Animal Cell Structure PDF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE Organelle Function/Physiology Biochem...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE Organelle Function/Physiology Biochemical Components Significance Associated Diseases Houses genetic material (DNA), controls cell DNA, RNA, histones, nuclear envelope Regulates gene expression, cell cycle Cancer, genetic disorders (e.g., progeria, Nucleus activities such as growth and division. (lipid bilayer). control. Down syndrome). Ribosome biogenesis, essential for Ribosomopathies (e.g., Diamond-Blackfan Nucleolus Produces and assembles ribosome components. RNA, proteins. protein synthesis. anemia). Double membrane regulating substance exchange Protects DNA, allows mRNA and other Nuclear envelope defects (e.g., Emery- Nuclear Envelope Phospholipids, proteins (nuclear pores). between the nucleus and cytoplasm. molecules to exit the nucleus. Dreifuss muscular dystrophy). Generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, Phospholipids, proteins (e.g., ATP Mitochondrial diseases (e.g., Leigh Mitochondria Energy production, apoptosis regulation. regulates cellular metabolism. synthase), mitochondrial DNA. syndrome, mitochondrial myopathy). Protein synthesis and folding, with ribosomes Synthesis of membrane-bound and Protein folding disorders (e.g., cystic Rough ER rRNA, ribosomal proteins, phospholipids. attached for protein production. secretory proteins. fibrosis). Phospholipids, enzymes for lipid Lipid metabolism, detoxifies drugs, Liver disease, lipid metabolism disorders Smooth ER Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage. metabolism. regulates calcium levels. (e.g., atherosclerosis). Converts genetic information into Ribosomal dysfunction (e.g., Treacher Ribosomes Synthesize proteins from mRNA (translation). rRNA, proteins (ribosomal subunits). proteins. Collins syndrome). Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids Protein and lipid maturation and Congenital disorders of glycosylation, Golgi Apparatus Glycosyltransferases, phospholipids. for transport or secretion. trafficking. lysosomal storage diseases. Contains digestive enzymes to break down Intracellular digestion, recycling of Lysosomal storage diseases (e.g., Tay- Lysosomes Hydrolases, phospholipid membrane. macromolecules, waste, and pathogens. damaged organelles. Sachs, Gaucher disease). Breaks down fatty acids, detoxifies reactive Catalase, oxidase enzymes, phospholipid Detoxification, lipid metabolism, ROS Peroxisomal disorders (e.g., Zellweger Peroxisomes oxygen species (ROS). membrane. neutralization. syndrome). Aqueous solution where organelles are Supports organelles, allows for cellular Metabolic disorders (e.g., glycogen storage Cytoplasm Water, salts, proteins, various ions. suspended, site of metabolic reactions. metabolism. diseases). Provides structural support, enables intracellular Actin filaments, microtubules, Maintains cell shape, helps in cell Muscular dystrophy, neurodegenerative Cytoskeleton transport, and cell movement. intermediate filaments (proteins). division, and organelle positioning. diseases (e.g., ALS). Centrosome Organizes microtubules, regulates cell division Ensures correct chromosome segregation Cancer (due to abnormal mitosis), Tubulin (microtubules). (Centrioles) (mitosis/meiosis). during cell division. microcephaly. Transport materials within the cell, assist in Intracellular transport, secretion of Vesicular trafficking disorders (e.g., Vesicles Phospholipids, proteins (SNAREs, clathrin). endocytosis and exocytosis. molecules like neurotransmitters. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease). Semi-permeable barrier regulating material Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, Protects the cell, regulates exchange of Cystic fibrosis, autoimmune diseases, Plasma Membrane exchange and cell communication. membrane proteins (e.g., ion channels). substances, cell signaling. hypercholesterolemia. Endosomal transport disorders, Involved in sorting and directing vesicles during Manages trafficking of substances Endosomes Phospholipids, proteins. neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., endocytosis. internalized via endocytosis. Alzheimer's). Flagella (in some Enables cell movement and fluid Primary ciliary dyskinesia, infertility in Provides motility for specific cells (e.g., sperm). Microtubules (tubulin), dynein proteins. cells) propulsion. males due to immotile sperm.