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Multiple Choice Questions 1. A nurse is caring for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following oxygen delivery systems should the nurse expect to use to maintain the patient's oxygen saturation between 88-92%? ○ A) Non-rebreather mask...

Multiple Choice Questions 1. A nurse is caring for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following oxygen delivery systems should the nurse expect to use to maintain the patient's oxygen saturation between 88-92%? ○ A) Non-rebreather mask ○ B) Nasal cannula ○ C) Venturi mask ○ D) Simple face mask Answer: C) Venturi mask 2. A patient in the ICU is on a ventilator. The nurse notices a sudden drop in the patient's oxygen saturation. What should be the nurse’s first action? ○ A) Call the physician ○ B) Increase the oxygen flow rate ○ C) Assess the patient and check the ventilator settings ○ D) Suction the endotracheal tube Answer: C) Assess the patient and check the ventilator settings 3. A nurse is assessing a patient who has just returned from a bronchoscopy. The patient reports difficulty breathing and has a pulse oximetry reading of 85%. What is the priority nursing intervention? ○ A) Encourage the patient to cough ○ B) Administer oxygen as prescribed ○ C) Reassess the vital signs in 15 minutes ○ D) Notify the physician Answer: B) Administer oxygen as prescribed 4. Which of the following findings would be indicative of hypoxia in a patient? ○ A) Cyanosis  ○ B) Bradycardia ○ C) Hypertension ○ D) Hyperthermia Answer: A) Cyanosis 5. A patient with asthma is experiencing an acute exacerbation. What is the most appropriate intervention for the nurse to implement? ○ A) Administer a bronchodilator ○ B) Place the patient in a supine position ○ C) Encourage deep breathing exercises ○ D) Administer oxygen via a non-rebreather mask Answer: A) Administer a bronchodilator 6. A nurse is educating a patient about home oxygen therapy. Which statement indicates a need for further teaching? ○ A) “I will not smoke while using oxygen.” ○ B) “I can adjust the flow rate myself.” ○ C) “I should keep oxygen tanks away from heat sources.” ○ D) “I will notify my doctor if I feel short of breath.” Answer: B) “I can adjust the flow rate myself.” 7. During a physical examination, a nurse notes the presence of barrel chest in a patient with COPD. What does this finding suggest? ○ A) Pneumonia ○ B) Air trapping ○ C) Pulmonary embolism ○ D) Normal aging process Answer: B) Air trapping 8. A nurse is caring for a patient with pneumonia. The patient’s oxygen saturation is 90% on a nasal cannula at 2 L/min. What should the nurse do next?  ○ A) Increase the oxygen flow to 4 L/min ○ B) Assess the patient’s respiratory status ○ C) Notify the physician immediately ○ D) Change to a non-rebreather mask Answer: B) Assess the patient’s respiratory status 9. A patient with pulmonary edema is receiving diuretics. Which of the following assessments would indicate improvement in oxygenation? ○ A) Decreased respiratory rate ○ B) Increased blood pressure ○ C) Decreased crackles on auscultation ○ D) Increased heart rate Answer: C) Decreased crackles on auscultation 10. What is the most important instruction for a patient using an incentive spirometer post-surgery? ○ A) Take a deep breath and hold for 10 seconds ○ B) Breathe slowly and deeply ○ C) Use the device every hour while awake ○ D) Exhale quickly into the device Answer: C) Use the device every hour while awake Identification Questions 11. Identify the term for the process by which oxygen moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream. Answer: Diffusion 12. What is the term for the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli, affecting gas exchange? Answer: Pulmonary edema  13. Identify the primary muscle responsible for inhalation. Answer: Diaphragm 14. What is the normal range for arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2)? Answer: 95% - 100% 15. Identify the condition characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction and difficulty exhaling. Answer: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 16. What is the name of the test used to measure the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs? Answer: Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis 17. Identify the medication class commonly prescribed for the management of asthma attacks. Answer: Bronchodilators (e.g., beta-agonists) 18. What is the medical term for low oxygen levels in the blood? Answer: Hypoxemia 19. Identify the nursing diagnosis that may apply to a patient with impaired gas exchange. Answer: Impaired gas exchange 20. What is the term for the condition resulting from inadequate ventilation leading to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood? Answer: Hypercapnia More Multiple Choice Questions 21. A patient with a history of pulmonary embolism is at risk for which complication? A) Hemorrhage B) Respiratory failure C) Myocardial infarction D) Arrhythmias Answer: B) Respiratory failure 22. A nurse is preparing to assess a patient with suspected respiratory distress. Which assessment finding would be most concerning? A) Use of accessory muscles  B) Increased respiratory rate C) Shallow breathing pattern D) Mild cyanosis Answer: A) Use of accessory muscles 23. A patient with a tracheostomy needs suctioning. Which assessment finding would indicate the need for suctioning? A) Clear lung sounds B) Increased heart rate C) Presence of a cough D) Visible secretions in the tube Answer: D) Visible secretions in the tube 24. In a patient with pneumonia, what would be the most appropriate method for administering oxygen? A) Non-rebreather mask B) Venturi mask C) Simple face mask D) Nasal cannula Answer: A) Non-rebreather mask 25. A patient with a history of sleep apnea is being monitored. Which finding would most likely indicate an apneic episode? A) Oxygen saturation of 95% B) Cyanosis and snoring C) Increased heart rate D) Excessive daytime sleepiness Answer: B) Cyanosis and snoring 26. What is the most critical parameter to monitor in a patient receiving high-flow oxygen therapy?  