OralAna%20lec%20INTRODUCTION%20(1).pdf

INTRODUCTION TO ORAL ANATOMY Oral anatomy - Branch of science: Study shape, color, and size of teeth. - It deals with 4 important: 1. Developmental 2. Morphology 3. Function 4. Identity Anatomy - Gross structure General physiology - Functions Dental -...

INTRODUCTION TO ORAL ANATOMY Oral anatomy - Branch of science: Study shape, color, and size of teeth. - It deals with 4 important: 1. Developmental 2. Morphology 3. Function 4. Identity Anatomy - Gross structure General physiology - Functions Dental - teeth Oral - mouth Maxillary bone and Mandible bone - nakaattach sa skin OBJECTIVES OF DENTAL ANATOMY 1. To know the normal anatomic, physiologic, and biomechanical relationships of dental structures. (note: Biomechanics - how teeth erupts) 2. To be familiar with the clinical significance and define the shape and contour relationships of normal dentition. 3. To identify, describe and reproduce in drawings and wax, the morphology of permanent teeth in various views. 4. To discuss the relationships between teeth and supporting structures. (note: how teeth related to one another/how related to structures.ex of relations structures: Bone) 5. To correctly identify natural teeth with or without anatomical variations. (note:malformation of teeth) HUMAN DENTITIONS Dentition - pertains to the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth. - studies arrangement of teeth how it attach to alveolar bone. In particular, it is the characteristic arrangement, kind, and number of teeth in a given species at a given age. HUMAN DENTITION: - A HUMAN DENTITION CONSISTS OF 2 SETS / 2 KINDS OF HUMAN DENTITION: 1. DECIDUOUS DENTITION/PRIMARY DENTITION - Exfoliates or shed off, papalitan ng permanent teeth. 2. PERMANENT DENTITION/SECONDARY DENTITION NOTE: 8 - 9 years old - has 2 types of teeth: 1. Transitional phase - napalitan na primary ng permanent teeth - Can be found in mixed dentition, kasi habang in transitional phase, nagkakaroon ng mixed dentition, 2. Mixed dentition period - primary and permanent makikita sa ngipim - madalas makikita sa 8 to 9 years old Note: HUMAN DENTITION ARE DIVIDED INTO MANY CLASSES OF TEETH (BASED ON APPEARANCE AND FUNCTION OR POSITION) Incisors - called incise to cut food or incise the food - sharp/edges Cuspids/Canines - located angle of the mouth - for prehension = animals - for sheering, tearing, cutting, (humans) Bicuspid/premolars - helps anterior/posterior teeth. (NOTE: Anterior - sheering Posterior - Grinding Molars - located at the back - Size become larger to small (1st molar - 3rd molar) Tooth Name Position Function Number  TOOTH NAME POSITION FUNCTION NUMBER Incisors Central & Two of each Biting, cuffing, 08 Lateral Incisors quadrant which incising, & are closes to shearing midline Anterior Canine Conine 3rd tooth from Cutling,tearing, 04 (Cuspid] midline in each piercing, & quadrant holding Tooth Name Position Function Number Premolars 1st and 2nd 4th and 5th Tearing, 08 (Bicuspid) Premolars teeth from holding. & midline grinding Posterior Molars 1st, 2nd, & 3rd 6th, 7th, 8th Grinding 12 molars teeth from midline EVOLUTIONS OF TEETH: Homodont - greek word “same teeth”/single shape. Ex. alligator teeth Heterodont - “different shape” Ex. human/dog, have different shapes of teeth Monophyodont - Sets of tooth/single set of tooth forms (wala ng set ng tooth tutubo pag may nabunot/nabungi) Diphyodont - 2 sets of teeth Ex. human Polyphyodont - diff/multi sets of teeth Ex. fish, if natanggal ang tooth, tumutubo uli multiple times NOMENCLATURE What is Nomenclature? Mandible - lower jaw Maxilla - upper jaw Premaxilla - 4 maxillary incisors (incisors) Dentition - teeth Primary or Deciduous dentition - sheds by itself - Nag eerupt or lumalabas lang in 6 months old - 2 to 2.5 years old last primary teeth Permanent or Secondary dentition - erupts in 6 to 21 years old Succedaneous dentition (successional teeth) - teeth replaced Non Succedaneous dentition/tooth (accessional teeth)- yung tumubo ng walang primary teeth (1st - 3rd molar) Dental arch - Maxilla & mandible Midline - line on the center Quadrant - 4 quadrants Alveolus - sockets in the jaw (alveolar sack) Anterior - front Posterior - back Superior - up Inferior - down  Concave - loob (inward) Convex - labas (outside) NOMENCLATURES MEANING W/PICTURES: Maxilla - upper