Overview of Physical Science Concepts.pdf

OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE CONCEPTS Learning Objectives 1. Define the nature of science and distinguish it from other ways of understanding the world. 2. Explain the concepts of scientific theory and scientific law, understanding their roles in scientific understanding. 3. Recogniz...

OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE CONCEPTS Learning Objectives 1. Define the nature of science and distinguish it from other ways of understanding the world. 2. Explain the concepts of scientific theory and scientific law, understanding their roles in scientific understanding. 3. Recognize the ethical considerations in scientific research and discuss the relationship between science, technology, and society. Nature of Science What is Science? Science is a way of learning about the natural world based on evidence and logic. Scientists aim to understand how and why things happen, focusing on both tiny objects (atoms & molecules) and huge objects (sun & stars). Scientific Knowledge Advances Scientific knowledge is always changing. Progress can occur in giant steps (e.g., Newton's universal gravitation) or baby steps (e.g., understanding atomic structure over 200 years). Scientific Theory A scientific theory is a broad explanation widely accepted due to strong evidence. Examples include atomic theory, the theory of general relativity, quantum mechanics, and the theory of plate tectonics. Scientific Law A scientific law describes what always happens under certain conditions (e.g., Newton's laws, conservation laws). Nature of Technology What is Technology? Technology is the application of science to solve problems. It evolves with new materials, designs, or processes. Technological design follows steps similar to scientific investigation.  04 Technological Design Process Involves logical steps to develop new technology, relying on evidence and reason. Investigations in Science Scientific Method Steps: Observation, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion, Communication. Example: Investigating why plants grow taller in different parts of a garden. Observations Information gathered with the senses or instruments (e.g., microscopes, thermometers). Scientific Hypothesis An educated guess that must be testable and falsifiable. Measurement System International System of Units (SI) The measurement system used by most scientists and engineers. Includes units for length (meter) and mass (kilogram).  Accuracy and Precision Accuracy: How close a measurement is to the true value. Precision: How close repeated measurements are to each other. Ethical Considerations Ethics in Science Making the best choices between right and wrong. Includes honest reporting, unbiased perspective, accuracy, informed consent, humane treatment of animals, and respect for human subjects. 10 Technology & Society Impact of Technology  Influences transportation, food production, manufacturing, communication, medicine, and the arts. Can improve life but also have negative effects like health problems or pollution. Laboratory Safety Safety Symbols Lab procedures and equipment may have safety symbols indicating specific hazards. Safety Rules Wear appropriate protective gear. Follow basic safety rules to prevent accidents. Properly handle materials and equipment to avoid hazards. In Case of Accident Even when you follow the rules, accidents can happen. Immediately alert your teacher if an accident occurs. Report all accidents, whether or not you think they are serious. By understanding these key concepts in physical science, students can develop a deeper appreciation for the scientific process, the role of technology, and the importance of ethical considerations in scientific research.