A) Blood pressure B) Heart rate C) Oxygen saturation D) Respiratory rate Answer: C) Oxygen saturation 27. A patient is experiencing wheezing and chest tightness after exposure to an allergen. What is the priority nursing action? A) Administer corticosteroids B) Provide reassurance C) Administer bronchodilator D) Call for help Answer: C) Administer bronchodilator 28. A nurse is caring for a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Which of the following interventions is most important? A) Administer prescribed sedatives B) Maintain the patient in a supine position C) Monitor arterial blood gases closely D) Encourage oral fluid intake Answer: C) Monitor arterial blood gases closely 29. In a patient with a history of lung cancer, the nurse notes new-onset hemoptysis. What is the priority action? A) Administer oxygen B) Perform a focused respiratory assessment C) Notify the physician D) Document findings Answer: B) Perform a focused respiratory assessment  30. A patient in respiratory distress is receiving oxygen therapy via a nasal cannula. What is the maximum flow rate that can be used for this device? A) 2 L/min B) 4 L/min C) 6 L/min D) 10 L/min Answer: C) 6 L/min More Identification Questions 31. Identify the common side effect of oxygen therapy when delivered at high concentrations for extended periods. Answer: Oxygen toxicity 32. What is the term for the phenomenon where a patient feels breathless despite normal oxygen saturation? Answer: Dyspnea 33. Identify the type of oxygen therapy that delivers a precise oxygen concentration using a device with color-coded adapters. Answer: Venturi mask 34. What is the medical term for the inflammation of the lining of the lungs and the chest cavity? Answer: Pleuritis 35. Identify the term for abnormal lung sounds heard during auscultation that indicate fluid in the airways. Answer: Crackles (or rales) 36. What is the term for the condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the depth of breathing? Answer: Hyperventilation 37. Identify the medical device used to measure the arterial blood gas levels. Answer: Arterial blood gas (ABG) analyzer  38. What is the term for the use of a mechanical ventilator to assist or replace spontaneous breathing? Answer: Mechanical ventilation 39. Identify the condition characterized by a sudden blockage in a pulmonary artery. Answer: Pulmonary embolism 40. What is the name of the breathing technique often used in patients with COPD to help control shortness of breath? Answer: Pursed-lip breathing More Multiple Choice Questions 41. A patient with chronic bronchitis is advised to receive the flu vaccine. What is the rationale for this recommendation? A) Prevent aspiration pneumonia B) Decrease the risk of respiratory infections C) Improve lung function D) Increase oxygen saturation levels Answer: B) Decrease the risk of respiratory infections 42. A nurse is teaching a patient about the use of a peak flow meter. What is the purpose of this device? A) Measure oxygen saturation levels B) Assess blood pressure C) Monitor lung function and airway obstruction D) Evaluate respiratory rate Answer: C) Monitor lung function and airway obstruction 43. What should a nurse expect to find during the assessment of a patient with pneumonia? A) Clear lung sounds B) Dullness on percussion C) Hyperresonance on percussion  D) Decreased tactile fremitus Answer: B) Dullness on percussion 44. A nurse is caring for a patient with a chest tube. Which finding would indicate a possible complication? A) Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber B) Fluctuation of the fluid level with respirations C) Drainage of 50 mL of serous fluid in 8 hours D) Patient reports pain at the insertion site Answer: A) Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber 45. Which nursing intervention is most important for a patient receiving oxygen therapy to prevent complications? A) Encourage increased fluid intake B) Monitor for signs of oxygen toxicity C) Assess skin integrity around the oxygen delivery device D) Teach the patient about home oxygen use Answer: C) Assess skin integrity around the oxygen delivery device 46. A patient with a history of asthma is experiencing an acute asthma attack. Which medication should the nurse prepare to administer first? A) Corticosteroids B) Bronchodilator C) Antihistamines D) Leukotriene receptor antagonists Answer: B) Bronchodilator 47. What is the most appropriate action for a nurse caring for a patient with a tracheostomy tube? A) Keep the cuff inflated at all times B) Change the tube every 72 hours  C) Monitor for signs of tracheal injury D) Provide humidified air at all times Answer: C) Monitor for signs of tracheal injury 48. A patient with interstitial lung disease is being discharged home. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further education? A) “I will avoid exposure to dust and smoke.” B) “I can resume smoking now that I’m feeling better.” C) “I should participate in pulmonary rehabilitation.” D) “I will notify my doctor if my symptoms worsen.” Answer: B) “I can resume smoking now that I’m feeling better.” 