d,t rachoma,redey es.  Theyhel ptoreducethev olumeoff eacesinl atr ineswhichgetf il ledupqui ckl y. MOSQUITOES Therear et hr eemaintypesofmosqui toesnamel yanophel es, mosqui to, Cul exmosqui to, aedes/t igersmosqui to. i.Anophelesmosquitoes Femaleanophelesmosquit oesspr eadaprotozoancal ledplar modiawhi chcauses malari ainman. Cul exmosqui t oesspreadwormscall edFil ari awhichcauseselephanti asis Aedes/ti germosquit oesspreadavir uscausesdenguefeverandyell owf everi nhuman bei ngs. Li fehi stor yofmosqui toes Adul tmosqui toeslayeggsinstagnantwater. After2- 3day st heeggshatchintolarvacal ledWringl erswhichbreat het hr ougha spiracl eont het ai lendcal ledSiphon. Thel ar vadev elopint ocall edTumbl orswhichbreathesthr oughapai rofspi racl escal l ed breat hingtrumpet s After2- 3weeksf r om eggsafull ygr ownadultcomesoutoft hepupa. Di agr am showi ngl i fecy cleofanophel esandcul exmosqui toes Di ffer encebet weenanophel esandcul exmosqui toes Anophel es Cul ex 22 Layseggswit hanai rfloat Layseggsi ncr aft s/custer s Thelar vali esparal leltot hewat er Thelar vali esatanangl etothewater surf acewhenbreathing. whenbreat hing. Adultl i esinasloppyposi ti onwhenat Adultl i eshorizont all ywhenatr est. rest /. Waysofcont roll ingmosqui toes  Drainstagnantwat eraroundhomes.  Burryoldfins,brokenpot s,orbottl eswher emosquitoescanbreed.  Clearal l bushesar oundhomeswher emosquitoescanhide  Sprayadultmosqui t oeswi thinsecti cides  Sleepunderi nsecti cidetreatednets.  Keepf i shindamsorr eservesofwat ertoeatmosqui t oes,l arv a.  Closedoor sandwi ndowsear l yintheev eni ng  Applyrepellantsont hebodyt odriveawaymosqui toes  Burnmosqui tocoil st oclaveawaymosqui t oes  Planttr ees/ f lowersthatcanr epelmosqui t oesinthecompound. But ter fl iesandmot h  Theyundergocompletemetamor phosis  Femalelayseggsmainlyontheundersideofthel eaves  Eggshatchint olarva/cater pil lar swhi chfeedonleaves  Thelarvaspi nsacocoonar ounditsel fandchangesintopupa/ chr ysal iswhi chdoes notmov eoreati.e.i tisdormant.  Whent headul tisful lgrown,i tbreaksthepupacaseandcomesout. Adv antagesofbutterfl iesandmot hs  Theyhelpinpoll inati ngflower soff ar mer’ scrops.  Wegetsilkbreadsf r om thecocoonsofsomebutter fl ies  Cater pil l arsareeat eninsomesocieti esasfood. Di sadvantagesofbut t erfl iesandmot hs  Theirlar v a/cat erpi ll arsfeedonleavesofcr ops/pl antsdestr oyingthem ( croppest s)  Caterpil l ar shavebr istl ehairswhichcanbur nandcauseir ri tati onitchi ngorwounds otheski n. I ncomplet emet amor phosis Thi sisali fecy clewhichinv olv est hreest agesi.e. Eggs–Nymph–Adul t(i mago) Theadul tfemal elay seggsi nthesoi li naneggsac( pouch) 23 Af terafewday stheeggshat chint oNymphs Af tersever alchanges/moulti ng,t heny mphdev elopswi ngsandbecomesaf ull yadul t. Di agr am showi ngi ncompl etemet amor phosi s Exampl esofinsect swhi chunder goincomplet emet amor phosi s i.Cockr oaches i i.Grasshoppers vi ii.Damselfl i es i ii.Ticks i x. Dragonfli es Bedbugs x.Whi t eaunts i v.Termi tes xi.Aphids v.Prayingmant i s xi i. Fl eas vi.Wal kingsti cks vi i.Kaytidis 24 25 Pr otoctist akingdom (singlecall edor gani sm)  Thesear egroupsofv erysimpleli vingorganism whi charesingl e(uni cel l ularone call ed.  