ORLCOM1 Midterms PDF

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE COMMUNICATION the help of all these, it may help you to discover and develop Communication takes an important role in our daily...

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE COMMUNICATION the help of all these, it may help you to discover and develop Communication takes an important role in our daily more the skills necessary to become a competent activities. Right from our waking hours until the end of the communicator. day, we communicate in different ways such as talking, The process of communication refers to how the sender of smiling, teaching, and all forms of socializing happening at the message transmits or pass his/her message towards the home, school, society-wide, and even in intercultural aspect. receiver through the use of channel (medium of Communication is a process in which channels, contexts, communication). It is called as a process because it has a media, and cultures are used in transcending messages or cyclic feature that begins with the sender to its receiver and information from one person to another. goes back to the sender in a form of feedback. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, it is Since the process of communication refers to a cyclic the act of passing or sharing of information from one person manner, it only means that communication must in a to another. continuous and dynamic interaction between the sender and According to Groenbeck, it is defined as the glue that holds the receiver of the message. This also features certain steps together societies; the witness part of the Latin term cum- in which once followed, an effective communication will take munis (to work publicly together with). place. According to Denis McQuail, communication is the sending of meaningful messages from one person to another. It is the primary means by which people obtain and exchange information through words, voice, signals and gestures, and emotions. Nature of Communication Communication is a process. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver). Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time. REMEMBER - Communication is very vital to our everyday lives. It involves more than just a spoken word. Every single physical feature, stance, and action that a person has speaks volume of messages about who he or she is. Just like the interaction between people, the message usually conveys more meaning than the actual words. It is only through communication where we get to share thoughts, impart information, persuade others about beliefs, and show love and affection. The Communication Process Think of yourself playing baseball and talking to your friend ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION during leisure time. What do you think are their commonalities? As you can notice, you cannot play baseball COMMUNICATION alone, you need to communicate while playing in order to - Communication is a systematic process in which individuals reach the goal. While, simply talking to your friend portrays interact with and through symbols to create or interpret already the process of communication. meanings (Wood as cited Padilla et al., 2016). Just like any The common thing about baseball and communicating is other processes, communication is made up several that they both use elements. Those elements work together components. Knowing how all these elements works will in processes (1) for the game, to reach the goal and (2) for lead you to greater understanding of the process of the communication, to create and exchange meaningful communication. messages. In the word “process,” there lies a series of patterns or steps conducted to attain an objective of a certain activity. Once SPEAKER you understand how the process in communication works, it is the source of information or message – be it encoded in you will be able to control some powerful tools in conveying words (verbal) and/or without words (non-verbal). your thoughts or ideas. It can help you redefine your MESSAGE communication choices to achieve particular results. With  FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE it is any information, ideas, or thoughts that the speaker or this refers to the cultural aspects affecting what and how sender wants to convey. It refers to either verbal or non- messages are formed, this basically includes cultural verbal content of the message that must be encoded by the orientations, beliefs, values, assumptions and rituals from sender and decoded by the receiver. which the speaker or receiver come from. Since culture is a Encoding mirror of life and is always part of our being, it greatly affects it is the process of converting the message into words, the way we communicate to one another. This is best actions, or other forms that the speaker understands. This represented when a Batangueño tries to omit his process involves assembling of the message in a manner dialect “ga” when speaking to his friends who are born and that the receiver can comprehend. raised in Metro Manila. Decoding Psychological Context it is the process of interpreting the encoded message of the this refers to the feelings, emotions, and mood of the speaker by the receiver. The receiever must be participant of the communication process. To further explain knowledgeable enough on how to find meaning of the this context, try to imgaine yourself who is reviewing lessons sender’s message. in preparation for your exam tomorrow, but it so happened that your older sibling is playing a loud music. As a result, CHANNEL you will feel irritated because the loud music is making you it is the medium by which the message is being delivered