49. What is the priority nursing diagnosis for a patient experiencing acute respiratory failure? A) Ineffective airway clearance B) Impaired gas exchange C) Activity intolerance D) Anxiety Answer: B) Impaired gas exchange 50. Which of the following assessments should be performed first when a nurse enters a room and finds a patient in respiratory distress? A) Check the patient's vital signs B) Assess the patient's airway C) Administer oxygen D) Call for assistance Answer: B) Assess the patient's airway More Identification Questions  51. Identify the type of lung sound characterized by a high-pitched musical quality, commonly heard during expiration. Answer: Wheezing 52. What is the medical term for the surgical procedure that creates an opening in the neck to facilitate breathing? Answer: Tracheostomy 53. Identify the term for a lung disease caused by inhalation of harmful substances, such as asbestos or coal dust. Answer: Pneumoconiosis 54. What is the name of the device used to measure the amount of air an individual can exhale after taking a deep breath? Answer: Spirometer 55. Identify the term for the procedure in which a needle is inserted into the pleural space to remove fluid. Answer: Thoracentesis 56. What is the medical term for the inability to breathe comfortably while lying flat? Answer: Orthopnea 57. Identify the type of respiratory failure characterized by a failure of oxygenation despite normal or low carbon dioxide levels. Answer: Type 1 respiratory failure 58. What is the name of the blood test that assesses the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood? Answer: Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis 59. Identify the medical condition characterized by the collapse of a lung or a portion of a lung. Answer: Atelectasis 60. What is the term for the physical examination finding of a high respiratory rate? Answer: Tachypnea More Multiple Choice Questions 61. Which of the following symptoms is most indicative of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? A) Gradual onset of symptoms B) Severe shortness of breath C) Mild cough D) Low-grade fever Answer: B) Severe shortness of breath 62. A nurse is reviewing a patient's medication list. Which medication should the nurse question for a patient with asthma? A) Albuterol B) Ipratropium C) Aspirin D) Montelukast Answer: C) Aspirin 63. A patient with chronic lung disease is prescribed supplemental oxygen. What is the maximum recommended flow rate for a nasal cannula? A) 2 L/min B) 4 L/min C) 6 L/min D) 8 L/min Answer: C) 6 L/min 64. During a physical examination, the nurse notes diminished breath sounds in a patient with a history of lung cancer. What does this finding most likely indicate? A) Airway obstruction B) Pulmonary edema C) Pleural effusion  D) Pneumonia Answer: C) Pleural effusion 65. A nurse is monitoring a patient with a chest tube for a pneumothorax. Which finding would be most concerning? A) Tracheal deviation B) Subcutaneous emphysema C) Chest tube output of 50 mL/hour D) Patient reports pain at the insertion site Answer: A) Tracheal deviation 66. Which action should the nurse take to promote optimal oxygenation in a patient with pneumonia? A) Position the patient supine B) Encourage deep breathing and coughing C) Administer high-flow oxygen at all times D) Limit fluid intake Answer: B) Encourage deep breathing and coughing 67. A patient with cystic fibrosis is experiencing respiratory distress. Which assessment finding would be most concerning? A) Increased sputum production B) Clubbing of fingers C) Crackles upon auscultation D) Oxygen saturation of 92% Answer: C) Crackles upon auscultation 68. A patient with a history of emphysema is hospitalized with respiratory failure. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize? A) Administer antibiotics B) Provide oxygen therapy  C) Encourage ambulation D) Monitor fluid intake Answer: B) Provide oxygen therapy 69. Which of the following is a common complication associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation? A) Hyperglycemia B) Ventilator-associated pneumonia C) Anemia D) Cardiac arrhythmias Answer: B) Ventilator-associated pneumonia 70. A nurse is teaching a patient with COPD about using a metered-dose inhaler (MDI). What should the nurse emphasize? A) Use the inhaler as needed only B) Shake the inhaler before use C) Hold the breath for 5 seconds after inhalation D) Wait 30 minutes between puffs Answer: B) Shake the inhaler before use More Identification Questions 71. Identify the condition characterized by an irreversible dilation of the bronchi. Answer: Bronchiectasis 72. What is the term for the acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection, leading to fluid-filled alveoli? Answer: Pneumonia 73. Identify the term for a low oxygen saturation level in the blood. Answer: Hypoxemia 74. What is the medical term for the presence of air in the pleural space? Answer: Pneumothorax  75. Identify the term for the use of high-flow oxygen to correct hypoxemia, usually in patients with acute respiratory failure. Answer: Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) 76. What is the name of the breathing pattern characterized by periods of apnea followed by deep breathing? Answer: Cheyne-Stokes respiration 77. Identify the term for a device that provides a set amount of oxygen to the patient with each breath. Answer: Oxygen concentrator 78. What is the medical term for the inflammation of the bronchial tubes? Answer: Bronchitis 79. Identify the term for the use of a chest tube to remove air or fluid from the pleural space. Answer: Thoracostomy 80. What is the term for difficulty breathing when lying flat? Answer: Orthopnea More Multiple Choice Questions 81. A nurse is assessing a patient with suspected pulmonary embolism. Which assessment finding would be most indicative? A) Bradycardia B) Hemoptysis C) Hypertension D) Cyanosis Answer: B) Hemoptysis 82. A patient with COPD is receiving oxygen therapy. The nurse understands that which of the following could occur if the patient receives too much oxygen? A) Hypoxemia B) Hypercapnia C) Decreased work of breathing  D) Increased respiratory rate Answer: B) Hypercapnia 83. Which medication is most appropriate for a patient experiencing an acute exacerbation of asthma? A) Salmeterol B) Fluticasone C) Albuterol D) Montelukast Answer: C) Albuterol 84. A nurse is caring for a patient receiving mechanical ventilation. Which finding indicates potential ventilator-associated pneumonia? A) Clear lung sounds B) Increased respiratory rate C) Purulent sputum production D) Decreased oxygen saturation Answer: C) Purulent sputum production 85. A patient with pneumonia is experiencing difficulty breathing. What is the nurse's priority intervention? A) Administer prescribed bronchodilator B) Assess the patient's lung sounds C) Position the patient in high Fowler's D) Provide emotional support Answer: C) Position the patient in high Fowler's 86. What is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for a patient with COPD? A) Risk for impaired skin integrity B) Ineffective airway clearance  C) Anxiety D) Acute pain Answer: B) Ineffective airway clearance 87. A patient with a history of sleep apnea is being evaluated for a CPAP machine. What does CPAP stand for? A) Continuous Positive Airway Pressure B) Central Pulmonary Airway Pressure C) Continuous Positive Airway Protection D) Central Positive Airway Pressure Answer: A) Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 88. A nurse is caring for a patient with chest trauma. Which finding indicates potential pneumothorax? A) Asymmetric chest expansion B) Increased respiratory rate C) Presence of barrel chest D) Decreased heart rate Answer: A) Asymmetric chest expansion 89. Which of the following medications is considered a rescue inhaler for acute asthma attacks? A) Salmeterol B) Budesonide C) Albuterol D) Ipratropium Answer: C) Albuterol 90. A nurse is monitoring a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for signs of respiratory failure. Which symptom is most concerning? A) Productive cough  B) Cyanosis C) Wheezing D) Decreased appetite Answer: B) Cyanosis More Identification Questions 91. Identify the condition characterized by a sudden onset of chest pain and difficulty breathing, often associated with a blood clot. Answer: Pulmonary embolism 92. What is the medical term for the abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs, typically seen in emphysema? Answer: Alveolar hyperinflation 93. Identify the condition caused by the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli, resulting in impaired gas exchange. Answer: Pulmonary edema 94. What is the term for the use of positive pressure to keep the airway open during sleep? Answer: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) 95. Identify the test used to assess lung function and capacity, often performed in patients with respiratory disorders. Answer: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) 96. What is the medical term for the absence of breathing? Answer: Apnea 97. Identify the term for the respiratory pattern characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing. Answer: Biot's respiration 98. What is the name of the procedure in which a bronchoscope is used to visualize the airways? Answer: Bronchoscopy 99. Identify the term for the use of a mechanical device to assist patients in breathing. Answer: Ventilator 100. What is the medical term for the disease characterized by the destruction of the alveoli and chronic obstruction of airflow? Answer: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 1. A patient with COPD is being placed on oxygen therapy. Which device should the nurse choose to deliver the most precise oxygen concentration? ○ A) Simple face mask ○ B) Non-rebreather mask ○ C) Venturi mask ○ D) Nasal cannula Answer: C) Venturi mask 2. During postural drainage therapy, a patient begins experiencing dyspnea and tachycardia. What is the nurse’s best action? ○ A) Continue therapy to clear secretions ○ B) Stop the therapy and reassess ○ C) Administer a bronchodilator ○ D) Lower the patient’s head to improve drainage Answer: B) Stop the therapy and reassess 3. A client with asthma is prescribed a glucocorticoid inhaler. What is the key instruction for the patient regarding its use? ○ A) Use the inhaler only during acute asthma attacks ○ B) Take the bronchodilator first, then the glucocorticoid ○ C) Administer both inhalers simultaneously ○ D) Rinse the mouth after using the inhaler Answer: B) Take the bronchodilator first, then the glucocorticoid 4. A nurse is monitoring a patient receiving mechanical ventilation with an Assist-Control mode. What is the key concern if the patient's spontaneous respiratory rate increases significantly? ○ A) Hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis ○ B) Hypoventilation and respiratory acidosis ○ C) Hypoxemia ○ D) Ventilator disconnection Answer: A) Hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis 5. When performing incentive spirometry, what instruction should the nurse provide to the patient? ○ A) Exhale as quickly as possible into the device ○ B) Inhale deeply, hold for 5 seconds, then exhale ○ C) Perform spirometry immediately after a meal ○ D) Perform the exercise once every few hours Answer: B) Inhale