Theyhav eanucleusencl osedinamembr ane  Theyar enei therplants,fungi ,noranimals.  Theyl i veinfl uids(li quids)orinotherorganismsbecausetheydonothave protecti onagainstdrying. Examplesofpr otoct ist a Algae Euglena PROTOZOA a)Al gae  Theyhavechl orophyl l andmaket heirownf ood  Theymostlyr eproducebymeansofspor es.  Theydonothaveroots,stemsandl eav es.  Theyappeari ndiff erentcolourse.g.blue, gr een,r ed.  Theygrowonandwi thinthesoil ,wood, moistr ocks. Exampl esofal gae  Spir ogyr a  Seaweeds  Focus Usesofal gae  I ti susedasf oodbymanandot herani malssuchasf ish.  Theyaddoxy gentowat erwhichi sbreat hedinbywat eranimals.  Theyar eusedi nmakingf er ti lizers  Pr otozoa  Thesear egroupsofsi ngl ecel ledorgani smswhi chhav eanucleusandt he cytoplasm.  Theydonothav echlorophyllbutcapturethei rfoodorengulfi ngusi ngpseudopodi a  Theyar emi croscopic  Theyar ef oundi nwaterandol andindamppl acesandinbodyofani malsas parasites.  Theyr eproducebymeansofpseudopodi ae.g.amoebawhi l eot herbyci liae. g. parameci um Examplesofprot ozoa  Amoeba  Paramecium  Plasmodium 26  Tr ypanosome I ll ust rat ionofamoebaandpar ameci um c)Euglena  Thi sisauni cell ularor ganism whichhasbot hplantsandanimalfeat ures.  Ithaschl orophy l landproducesitsownf ood.  Itcanmov ef rom oneplacetoanotherveryquicklyforpr otect ionli keananimal usingitsfl agel l um.  Itismi croscopicandlivesindit chesandponds. ANIMALHUSBANDRY Animal husbandryist hecar eandmanagementofli vestock(f arm animal s) Exampl esoffarm ani mal sincl ude; goat s,r abbi ts,pi gs,sheep,cat tle, poul try. KEEPI NGCATTLE Thi sisther ear ingofcows, bul l s,ox en, hei fer sandbul l ocks. Whyfar mer srearcattl e  Formeetandmi lkproduct ion  Togetincome  Forprovi sionoflabour  Forpaymentofdowr yandbri depr ice I mportanceofkeepingcat tle  Theyprovi deuswi thmeatandmi lk  Theyareasourceofempl oymenttof ar mer s  Bull sandoxenar eusedforploughingandtranspor t  Cowdungi sasourceofmanur e  Hidesfr om catt leareusedtomakel eat her  Bones,hor nsandhoov esareusedt omakegl ueandani mal feeds.  Cattl eareusedtopaydowr yorbrideprice. Ext ernal par tsofacow Ty pesofcattl e Atypeofcat tl emeansacl assofcat tl ekeptf oraspeci fi cpur pose. 27 Themajort ypesofcatt lekepti nUgandai ncl ude;  BeefCatt le  Dair yCattl e  Dualpur poseCattl e Typesofbr eedsofcat tl e Abr edisaf ami lyofcat t lehavi ngspecifi ccharact eri sti csofatypeofbreedofcat tl ear e determinedby ;colour,si ze,mil kyiel d,bodyconformati onl ikeshapeetc. Therearet hr eetypesofbr eedsofcatt le,namely;  Local br eeds/ i ndigenousbreeds  Exot icbr eeds  Cr ossbr eeds Localorindi genousbreeds Thesearebreedsthathaveexi stedi nEastAf ri caf orl ong.Theyar eal socal l edNat ive Breeds. Examples  Ankolecow  Bor an  Zebu Adv antagesoflocalbr eedsofcat t le  Theyareresistanttosomedi seases.  