out of focus and this will reflect on how you are going to talk by the speaker to its receiver. It serves as the means in to other members of your family. conveying the encoded message such as personal or non- Historical Context personal, verbal or non-verbal means. this refers to whatever has been agreed upon or encountered during the previous communication which RECEIVER technically influence the present communication exchanges. it is the recipient of the message. It is responsible for It is best illustrated in a scenario wherein two high school decoding the message being sent by the speaker. best friends affirmed to use “bff” as callsign together with FEEDBACK certain hand gestures everytime they will be seeing each it is the receiver’s reactions, responses, or information on other. Both of them may understand what those gestures the decoded message. It confirms whether there is mutual mean, but others may not since the meaning is created undertanding between the speaker and the receiver based exclusively for their own use. on the message being conveyed. Through feedback, the NOISE sender can adjust the communication process to be more it pertains to anything that impedes or interferes the effective. communication process which usually distorts the meaning CONTEXT of the message being conveyed. Noise can come in the form it is the situation or environment in which the communication of different perceptions of the message, language barriers, takes place. It refers to the idea that communication is feelings, emotions, mood, or attitudes. affected by some sort of enviroment which may include External Noise experience or cultural backgrounds that influence how the this type of noise comes from the environment. It is anything communicators encode and decode messages. that can be perceived by the senses such as scenery, loud Physical Context music, and perfume fragrance. this refers to the physical aspect of where communication is Internal Noise taking palce. It includes loctaion or setting of the this type of noise occurs in the mind of either the sender or communication. It also taps on the environmental conditions receiver of the message. This includes thoughts or feelings such as time, temperature, lighting, noise level, and the that are focused on something else like daydreaming, distance between the speaker and recceiver. The scenario fatigue, and exhaustion. that best exemplifies physical context is when the message Semantic Noise being conveyed in a conversation with a friend over the this type of noise is generally caused by the emotional phone will differ to the meaning of the message being sent reactions to words or languages used. An example of which during face-to-face conversation. is a high-falutin vocabulary, offensive and vulgar words. In Social Context some cases, differences in the dialects can also be this refers to the nature of social relationship of the considered as semantic noise. participants within the communication process. The relationships among friends, family members, work Types of Communication colleagues, and strangers can affect the decoding stage of the message. The meaning of a message can actually be VERBAL COMMUNICATION based on your relationship to whom you’re talking to. An Verbal communication encompasses any form of example of this is the manner of how you talk to your parents communication involving words, spoken, written or signed. which differs with how you communicate among your The conversation we have with our coworker at lunch, the friends. morning news or the sports page we read in the morning-- Cultural Context even the text message you send to your spouse telling him  FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE to pick up some milk is a form of verbal communication. Our Verbal communication coexists alongside non-verbal ability to communicate with a language that is based on an organized system of words, rather than merely sounds, is communication, which can affect people’s perceptions and what sets us apart from lower species. Not only do we have language, but we also have the technology that enables us exchanges in subtle but significant ways. Non-verbal to communicate with one another no matter the physical communication includes body language, such as gestures, distance. Verbal Communication refers to a type of communication facial expressions, eye contact and posture. Touch is a non- which involves spoken words. This is done through the use verbal communication that not only indicates a person’s of language as a tool in the process of oral communication. This occurs when someone speaks or uses words in feelings or level of comfort, but illustrates personality communication exchange. It is done with face-to-face characteristics as well. A firm handshake or warm hug interaction and through certain medium such as telephone, cellphone, or video or conference calls. indicates something very different than a loose pat on the For instance, correcting a mispronounced word is better back or a timid handshake does. The sound of our voice, done verbally. The same thing goes when saying “I love you” which appears to be more of a reflection of care and including pitch, tone and volume are also forms of non- affection than any other material gifts. Words come with a different power especially when you are trying to apologize verbal communication. The meaning behind someone’s by simply saying “I am sorry.” words is often entirely different than the literal translation, as Why is Verbal Communication Important? is seen in instances of sarcasm and mockery. The clothing We use verbal communication to inform, whether it is to we wear and the way we design our living space are also