jaw bones Premaxilla - 4 maxillary incisors (incisors) Dentition - teeth Dental arch - Maxilla & mandible  Primary or Deciduous dentition - sheds by itself - Nag eerupt or lumalabas lang in 6 months old - 2 to 2.5 years old last primary teeth Permanent or Secondary dentition - erupts in 6 to 21 years old  Succedaneous dentition (successional teeth) - teeth replaced Midline - line on the center Quadrant - 4 quadrants Quadrants: two approximately equal portions of each arch divided by midline Four in entire mouth & termed as: 1. maxillary (upper) right 2. maxillary (upper) left 3. mandibular (lower) left 4. mandibular (lower) right  Alveolus - sockets in the jaw (alveolar sack) Anterior - front Posterior - back SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR Superior (or cranial) - means "toward the head and of the body” or “higher/above” Inferior (or caudal) - means just the opposite: “Away from the head," or “lower/under." CONCAVE AND CONVEX Concave - describes shapes that curve inward, like an hourglass. Convex - describes shapes that curve outward, like a football (or a rugby ball). Finding a mnemonic device for concave is easy enough. There's a "cave" in concave, and caves are inward curvatures. That doesn't work as well for convex, but if you can recall what we said for concave, all you need to do is remember that convex is the exact opposite. DENTAL FORMULAE FOR MAMMALIAN TEETHX TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEM Why was it devised? Criteria in fulfilling a tooth numbering system Trait- Set, Arch, Side, Type, Class dec/perm max/mand left/right tooth inc/canine/prem/mol DENTAL NOMENCLATURE By words: Set: Deciduous or Permanent Jaw: Maxillary or Mandibular Side: Right or Left Order of Class: Central or Lateral, first, second, third Class: Incisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEMS Tooth numbering or "shorthand" system of tooth notation is necessary in clinical practice for recording data and communication. The various tooth notation systems are as follows: 1. Palmer notation system 2. Universal notation system 3. FDI system 4. Viktor Haderup PALMER/ZSIGMONDY NOTATION SYSTEM 1861 - Adolph zsigmondy ADVANTAGES 1. System is easy to use. 2. Easier for beginner due to less confusion 3. as permanent teeth and deciduous teeth are indicated differently DISADVANTAGES 1. Cannot be coded by computer. 2. Segments has only one number and used to designate particular tooth. 3. No provisions to identify supernumerary tooth. for verbal transmission. UNIVERSAL SYSTEM FOR DECIDUOUS TEETH A - Maxillary right second molar J - Maxillary left second molar K - Mandibular left second molar T - Mandibular right second molar 1882 - julius parreidt 1883 - cuningham ADVANTAGES 1. Separate number/alphabet is given for individual tooth. 2. Easy to visualize  3. Easy to communicate DISADVANTAGES 1. Confusing when comparing with Palmer notation System. 2. Confusing with FDI and difficult to remember. 3. It does not consider the jaw quadrant clearly, thus similar teeth given various numerous in different quadrant. FDI SYSTEM (FEDERATION DENTAIRE INTERNATIONALE) 1966 - De. Jochen Viohl - Two-digit system - First digit indicates the quadrant and the second digit indicates the tooth within the quadrant. - 1 to 4 and 4 to 8 as the first digit indicates ….. nd primary dentition respectively. ……as the second digit indicates if primary teeth respectively. System was accepted by FDI and ADVANTAGES 1. It is very simple, accurate, and is easy to memorize. 2. It is user friendly, and prevents errors in differentiating left and right, upper and lower arches and tooth type. 3. Simple to teach and easy to understand. 4. Simple to translate into computer input. in conversation and direction 5. communicable in print. DISADVANTAGES 1. In the case of deciduous teeth, there can be confusion and it is difficult to memorize. 2. For specialist other than pedodontists, it can be difficult to understand or to define teeth. 