deeply, hold for 5 seconds, then exhale 6. Which of the following signs indicates that a chest tube system has an air leak? ○ A) Intermittent bubbling in the water seal chamber ○ B) Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber ○ C) Fluid oscillating with respirations ○ D) Absence of bubbling in the suction chamber Answer: B) Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber 7. In a patient with pneumonia, which respiratory therapy is the priority to prevent atelectasis? ○ A) Administer bronchodilators ○ B) Postural drainage ○ C) Incentive spirometry  ○ D) Oxygen therapy Answer: C) Incentive spirometry 8. A patient with pulmonary embolism is receiving heparin. What lab value should the nurse monitor to evaluate the therapy's effectiveness? ○ A) D-dimer ○ B) Arterial blood gases ○ C) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) ○ D) Platelet count Answer: C) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 9. A patient presents with metabolic acidosis secondary to diabetic ketoacidosis. What compensatory mechanism will the nurse expect? ○ A) Increased respiratory rate ○ B) Decreased respiratory rate ○ C) Increased urinary output ○ D) Hypoventilation Answer: A) Increased respiratory rate 10. Which of the following statements best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs? A) It protects the lung tissue from pathogens B) It prevents the alveoli from collapsing C) It assists in oxygen absorption D) It reduces blood flow to the lungs Answer: B) It prevents the alveoli from collapsing 11. Which clinical sign is most indicative of respiratory alkalosis? A) Hyperventilation B) Cyanosis C) Hypoventilation  D) Decreased PaCO2 Answer: A) Hyperventilation 12. A nurse is providing care for a client post-thoracentesis. What is the priority nursing action? A) Monitoring for signs of infection B) Encouraging deep breathing exercises C) Assessing the puncture site for crepitus D) Positioning the client flat on their back Answer: C) Assessing the puncture site for crepitus 13. During a bronchoscopy, the nurse should monitor for which of the following complications? A) Dysrhythmias B) Hypoglycemia C) Bronchial perforation D) Increased secretions Answer: A) Dysrhythmias 14. In patients with chronic bronchitis, which of the following findings would the nurse expect? A) Increased lung elasticity B) Thick mucus production C) Decreased breath sounds D) Hyperinflation of the lungs Answer: B) Thick mucus production 15. Which of the following is a correct statement about controlled ventilation mode? A) It allows the patient to initiate breaths B) It is best for patients who cannot initiate breaths  C) It is the primary mode for weaning off ventilation D) It prevents hyperventilation Answer: B) It is best for patients who cannot initiate breaths 16. For a patient on a BiPAP machine, which parameter does the device adjust during expiration? A) Inspiratory pressure B) Expiratory pressure C) Tidal volume D) Respiratory rate Answer: B) Expiratory pressure 17. In the assessment of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following findings would indicate a potential complication? A) Diminished breath sounds B) Increased expiratory wheezing C) Rapid shallow breathing D) Productive cough with clear sputum Answer: C) Rapid shallow breathing 18. A patient with tuberculosis is started on isoniazid. What is the nurse’s priority teaching point? A) Avoid direct sunlight exposure B) Take the medication with a full meal C) Do not miss any doses and complete the full course D) Stop medication if jaundice develops Answer: C) Do not miss any doses and complete the full course 19. A patient is diagnosed with respiratory acidosis. Which of the following conditions could be the likely cause? A) Hyperventilation  B) Pulmonary embolism C) COPD D) Diabetic ketoacidosis Answer: C) COPD 20. Which diagnostic test is most effective in detecting a pulmonary embolism? A) Chest X-ray B) Pulmonary angiography C) Sputum culture D) Pulse oximetry Answer: B) Pulmonary angiography A patient develops respiratory distress following a pneumonectomy. What is the nurse’s immediate priority? A) Administering a bronchodilator B) Placing the patient on mechanical ventilation C) Placing the patient on the operative side D) Repositioning the patient to the unaffected side Answer: C) Placing the patient on the operative side 22. Which of the following interventions should the nurse prioritize when managing a patient on mechanical ventilation? A) Suction every hour B) Turn the patient every 4 hours C) Maintain the head of bed at 30 degrees D) Encourage incentive spirometry Answer: C) Maintain the head of bed at 30 degrees 23. A client presents with sudden onset chest pain and dyspnea. The nurse suspects a pulmonary embolism. Which diagnostic test will confirm the diagnosis?  