inform others of our needs or to impart knowledge. forms of non-verbal communication that frequently shape Clarification is a key component of verbal communication. people’s judgments about others, regardless of whether or Often, we do not articulate ourselves clearly, or our words or not the perceptions are true. actions are misconstrued. Verbal communication helps to Non-verbal Communication is a non-speech type of clarify misunderstandings and provides missing information. communication. This only means that communication takes place through facial expressions, bodily movement or gestures, stance, eye contact, haptics (touch), artifacts We can use verbal communication to correct a wrong. The (objects), chronemics (the use of time), proxemics (the use power of the words, “I’m sorry,” is often more effective than of distance or space) and other signals. This is also considered as the reflection of one’s personality an action. Verbal communication can also be used as a tool which may be unintentional or does not intend to hurt someone. If unintended nonverbal message has been of persuasion. It creates an opportunity for debate, decoded negatively, then it may be related to either stimulates thought and creativity, and deepens and creates individual or cultural differences. Some nonverbal messages may appear to be ambiguous and here is where the use of new relationships. Robert M. Krauss in the article, “The verbal communication takes place. It is done to have a clear Psychology of Verbal Communication,” published in the interpretation of the nonverbal messages or symbols for it may be affected by our schema or field of experiences. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences in 2002, explains, “A species’ survival depends Why is Non-Verbal Communication Important? critically upon its ability to communicate effectively, and the Think of how many relationships start with a man quality of its social life is determined in large measure by and woman making eye contact across a crowded how and what it can communicate.” room. A playful wink tends to be more effective WRITING IS A FORM OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION. than a well-thought out pick-up-line. Michael Argyle, in his book “Bodily Communication,” NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION identifies five main functions of non-verbal communication: to express emotions,  FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE communicate interpersonal relationships, support this way he makes the speaker realize that the verbal interaction, reflect personality and perform transcended message is heard and understood. rituals, such as greetings and goodbyes. Edward G. Wertheim, Ph.D., in his paper, “The Importance According to Robinson, Segal, and Smith (2015) as cited of Effective Communication,” details how non- by Padilla et al. (2016), there is a set of skills needed to verbal communication interacts with verbal have an effective communication, it includes becoming an communication. We can reinforce, contradict, engaged listener, paying attention to nonverbal signals, substitute, complement or emphasize our verbal keeping stress in check, and asserting yourself. communication with non-verbal cues such as 1. Becoming an engaged listener – A listener gestures, expressions and vocal inflection. must be attentive and particular to the speaker’s Avoiding eye contact when we tell someone we voice, pitch, tone, intonation and volume to hear love them communicates something far different how he shifts in the speech delivery. Through than do spoken words, just as a bright smile when those factors, the listener can decipher the we say congratulations reinforces the sincerity of feelings that the speaker would like to convey. On our words. becoming an engaged listener, you will be able to understand the meaning behind his messages and make him feel that you’ve heard and understood him. 2. Paying attention to nonverbal signals – The nonverbal languages, signals, or symbols tells more about the personality of the participants of communication rather than their verbal languages. Using the nonverbal language properly can help build connections and better relationships among others. Knowing how to interpret and deliver nonverbal communication can make you an effective communicator. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS 3. Keeping stress in check – Getting along with Effective communication requires great effort stress is never an easy task, but if you wanted to among the participants of the communication become an effective communicator, you should process. It requires the speaker to convey his know how to stay calm and manage your stress. message in a manner which it could be easily Once you’re stressed, there is a tendency of perceived and understood by its receiver. misreading other people’s point of view, you may Likewise, the listener should listen attentively to give off confusing nonverbal signals, and you may the message by getting its full meaning, through manifest tremors leading to disorganized  FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE thoughts. There are ways of effectively empathizing are the key behaviors that must be communicating while under pressure: you must considered in this type of listening. give yourself a time to think, pause for a while to Appreciative Listening – The purpose of this gather, decide to make a point and provide listening is for enjoyment; it includes appreciation supporting details to it, speak clearly once of important factors such as presentation, decisive of what to say, and lastly is to summarize perception, and previous experience. your idea and then stop