Child Development Milestones PDF

MILESTONES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT 5 Domains of Milestones: 1) Gross motor 2) Fine motor 3) Language 4) Cognitive 5) Social-emotional  With a partner, list milestones of development: Gross Motor Fine Motor Language Cognitive Social- emoti...

MILESTONES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT 5 Domains of Milestones: 1) Gross motor 2) Fine motor 3) Language 4) Cognitive 5) Social-emotional  With a partner, list milestones of development: Gross Motor Fine Motor Language Cognitive Social- emotional  Terms Developmental Delay – term used to describe children who are slow in acquiring milestones, but who have potential to catch up. Can be global or focal. Transient Developmental Delay- infant fails to acquire early milestones, but catches up in the first year. Developmental Disability – term used implying a more chronic delay and is used as an umbrella term for a variety of diagnosis, encompassing intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, and autism. -Lifelong mental/intellectual disorders of the developing nervous system. -May include delay/limitations in function of motor performance, cognition, hearing, speech, vision and behavior. Patterns in Height and Weight Most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during prenatal development Weight gains 5 months Double birth weight 1st year Triple weight 2nd year Gain 4 to 7 pounds Height gains Infants grow in spurts and do not follow smooth growth chart 1st year Height increases by 50% 2nd year Grow 4 to 6 inches: Fig. 4-1, p. 73 Changes in Body Proportions Head Neonate head is about one-fourth the length of body Gradually diminishes in proportion to the body Doubles in size by adulthood Arms and legs Equal in length in the neonate Arms grow more rapidly than the legs at first Arms grow longer than legs by 2nd birthday Legs will soon catch up and surpass the arms Neck lengthens by first birthday Denver II Developmental Screening test Most widely used test for screening for development problems/delays in children, in Canada. (used in more than 12 countries) Administered by health care or social service professional. Assesses 4 categories: social contact, fine motor skill, language, gross motor skill. “sorting tool” – does not diagnose. Compares how one child performs to how others of a similar age typically perform. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Nipissing District Developmental Screen Developmental screen that is generally completed by a parent/caregiver, childcare professional or healthcare professional. It is used to monitor a child’s development and to “start a conversation” with a healthcare professional. NOT to Diagnose or send a “Red Flag”. Used for infants/children 0 to 6years of age. Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) https://youtu.be/5QTnUqdZSbA?si=MbuZL2DIXNIIWFWj Peabody Developmental Assessment Motor Scales Week #2: Pediatric Health  Failure to Thrive (FTT) Term used to describe children when their weigh or rate of gain weight falls below that of children of a similar age and sex. Organic FTT (OFTT) A biological underlying health problem accounts for infant’s failure to obtain or make use of adequate nutrition. Does not make normal gains in weight Nonorganic FTT (NOFTT) A nonbiologically based underlying health problem accounts for the infant’s failure to obtain or make use of adequate nutrition. Has psychological roots, social roots, or both Does not make normal gains in weight Failure to Thrive Problems FTT infants typically have feeding problems. Variable eaters Less hungry Slow physical growth Often demonstrate cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems Catch-Up Growth Organic factors Illness and diet can slow child’s genetically determined growth pattern If problem is addressed, child’s rate of growth frequently accelerates to approximate its normal curve Referred to as canalization Health and Development….. Can be supported by societal efforts including: social policies; community supports systems; environments that enhance health, optimal development, and quality of life.  Some are intrinsic to the individual. Examples:  Some are societal and environmental factors that are extrinsic to the individual. Examples:  As we discuss 1. Income and social status development, 2. Social support networks don’t forget 3. Education and literacy about……. 4. Employment / working conditions Determinants 5. Social environments of Health 6. Physical environments 7. Personal health practices and coping ** It is the skills combined influence of the 8. Healthy child development determinants of 9. Biology and genetic endowment health that determine ones 10. Health services health/ development 11. Gender status. 