A) D-dimer test B) Chest X-ray C) Pulmonary angiography D) Sputum culture Answer: C) Pulmonary angiography 24. A nurse is caring for a patient with COPD who is using a nasal cannula. What is the maximum flow rate of oxygen that should be used? A) 1-2 L/min B) 3-4 L/min C) 4-6 L/min D) 6-8 L/min Answer: A) 1-2 L/min 25. A patient with asthma is prescribed a leukotriene modifier. What should the nurse explain about this medication? A) It should be used for acute asthma attacks B) It helps prevent chronic asthma attacks C) It is an emergency inhaler used as needed D) It works by dilating the bronchial tubes Answer: B) It helps prevent chronic asthma attacks 26. Which statement is true regarding the use of a partial rebreather mask? A) It delivers up to 100% oxygen B) It allows the patient to rebreathe some exhaled air C) It is best for patients with facial trauma D) It is used for long-term oxygen therapy Answer: B) It allows the patient to rebreathe some exhaled air 27. What is the nurse's first intervention for a patient exhibiting signs of a pneumothorax following the removal of a chest tube? A) Apply an occlusive dressing to the site B) Administer oxygen via face mask C) Notify the healthcare provider D) Increase the suction on the chest drainage system Answer: A) Apply an occlusive dressing to the site 28. During an asthma attack, which physiological process leads to wheezing? A) Collapse of alveoli B) Constriction of airway smooth muscles C) Fluid accumulation in alveoli D) Hypersensitivity reaction Answer: B) Constriction of airway smooth muscles 29. The nurse is caring for a patient receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Which assessment indicates the need for immediate intervention? A) Fluctuation in the water seal chamber B) Respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute C) Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber D) Intermittent suctioning of secretions Answer: C) Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber 30. A patient with chronic bronchitis is experiencing thick mucus production and is unable to expectorate. What intervention will most effectively assist in mobilizing secretions? A) Bronchodilator therapy B) Incentive spirometry C) Chest physiotherapy  D) Oxygen therapy Answer: C) Chest physiotherapy 31. A patient is diagnosed with metabolic alkalosis. Which of the following conditions could be the cause? A) Chronic diarrhea B) Diabetic ketoacidosis C) Prolonged vomiting D) Renal failure Answer: C) Prolonged vomiting 32. Which of the following best describes the role of a non-rebreather mask in oxygen therapy? A) Provides the highest concentration of oxygen short of intubation B) Allows controlled delivery of low concentrations of oxygen C) Provides continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) D) Is used for long-term home oxygen therapy Answer: A) Provides the highest concentration of oxygen short of intubation 33. A nurse is caring for a patient with ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). Which of the following ventilator settings would the nurse anticipate? A) High tidal volume and high pressure B) Low tidal volume and high PEEP C) High inspiratory time and low FiO2 D) Low inspiratory time and high tidal volume Answer: B) Low tidal volume and high PEEP 34. Which of the following laboratory values indicates respiratory acidosis? A) pH 7.48, PaCO2 32 mmHg B) pH 7.25, PaCO2 52 mmHg  C) pH 7.35, PaCO2 38 mmHg D) pH 7.28, HCO3 19 mEq/L Answer: B) pH 7.25, PaCO2 52 mmHg 35. A client with a tracheostomy is receiving humidified oxygen via tracheostomy collar. What is the primary purpose of this intervention? A) To prevent respiratory alkalosis B) To prevent drying of airway secretions C) To facilitate oxygen diffusion into the lungs D) To prevent infection at the tracheostomy site Answer: B) To prevent drying of airway secretions 36. Which assessment finding would indicate an immediate complication from a thoracentesis? A) Clear drainage at the puncture site B) Tracheal deviation to the opposite side C) Mild pain at the puncture site D) Diminished breath sounds in the affected lung Answer: B) Tracheal deviation to the opposite side 37. A patient with COPD is admitted with an exacerbation. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely? A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Respiratory acidosis C) Metabolic acidosis D) Metabolic alkalosis Answer: B) Respiratory acidosis 38. A client undergoing chest physiotherapy (CPT) complains of pain during the procedure. What is the nurse's appropriate action? A) Stop the therapy and reassess  B) Decrease the intensity of therapy C) Encourage the patient to continue to promote secretion mobilization D) Administer pain medication and continue therapy Answer: A) Stop the therapy and reassess 39. Which of the following signs indicates that suctioning of a patient with an endotracheal tube is necessary? A) The patient is alert and awake B) Decreased respiratory rate C) Coarse crackles over the trachea on auscultation D) Absence of cough reflex Answer: C) Coarse crackles over the trachea on auscultation 40. For a patient with acute respiratory failure, which arterial blood gas (ABG) result would indicate a need for immediate intervention? A) pH 7.38, PaO2 80 mmHg B) pH 7.29, PaCO2 50 mmHg C) pH 7.45, PaCO2 35 mmHg D) pH 7.50, PaO2 90 mmHg Answer: B) pH 7.29, PaCO2 50 mmHg A patient with a chest tube is being transferred. What is the best practice to ensure safety during the transfer? A) Clamp the chest tube B) Keep the chest tube below chest level C) Disconnect the drainage system D) Place the patient in a prone position Answer: B) Keep the chest tube below chest level 42. Which nursing action is the priority when a patient is receiving continuous enteral feedings and begins exhibiting respiratory distress?  