talking. Critical Listening– Skillful criticism is done through this listening; it includes judgment of all 4. Asserting yourself – A good communicator aspects related at home, school, work, or in must express his ideas, thoughts, feelings, worship place. In doing this listening, the listener emotions, and beliefs in an open, honest, and must take note of the speaker’s ethos (expertness direct manner. Being straightforward will help the and trustworthiness), logos (well-supported listeners of the message capture its intended arguments), and pathos (emotional elements). meaning. Being assertive does not mean that Discriminative Listening – Among all other making an opinion means you are trying to win an types of listening, this is the most important and argument. It more of making your intentions basic one. It involves the ability of the listener to known to other participants of communication determine subtle changes in speaker’s voice without being characterized as a disrespectful quality, speech fillers (e.g., “uhm,” “uh-huh,” communicator. “well”), pauses, verbal and nonverbal cues. Listening, as a skill and process, makes a complete communication. Each situation in the communication exchange requires certain types of listening such as informative, empathic, appreciative, critical, and discriminative (Kline, 1996 as cited by Padilla et al., 2016). Informative Listening – Every listeners’ goal in Features of an Effective Communication communicating is to understand the message, Our everyday routine results to decoding its meaning as close as possible to what communication. However, people are not used to the sender intends to convey. Vocabulary, exceptionally conversing their thoughts using a set of concentration, and memory are the important communication skills. It will take a lot of effort in learning variables in informative listening. and improving ability to communication through repeated Empathic Listening – It involves the ability to practice. understand someone’s feeling by letting him feel that he has somebody to lean on. Through this Therefore, if you would like to communicate type of listening, relationships between people can effectively, you need to learn and be familiar with the be improved. Attending, supporting, and features of an effective communication to hone your competencies in communicating. The list of 7C’s of  FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE Effective Communication made by Professors Broom, words in expressing his ideas. In this way, the Cutlip, and Center (2012) as cited by Sipacio and Balgos speaker creates clear argument for he is focusing (2016) highlights the factors that a speaker must portray in only on a single objective to avoid confusion. the transmission of message across audience. Correctness – the speaker can eliminate negative impact among his audience if his Completeness – the quality of communication message portrays good and correct grammar process can be generally discerned if there is usage. Applying such will increase the credibility complete communication. In this feature, the and reliability of the message being conveyed. speaker must provide all the necessary Intercultural Communication information that the receiver needs to hear so that According to Gudykunst (2003), this type of communication he can adjust properly on its response and happens to those people having different nationalities. The usual point of view about intercultural communication is that reactions. it is always influenced by different ethnicities, cultural Conciseness – this involves making your idea practices, religious beliefs and denominations, and sexual orientations. precise without sacrificing the whole thought of Those two concepts about intercultural communication your message must be done to eliminate irrelevant denote that communication takes place between and among or repetition of information to be sent to the people with diverse cultures audience. Consideration – the speaker must always The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity consider the backgrounder of his receiver particularly his mood, emotions, race, preference, The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity education, social status, needs, and interests. To (DMIS), which was created by Dr. Milton Bennett (1986, become an effective communicator, the speaker 1993), serves as a guide in explaining people’s experiences must be considerate of his audience to build influenced by their cultural diversity. It includes six stages; rapport. the first three are considered as ethnocentric which means Concreteness – the message is considered as that one’s own culture is experienced as central to reality; concrete if it is supported by factual information, the second three stages are associated figures, real-life examples and situations. By doing to ethnorelative which means that one’s own culture is so, the receiver will be more connected to the experienced in the context of other cultures. message being conveyed, making the communication process effective. Courtesy – the speaker’s respect towards the culture, values, and beliefs of his receivers is what we called as courteous. Through this feature, the speaker can create a positive impact among his audience. Clearness – the free-flowing communication can happen if the speaker uses simple and specific  FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE communicating. One of the fears of the speaker is the possibility of creating negative effects of his message among his audience. To avoid it, the message must be clear, sensitive to cultural differences, and have correct usage of the language. There are five basic functions to which communication is designed for 1. Social Interaction – through this function, we get to interact with the people around us. It allows us to stimulate responses or reactions just by simply sharing our thoughts or feelings. It also helps us to establish, maintain, and enjoy relationships among others (Locke, 1998). 