Animal Cell Structure PDF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE Organelle Func+on/Physiology Biochemica...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE Organelle Func+on/Physiology Biochemical Components Significance Associated Diseases Houses gene)c material (DNA), controls cell DNA, RNA, histones, nuclear envelope Regulates gene expression, cell cycle Cancer, gene)c disorders (e.g., progeria, Nucleus ac)vi)es such as growth and division. (lipid bilayer). control. Down syndrome). Ribosome biogenesis, essen)al for Ribosomopathies (e.g., Diamond-Blackfan Nucleolus Produces and assembles ribosome components. RNA, proteins. protein synthesis. anemia). Double membrane regula)ng substance exchange Protects DNA, allows mRNA and other Nuclear envelope defects (e.g., Emery- Nuclear Envelope Phospholipids, proteins (nuclear pores). between the nucleus and cytoplasm. molecules to exit the nucleus. Dreifuss muscular dystrophy). Generates ATP via oxida)ve phosphoryla)on, Phospholipids, proteins (e.g., ATP Mitochondrial diseases (e.g., Leigh Mitochondria Energy produc)on, apoptosis regula)on. regulates cellular metabolism. synthase), mitochondrial DNA. syndrome, mitochondrial myopathy). Protein synthesis and folding, with ribosomes Synthesis of membrane-bound and Protein folding disorders (e.g., cys)c Rough ER rRNA, ribosomal proteins, phospholipids. aLached for protein produc)on. secretory proteins. fibrosis). Phospholipids, enzymes for lipid Lipid metabolism, detoxifies drugs, Liver disease, lipid metabolism disorders Smooth ER Lipid synthesis, detoxifica)on, calcium storage. metabolism. regulates calcium levels. (e.g., atherosclerosis). Converts gene)c informa)on into Ribosomal dysfunc)on (e.g., Treacher Ribosomes Synthesize proteins from mRNA (transla)on). rRNA, proteins (ribosomal subunits). proteins. Collins syndrome). Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids Protein and lipid matura)on and Congenital disorders of glycosyla)on, Golgi Apparatus Glycosyltransferases, phospholipids. for transport or secre)on. trafficking. lysosomal storage diseases. Contains diges)ve enzymes to break down Intracellular diges)on, recycling of Lysosomal storage diseases (e.g., Tay- Lysosomes Hydrolases, phospholipid membrane. macromolecules, waste, and pathogens. damaged organelles. Sachs, Gaucher disease). Breaks down faLy acids, detoxifies reac)ve Catalase, oxidase enzymes, phospholipid Detoxifica)on, lipid metabolism, ROS Peroxisomal disorders (e.g., Zellweger Peroxisomes oxygen species (ROS). membrane. neutraliza)on. syndrome). Aqueous solu)on where organelles are Supports organelles, allows for cellular Metabolic disorders (e.g., glycogen storage Cytoplasm Water, salts, proteins, various ions. suspended, site of metabolic reac)ons. metabolism. diseases). Provides structural support, enables intracellular Ac)n filaments, microtubules, Maintains cell shape, helps in cell Muscular dystrophy, neurodegenera)ve Cytoskeleton transport, and cell movement. intermediate filaments (proteins). division, and organelle posi)oning. diseases (e.g., ALS). Centrosome Organizes microtubules, regulates cell division Ensures correct chromosome segrega)on Cancer (due to abnormal mitosis), Tubulin (microtubules). (Centrioles) (mitosis/meiosis). during cell division. microcephaly. Transport materials within the cell, assist in Intracellular transport, secre)on of Vesicular trafficking disorders (e.g., Vesicles Phospholipids, proteins (SNAREs, clathrin). endocytosis and exocytosis. molecules like neurotransmiLers. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease). Semi-permeable barrier regula)ng material Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, Protects the cell, regulates exchange of Cys)c fibrosis, autoimmune diseases, Plasma Membrane exchange and cell communica)on. membrane proteins (e.g., ion channels). substances, cell signaling. hypercholesterolemia. Endosomal transport disorders, Involved in sor)ng and direc)ng vesicles during Manages trafficking of substances Endosomes Phospholipids, proteins. neurodegenera)ve diseases (e.g., endocytosis. internalized via endocytosis. Alzheimer's). Flagella (in some Enables cell movement and fluid Primary ciliary dyskinesia, infer)lity in Provides mo)lity for specific cells (e.g., sperm). Microtubules (tubulin), dynein proteins. cells) propulsion. males due to immo)le sperm.