A) Stop the feeding immediately B) Check the gastric residual volume C) Administer supplemental oxygen D) Elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees Answer: A) Stop the feeding immediately 43. In a patient with respiratory failure, the ABG shows pH 7.30, PaCO2 60 mmHg, and PaO2 55 mmHg. What is the primary concern? A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Respiratory acidosis C) Metabolic acidosis D) Metabolic alkalosis Answer: B) Respiratory acidosis 44. A nurse is monitoring a patient with a tracheostomy. Which of the following findings requires immediate intervention? A) Small amounts of clear mucus B) Respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute C) Oozing of blood from the stoma D) Oxygen saturation of 96% Answer: C) Oozing of blood from the stoma 45. A patient is prescribed inhaled corticosteroids for asthma management. What important teaching point should the nurse provide? A) Use the inhaler only during acute episodes B) Rinse the mouth after use to prevent oral candidiasis C) Administer a bronchodilator immediately after the corticosteroid D) Inhale deeply and rapidly to maximize medication delivery Answer: B) Rinse the mouth after use to prevent oral candidiasis 46. A nurse is caring for a client post-thoracotomy. What is the priority action to prevent respiratory complications? A) Encourage deep breathing and coughing B) Position the client in a semi-Fowler’s position C) Administer bronchodilators as prescribed D) Suction the patient’s airway every 2 hours Answer: A) Encourage deep breathing and coughing 47. Which clinical finding is most indicative of a tension pneumothorax? A) Diminished breath sounds B) Tracheal deviation toward the unaffected side C) Increased oxygen saturation D) Hyperresonance on percussion of the chest Answer: B) Tracheal deviation toward the unaffected side 48. A patient has been extubated following mechanical ventilation. What is the priority nursing intervention immediately after extubation? A) Encourage fluid intake B) Monitor oxygen saturation C) Apply restraints to prevent agitation D) Administer sedation Answer: B) Monitor oxygen saturation 49. During a code blue, a patient requires mechanical ventilation. The nurse should prepare to set the ventilator to which mode for a patient unable to initiate any spontaneous breaths? A) Assist-control mode B) SIMV (Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation) C) Pressure support ventilation  D) CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) Answer: A) Assist-control mode 50. A nurse is caring for a patient with a pleural effusion. What procedure will likely be performed to drain the fluid? A) Bronchoscopy B) Thoracentesis C) Chest tube insertion D) Endotracheal intubation Answer: B) Thoracentesis 51. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize when a patient is on a ventilator and the high-pressure alarm sounds? A) Check for kinks in the tubing B) Suction the patient immediately C) Increase the ventilator rate D) Administer sedatives to calm the patient Answer: A) Check for kinks in the tubing 52. What complication should the nurse be vigilant for when caring for a patient receiving long-term mechanical ventilation? A) Hypotension B) Pneumothorax C) Pulmonary embolism D) Stress ulcers Answer: D) Stress ulcers 53. A nurse is educating a patient about the use of a metered-dose inhaler (MDI). What is the correct sequence for using the MDI? A) Shake the inhaler, exhale fully, inhale deeply while pressing the canister, and hold the breath B) Inhale fully, exhale deeply, press the canister, and inhale rapidly  C) Shake the inhaler, press the canister, and exhale deeply D) Press the canister, inhale deeply, and exhale slowly Answer: A) Shake the inhaler, exhale fully, inhale deeply while pressing the canister, and hold the breath 54. A nurse is monitoring a patient who underwent a bronchoscopy. Which of the following findings requires immediate attention? A) Blood-tinged sputum B) Respiratory rate of 14 breaths per minute C) Absence of gag reflex D) Diminished breath sounds Answer: C) Absence of gag reflex 55. A patient with asthma has been prescribed albuterol. Which statement by the patient indicates understanding of the medication’s purpose? A) “I will use this medication every day to prevent attacks.” B) “I will take this medication before exercising to prevent an attack.” C) “I will take this medication at night to prevent nocturnal symptoms.” D) “I will take this medication after using my steroid inhaler.” Answer: B) “I will take this medication before exercising to prevent an attack.” 56. Which of the following is an indication of effective chest physiotherapy (CPT)? A) Decreased respiratory rate B) Improved breath sounds and expectoration of sputum C) Increased respiratory rate and cyanosis D) Reduced oxygen saturation levels Answer: B) Improved breath sounds and expectoration of sputum 57. The nurse is providing care to a patient with a tracheostomy and notices that the inner cannula is obstructed with mucus. What should the nurse do first? A) Remove and clean the inner cannula  B) Suction the tracheostomy C) Change the tracheostomy ties D) Provide oxygen via a nasal cannula Answer: A) Remove and clean the inner cannula 58. In a patient with suspected pulmonary edema, what physical finding is most concerning? A) Peripheral edema B) Crackles in the lung bases C) Frothy, pink-tinged sputum D) Clubbing of the fingers Answer: C) Frothy, pink-tinged sputum 59. A client has just undergone thoracentesis. What is the priority nursing assessment immediately post-procedure? A) Monitoring for bleeding at the puncture site B) Assessing for signs of pneumothorax C) Checking for fluid imbalance D) Evaluating breath sounds on the unaffected side Answer: B) Assessing for signs of pneumothorax 60. A patient with ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is on mechanical ventilation with high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). What complication should the nurse monitor for? A) Barotrauma B) Hypercapnia C) Pneumonia D) Pulmonary embolism Answer: A) Barotrauma A patient is being treated for respiratory acidosis secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following interventions is most appropriate?  