2. Motivation – this highlights encouragement to make people live better. It allows us to influence others in achieving specific goals or objective. It also helps us to reinforce behaviors, correct undesirable actions, and Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicator inspire others as well in making their lives more meaningful. 3. Regulation/Control – the communicators use this To be an effective communicator, intercultural function to controlling behaviors. It is particularly communication must not be disregarded. The World Bank (2010) observed among family members or acquaintances. According to Kamat (2011) as cited by Padilla et al. enumerated traits to be acquired on being a competent intercultural (2016), this usually occur in formal organizations which communicator. Those are (1) flexibility and the ability to tolerate high involves rules, regulations, policies, and agreements. level of uncertainty, (2) reflectiveness or mindfulness, (3) open- It is rarely experienced in informal set up like the unspoken or unwritten rules. mindedness, (4) sensitivity, (5) adaptability, (6) ability to engage in 4. Emotional expression – communication serves as divergent thinking (creative thinking) and systems-level (thinking how the avenue of communicators in expressing one’s feelings and emotions. It allows us to convey systems or organization influences each other), and (7) politeness. messages that reflect our emotions be it positive or negative. Below are the tips on how to refrain from showing bias when talking to 5. Information dissemination – to provide information is the basic function of communication. It allows us to someone: give details about what is going on in our surroundings, as well as to give and receive information. Avoid stereotyping Remember: One of the fundamentals in the existence and survival of Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he or man” to refer to humans is communication. It is used in reaching a common a general group of people. understanding through sharing of ideas, information, feelings, emotions, views, facts, etc. The functions or communication are Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly. designed to understand others better, express thoughts and Be sensitive to religious practices of others feelings, share ideas and plans, encourage others to do more Do not belittle people you perceive to be on a lower social and be more, to resolve differences, and to drive change. class than you Types of Speech Context Communication serves as the lifeblood of all relationships. Functions of Communication Sharing information without establishing relationships first will Establishing a purpose as we communicate is such an lead you off-track in realizing the importance of communication. important tool in getting understood by the listeners. People have the capability of doing a self-talk for reflection Messages and its meanings will easily get across from purposes which is known as intrapersonal communication. But one another if the speaker has definite purpose in  FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE looking closely to our daily conversational activities, we know front a huge crowd. The common purpose of the message in that we are into interpersonal communication because we are inclined more on informative or persuasive purposes. used to making conversations with our friends be it in a dyadic Examples: or small group setup. If you are well-versed with these two, you Your classmate delivers her valedictory speech to your are now gearing a little bit closer on being a proficient batch. communicator. The barangay captain orients his constituents regarding COVID19 quarantine protocols. 1. Intrapersonal Communication - this context refers to a communication process that involves only one person who acts Types of Speech Styles both as the speaker and receiver of the message. This is also In communication process, there are a lot of things to known as “self-talk” which means you are having an internal consider in conveying a message. Aside from aiming dialogue with yourself. Examples of which are asking yourself if to be understood by the other communicators, you will pursue buying things that you want which you don’t establishing purposes and identifying the functions of actually need, telling yourself to stay calm and collected in tough communication are not enough to make and transcend situations, or talking to yourself as to what went wrong with your meaningful messages. The use of speech contexts internet connection. This context may come in the following and styles can make the whole communication forms: exchange effective. Writing one’s thought or observations whether it is handwritten or through word processor; According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles Making gestures or body movements while thinking; which dictates the level of formality of the language to Sense-making through interpreting objects, signs, and be used in communication; those are intimate, casual, symbols; consultative, formal, and frozen. Interpreting nonverbal communication; and Communicating with body parts like “My eyes hurt, I guess it’s now time to stop my screen time.” Intimate Style this style is considered as private because it is only Examples: used in conversations between two people who are You are thinking about you’re the activities you’ve done closely related