12. Culture Consider each of the Determinants of Health….What effect may they have on a child’s health and development? Determinants of Health also play a critical role in the early phases of conception, pregnancy, and post-natal periods of child development. For example: Nutritional intake affects fetal health- Poor nutrition is associated with poverty, low education and unemployment. Brain and biological development start prenatally and continue through childhood and adolescence. Brain development sculpts itself in response to : - environmental stimuli (visual, touch, verbal, smell,taste) - pre-programmed critical periods Healthy development depends on the qualities of social environments in which children live, learn and grow. Discuss….. Statistics 5.2 million children died under the age of 5 in 2019. More than half of these early child deaths are due to conditions that could be prevented or treated with access to simple, affordable interventions. Leading causes of death in under-5 children are preterm birth complications, pneumonia, birth asphyxia, diarrhoea and malaria. About 45% of all child deaths are linked to malnutrition. Statistics cont… Children are at greater risk of dying before age 5 if they are born in rural areas, poor households, or to a mother denied basic education. Injuries (road traffic injuries, drowning, burns, and falls) rank among the top 3 causes of death and lifelong disability among children aged 5-15 years. In 2012 violence and unintentional injuries killed an estimated 740 000 children under the age of 15, with the latter accounting for 90% of these deaths. WHO 2015 List Common Childhood Health Concerns and Conditions as discussed in class Common Diseases and Disorders Acute illness: Most prevalent are infectious diseases- including acute respiratory infections (including pneumonia & influenza) Next most common are diarrheal diseases, which results in dehydration. Mostly caused by unsafe drinking water, and poor sanitation. Chronic illness: Asthma- triggered by smoke, mold, respiratory virus, dust mites etc. Diabetes- type 1: body does not produce insulin. Child must receive insulin injections and monitor levels frequently. Also monitor diet. Cancer Accidents/ Injuries Most common injury in early childhood are from falls. (60% of injuries) Most cuts, bumps and scrapes. Some results are more serious like fractures or death. Health Concerns: Nutrition “Nutritional deficiencies at all stages of growth have long-term damaging effects on the intellectual and psychological development of children.” --WHO Infants to 3yrs: Iron Deficient Anemia – typically results from being fed cows milk. - especially seen in first nations children - Symptoms: poor cognitive tests, tend to be less independent, less joyful, less playful and less attentive. They also tend to tire quickly. Nutrition 2yrs-5yrs: Obesity “The worldwide number of overweight children increased from an estimated 32 million in 2000 to 42 million in 2013, including in countries with a high prevalence of childhood undernutrition. By 2025 the prevalence of overweight in children under 5 years of age will rise to an estimated 11% from 7% worldwide.” (WHO, 2016) According to the Canadian Pediatric Society ¼ of Canadian children are obese. WHY????? Nutrition Obesity may be a result of genetics, too little activity/exercise, too much of or the wrong kinds of food, environment (tendency to eat as those around them) Healthy diet should be similar to that of an adult…..fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, beans, fish (see Canada Food Guide) Malnutrition: 40% of foodbank users in Canada are under 18yrs old. (approx. 317000 users under 18yrs (Paplia et al, 2008) Affects physical growth and development, cognitive and psychosocial development. Statistically these children are more likely to do poor on tests, and are also likely to have repeated a grade. They frequently have difficulty getting along with other children. Children appear disinterested and are often lethargic. Which population would you speculate would have incidences of malnutrition? Why? Health Promotion Strategies for Children  Prevention is the management of factors that could lead to impairment, disease, or disability to maintain and support optimal levels of function and participation.– Promotion is the provision of information that makes positive contributions to the health of individuals, families, employers, or community groups. (Human Development and Performance Throughout the Lifespan, 2016) What can be done to prevent the common health concerns? –per class discussion Benefits of Healthy Nutrition Better growth and development physically, cognitively Family mealtime and preparation promotes socialization, teaches appropriate behavior, develops language skills Immunization Vaccines reduce the risk of infection by working with the body's natural defenses to help it safely develop immunity to disease. Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection, but this "imitation" infection does not cause illness. It does, however, cause the immune system to develop the same response as it does to a real infection so the body can recognize and fight the vaccine-preventable disease in the future. Once prevalent, and sometimes fatal childhood illnesses are largely preventable. Some such illnesses are: measles, pertussis, polio.