A) Administering high levels of oxygen B) Encouraging pursed-lip breathing C) Reducing the respiratory rate D) Initiating mechanical ventilation Answer: B) Encouraging pursed-lip breathing 62. A nurse is caring for a client with pneumonia. Which finding indicates the development of respiratory failure? A) pH 7.45 B) PaO2 55 mmHg C) Respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute D) PaCO2 of 35 mmHg Answer: B) PaO2 55 mmHg 63. In which situation would the nurse expect to hear hyperresonance on percussion of the chest? A) Atelectasis B) Pneumonia C) Pneumothorax D) Pulmonary embolism Answer: C) Pneumothorax 64. A client is receiving high-flow oxygen through a non-rebreather mask. The nurse notices the reservoir bag is deflated during inhalation. What action should the nurse take? A) Increase the oxygen flow rate B) Lower the oxygen flow rate C) Call the physician for a ventilator order D) Remove the mask and apply a nasal cannula Answer: A) Increase the oxygen flow rate 65. Which of the following symptoms is indicative of worsening respiratory failure in a patient with ARDS? A) Decreased PaCO2 B) Agitation and restlessness C) Increased urine output D) Tachypnea with clear breath sounds Answer: B) Agitation and restlessness 66. Which action by the nurse demonstrates proper care of a patient using a CPAP machine at night for sleep apnea? A) Cleaning the machine once per week B) Ensuring a tight seal of the mask before sleep C) Increasing the pressure if the patient reports difficulty breathing D) Keeping the patient supine during therapy Answer: B) Ensuring a tight seal of the mask before sleep 67. What is the priority action for a nurse when a patient develops sudden chest pain and dyspnea with a history of long-term immobility? A) Administer aspirin B) Prepare the patient for a chest X-ray C) Begin oxygen therapy D) Encourage deep breathing and coughing Answer: C) Begin oxygen therapy 68. A nurse is preparing to assist with a thoracentesis. Which position is most appropriate for the patient? A) Supine with arms at the side B) Lying flat on the affected side C) Sitting upright and leaning forward  D) Prone with arms extended above the head Answer: C) Sitting upright and leaning forward 69. A nurse is caring for a patient with COPD who is on a nasal cannula. Which intervention will best optimize oxygenation? A) Administer a diuretic to reduce pulmonary edema B) Ensure adequate hydration to thin secretions C) Keep the patient supine as much as possible D) Restrict the patient’s fluid intake Answer: B) Ensure adequate hydration to thin secretions 70. A patient with pulmonary edema has pink, frothy sputum and dyspnea. What is the most appropriate initial nursing action? A) Administer oxygen B) Suction the airway C) Initiate IV diuretics D) Place the patient in a high-Fowler’s position Answer: A) Administer oxygen 71. A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a patient with chronic bronchitis. Which lifestyle change is most important to prevent further respiratory damage? A) Drinking plenty of fluids B) Engaging in moderate exercise C) Avoiding exposure to air pollution D) Smoking cessation Answer: D) Smoking cessation 72. A client with severe asthma is prescribed a beta-agonist inhaler and corticosteroid inhaler. Which instruction is critical for proper use? A) Use the corticosteroid inhaler first B) Use both inhalers simultaneously  C) Use the beta-agonist inhaler first D) Skip the beta-agonist if you feel no symptoms Answer: C) Use the beta-agonist inhaler first 73. Which of the following findings would the nurse expect in a client with pleural effusion? A) Increased tactile fremitus B) Dullness to percussion C) Hyperresonance on percussion D) Decreased breath sounds on the unaffected side Answer: B) Dullness to percussion 74. A client has undergone a lung biopsy. What is the priority nursing action post-procedure? A) Monitor for signs of infection B) Ensure adequate fluid intake C) Assess for respiratory distress D) Administer analgesics Answer: C) Assess for respiratory distress 75. A patient with ARDS is on a ventilator with PEEP. What is a major complication associated with high PEEP levels? A) Atelectasis B) Pneumothorax C) Hypoventilation D) Pulmonary embolism Answer: B) Pneumothorax 76. Which laboratory finding would indicate a potential pulmonary embolism in a patient presenting with sudden dyspnea and chest pain? A) Elevated D-dimer B) Decreased WBC count  C) Elevated platelet count D) Decreased hemoglobin Answer: A) Elevated D-dimer 77. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is prescribed home oxygen therapy. What is the maximum flow rate typically recommended for long-term use? A) 1-2 L/min B) 3-4 L/min C) 5-6 L/min D) 7-8 L/min Answer: A) 1-2 L/min 78. The nurse is caring for a client post-lung transplantation. Which sign indicates the possibility of organ rejection? A) Decreased oxygen saturation levels B) Decreased white blood cell count C) Hyperinflation of the lungs D) Increased urine output Answer: A) Decreased oxygen saturation levels 79. A nurse is preparing a patient for a pulmonary angiography. What is the most critical pre-procedure assessment? A) Presence of an allergy to iodine B) Respiratory rate C) Blood pressure D) Recent history of chest pain Answer: A) Presence of an allergy to iodine 80. Which assessment finding would most likely indicate the need for suctioning in a patient with a tracheostomy? A) Pink and moist stoma  B) Restlessness and increased respiratory rate C) Absence of secretions at the tracheostomy site D) Oxygen saturation of 96% Answer: B) Restlessness and increased respiratory rate