Theycansur viveonpoorpast ur e.  Theyrequir el esscare.  Theyproducehi ghquali tymeatandmi l k  Disadv antagesofl ocalbreedsofcattl e  Theymat ur esl owly  Theyproducel essproducts(i.e.Mil kandmeat ) Adv antagesofexoticbr eedsofcat tl e  Theymat ur efast  Theyproducehighqual i tymeat Di sadvant agesofexoticbreedsofcattl e  Theyareeasi l yattackedbydiseases  Theyneedgoodpast ureandwateral lthet ime.  Theyneedalotofcar eandat tenti on. Typesofcat t le Therearethreety pesofcat tl enamel y;  Beefcat tl e  Dairycattle  Dual purposecat tl e 28  Wor kty pe( draughtcat tl e) Beefcat tl e Thesear ecat tl emai nlykeptf orbeef( meat )pr oduct ion. Char acter ist icsofbeefcat t le  Theygrowf ast  Theyhaveabl ock(rect angular )shape  Theyhavesmal lheads  Theyhaveshor tl egswithlongbroadbacks. Examplesofbeefcat tl e  Shorthorn  Gall oway  Hereford  Aberdeenangus  Amer i canBraham  Charolai t  SantaGertr udis Di agr am ofabeefcat tl easseenf rom abov eandasi de. Seenf rom asi de Seenf rom abov e Dair ycat tle Thesear ecatt lekeptmai nlyf ormi l kpr oduct ion Char acter ist icsofdairycattl e  Theyaretri angularinshape  Theyproducealotofmi lk  Theyhavewellsetlegstosupporttheirwei ght.  Theyhaveplentyofspacebetweent heirhi ndlegs.  Theyareusuall ydoci l e(cal m)  Theyhavesmal lnecksandwidehindquar t ers. 29 Examplesofdai rycattl e a)Fr iesian b)BrownSwiss c)Guernsey d)Ayrshi re Di agr am ofadai rycowasseenf rom abov eandasi de Seenf rom abov e Seenf rom asi de Dualpur posecatt le Thesear ecatt lekeptf orbot hmeatandmi l kpr oduct ion. Examples 1.RedPol l 2.Mi l kingShor thor n 3.Sahi wal Work(draught )cat tl e Thesearecatt lemai nlykeptforprov idi nglabouronaf arm( ploughi ng, transpor t). Theyareusedtopl oughsoil, pullcar ts, etc. Dif fer encesbet weenlocalandexot i cbr eedsofcat t le LocalBreeds Exot icBreeds Theyhav edifferentcolours Theyhavespecifi ccolours. Theymat uresl owly. Theymat urequi ckly. Theyproducel essmeatandmi lk. Theyproducemor emeatandmi l k. Theyneedl esscar e. Theyneedal otofcare. Theyaremor er esi stanttodiseases. Thearelessresi stanttodiseases. Theycansur viv eonpoorpast ureand Theyneedgoodpast ureandwat eral l water. thet ime. Breedingofcattl e Breedingisthekeeping(maint aining)ofi nheri tedcharacter ist icsincat tl e.Such character ist icsi nclude;col our,growth,di seaseresi stance,mil king,l ongevi ty, (abi l ityt o l ov elong). 30 Typesofbr eedi ng 1.I nBreeding 2.Li nebreedi ng 3.OutBreeding 4.Cr ossbreedi ng 5.Upgrading 6.Sel ect ivebreedi ng I nBreeding Thi sisthemat ingofv erycl osel yrel atedani mal s(suchasbr other sandsi ster s). Adv antagesofi nbreedi ng I tmakesgoodchar acter ist icsi nthef ami