to one another, it means that the during quarantine and evaluating whether you’ve made communicators shared lots of information with a a progress or not. common background. This is observed between or You suddenly felt happy during your birthday since a among close family members and friends (e.g. you are lot of your friends managed to greet you even though sharing your personal challenges to your mom). they were not notified via Facebook that it is your Casual Style birthday. this style is used in communication involving peers and friends. This features the use of jargon, slang, 2. Interpersonal Communication – this context refers to a street language, gay language, or other vulgar words. communication that takes place between two people or in a The use of casual or informal language helps small group. communicators to easily understand or relate to the Types of Interpersonal Communication meaning of a message (e.g. two best friends catching Dyad Communication – this communication types up with each other using slang language). occurs between two people. Consultative Style Examples: You are seeking pieces of advice from your close this is the standard style of communication. It happens friend about good study habits. when you are talking to a stranger (neither one of your Small Group Communication – this context involves acquaintances, family members, relatives, nor friends). at least three but not more than ten people within face- The language used in this style is professional or to-face interactions of communication exchange. mutually acceptable language limited to the Examples: You are actively participating in a group dynamic as background of the communicators (e.g. teacher and part your subject’s activity. students, barangay captains and his constituents, You and your friends decided to have a group study in mentor and mentee, doctor and patient). preparation for the exam. Formal Style this style is used in formal settings. It is observe when 3. Public Communication – this context refers to someone delivers a speech in front of the audience. communication in which the speaker delivers his message in This style is the only one-way type of communication  FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE (e.g. State of the Nation Address, sermons by the involved to contribute their ideas and be involved in the priests and pastors, and formal speeches). discussion. Example: ‘While I also think that the other problems of the Frozen Style government are interesting to talk about, let us go back to our this style is used for declamation or for print in which topic. Joyce, can you talk about the definition of pandemic, while the listeners or readers are not allowed to provide their Enrico, can you discuss pandemic in the Philippines? What feedback to what they have heard or read. This occurs about you Henry, which subtopic would you like to cover?’ in ceremonies which features something that remains unchanged (e.g. Preamble to the Constitution, National Topic Shifting Hymn, and Allegiance to the country or flag). When moving from one topic to another, topic shifting is utilized. This strategy is used when the discussion of one particular topic has ended or when another connected topic should be presented. Example: ‘Talking about pandemic, maybe we can also cover TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY the current number of cases and deaths caused by this Nomination pandemic, and how do they affect the economy of the country, When introducing a topic at the start or at the middle of towards the end of your report?’ a conversation we usually use nomination. It is a strategy used as a way of introducing a communication Turn Taking process. If this strategy is used, the subject of the When one is facilitating the communication, he/she conversation is established in an effective and usually moderates further discussion by encouraging comprehensive way, targeting only what is connected the listeners to take part in turn-taking. Participants in to the topic at the time of the interaction. In case of a the discussion are usually given fair chances to speak group interaction, nomination requires an active and share their ideas. When one has the floor, the participation from the people involved to decide on the others must listen. subject that is relevant and acceptable to all the Example: ‘Here’s an outline of the subtopics we will discuss in members. our report. Do you think the report is too short or too long? Example: ‘Would you like to talk about what is a pandemic? Should we add or remove subtopics? Should we give Pandemic is occurring over a wide geographic area and examples? Edcelyn, how do you think can we keep our co- affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population.’ workers engaged in this report?’ Restriction Repair Restriction involves delaying the answer of the other Repair is the strategy used when the message in the individual/s who are part of the communication communication process is not clearly understood. process. For instance, the receiver, is limited to There are times that people encounter problems in answering only within the set of categories or within the speaking, listening and understanding the message time frame set by the sender of the message, by sent by the facilitator. This is also used in overcoming answering Yes/No questions. In group interaction, with communication barriers to send more understandable restriction, other topics are excluded and emphasizing messages. and focusing on the topic given and established in the Example: ‘I’m sorry, Julie. I did not fully catch what you said. current communication. Can you please repeat it?’ Example: ‘That is a good suggestion, Christine. However, I think we should only cover the pandemic report of this situation.’ Termination Termination ends the communication process. People Topic Control engaged in the communication process can use close- Topic control focuses on sticking to the topic initiating expressions through the use of the verbal and throughout the communication process. This strategy non-verbal cues. There are times that termination is determines whether an interaction is formal or informal, very brief, other times, it is prolonged by throwing with regards to the given procedures (if applicable). questions or queries, or the continuation of the topic Continuous communication is facilitated by asking already discussed. queries and getting answers that are related to the Example: ‘Thank you everyone! I truly appreciate all the ideas topic being discussed. This strategy allows the people you’ve imparted. I am confident that our co-workers will find out our report on pandemic, not only informative, but also engaging.’  FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVERS CIRCLE just saying something itself, but the act of saying something with There are a lot of complexities to become an effective the intention of: stating an opinion, conforming or denying communicator. One must acquire various skills because an something; making a prediction, a promise, a request; issuing effective communicator is a person who has the proper an order or a decision; giving an advice or permission. knowledge, skills and attitude that should be used in the proper time and particular circumstance. An effective communicator Example: must also be able to get the meaning of the message of I’ll clean my room later after returning from school. someone he/she is conversing with through the use of verbal Meaning: Making a promise and non-verbal cues. John Searle identified five illocutionary/perlocutionary points: Assertive. Statements that may be judged true or Remember: false because they aim to describe a state of affairs in The basic building block of good communication is the feelings the world. (Asserting, Concluding) that every human being is unique and of value. Directive. Statements that attempt to make the other - Unknown person's actions fit the propositional content. (Ordering, Requesting) Types of Speech Act Commissive. Statements that commit the speaker to a course of action as described by the propositional A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in content. (Promising, Offering) communication. We perform speech acts when we offer an Expressive. Statements that express the sincerity apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or condition of the speech act. (Thanking, Congratulating) refusal. Declarative. Statements that attempt to change the A speech act might contain just one word, as in "Sorry!" to world by representing it as having been changed. perform an apology, or several words or sentences: "I’m sorry I (Christening, Marriage) forgot your birthday. I just let it slip my mind." Speech acts include real-life interactions and require not only 3. A perlocutionary act is the actual effect, an action or knowledge of the language but also appropriate use of that state of mind brought about by, or as a consequence of saying language within a given culture. something. This happens when a speaker says has an effect on The concept of speech acts is derived from the speech act the listener. Therefore, when examining perlocutionary acts, the theory introduced by J. L. Austin in 1962. The speech act theory effect on the listener is emphasized. This is seen when a considers levels of action at which utterances are said to particular effect is sought from wither, the speaker, the listener perform. These utterances convey meaning and make listeners or both. The response may not necessarily be physical or verbal do specific things. and elicited by: inspiring or insulting; persuading or convincing; According to John Searle (1969), language does not merely deterring or scarring. The aim of perlocutionary speech act is describe or report as language itself is performative: that is, it to change feelings, thoughts or actions. does things. Example: Speech act utterances have three hinds of meaning and can be Clean your room or else you will not get your allowance! analyzed on those three Meaning: Giving an order levels: Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts. Because perlocutionary and illocutionary acts depend on the listener or the audience’s reaction to the given speech, the 1. A locutionary act is simply the speech act that has taken relationship between speaker and listener is important to place in the performance of an utterance. This occurs when the understand in the context of such acts of speech. Indeed, in speaker performs an utterance (locution), which has meaning in composing a good speech or speaking well in general the the traditional sense. In this case, sentences have a speaker must use language which his/her audience will grammatical structure and a literal linguistic meaning; the understand as intended. bare, literal force of an act. It is, ‘what did the person say?’ NOT, Remember: ‘what did the person mean?’ Where questions of style and exposition are concerned, I try to Example: follow a simple maxim: I don’t have the time to clean my room. If you can’t say the it clearly, you don’t understand it yourself. Meaning: Stating a matter of fact - John Searle 2. An illocutionary act is the real action which is performed by the utterance. It is the real, intended meaning. In other words, an illocutionary speech act is the performance of the act of saying something with a specific intention. It is not