3. It is difficult to enter multiple teeth in different arches and it would be to ag to use routinely. VICTOR HADERUP SYSTEM - European system of identifying teeth by use of a number for each permanent tooth and a + or-sign to indicate the position of each tooth, e.g., 6 + is the upper right first permanent molar. The Victor Haderup system is similar to the Zsigmondy-Palmer's notation. For the right and left quadrants: 1 "+” or "-" signed placed on the right side for the right quadrant 2 "+” or "-" signed placed on the left side for the left quadrant 1891- Haderup ADVANTAGES - This system is computer friendly - Easy to understand DISADVANTAGES - It can be very confusing for recording mixed dentitions. - It is very difficult to dictate, so it cannot be used routinely. THE CROWN AND ROOT: Crown - Covered with enamel 1. Anatomical crown - Portion covered by enamel surface.  2. Clinical crown - Portion of tooth which is visible or exposed to outside in the mouth. Root portion - is embedded inside the jaw bone called alveolar 1. Anatomical root - portion of tooth which is covered by cementum. 2. Clinical root - portion of tooth which is not visible in mouth OTHER TERMINOLOGIES: Cervical line (cemento-enamel junction) - It is a thin line which separates the anatomical crown and the anatomical root Root trunk. It is that part of the root which starts from the cervical line to the furcation area of multirooted teeth (posterior teeth only). Furcation. It is the junction of roots in multirooted teeth mainly in posterior. ( pagitan ng multirooted tooth) (Bifurcation(2) or Trifurcation(3)). Apex. It is the tapered end of the root tip of a tooth. (yung dulo ng root) Apical Foramen. It is a communicating channel or opening between the periodontal membrane and the pulp. It is usually present at the apex of the root. (Foramina-Plural) (yung hole sa dulo ng root which is makikita sa apex & dun lumalabas yung nerve) STRUCTURES(TISSUES) OF A TOOTH HARD TISSUES: 1. Enamel (1st layer) 2. Dentin (2nd layer) 3. Cementum (next to alveolar bone) Enamel Dentin Cementum (substantia (Substantia (Substantia adamantina) Eburnea) ossea) Location & Cover the pulp & function make the shape of the tooth Thickness 3 - 4mm (thicker than the incisal cusp) Specific gravity 2.8 Color Thick: blush Dec.: Light Light yellow white gray yellow Thin: Yellow Perm.: Yellow white  Translucency Semi- Semi - translucent Transparent Permeability Selectively Permeable permeable Consistency 96% inorg, 4% 65% Inorg, 35% 50% inorg, org org 50-55% org Living or Non-living Living (bcs they non-living react to temp) Things to note Has cells, called Dentoblastic cells Elasticity High, less radio opaque than the enamel Hardness 5 to 8 Moh cementum calcified than Diamond) dentin Peritubular Dentin that dentin immediately surrounds the dentin dentinal 1. ENAMEL (SUBSTANTIA ADAMANTINA) Enamel - is the outer covering of the crown of the tooth. - hard, mineralized tissue which covers dentin of anatomical crown of a tooth & hardest living body tissue - no cells & blood vessels (kaya di naturally narerepair pag nasira) The hardness varies from 5 to 8 Moh (10 Moh = Diamond). Thickness Specific gravity Color Translucency Permeability Consistency Living or Non-living things? 2. DENTIN (SUBSTANTIA EBURNEA) Dentin - forms the major portion of the tooth and provides basic shapes to the tooth. - Covered by cementum - Gives shape to the enamel - covers pulp cavity, reacts in physio & patho stimuli (nagrereact sila sa physio & patho) - (kapag na sa dentin na cavity, makakafeel ka ngilo) - hard tissue which forms main body of tooth and surrounds pulp cavity & is covered by enamel in anatomical crown and by cementum in anatomical root Functions and Locations Hardness Transparency Color Permeability Elasticity Consistency Peritubular dentin Cementum - layer of hard, bonelike tissue which covers dentin of anatomical root of a tooth Cervical line (Cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) )- identifiable line around external surface of a tooth where enamel and cementum meet - separates anatomical crown & anatomical root and is a constant entity Cementum Cervical line 3. CEMENTUM (SUBSTANTIA OSSEA) Cementum - is the covering of the root of teeth, therefore it extends from the cementoenamel junction to the apical foramen. Thickness Permeability Calcification Color and weight Where does it develop from? - from endodorm Consistency  Two types of cementum: 1. Cellular cementum - found in the root of a tooth. It is a thin layer of bone-like material that helps to anchor the tooth in place. Cellular cementum contains cells called cementocytes (cementocytes - these cells help to repair and maintain the cementum.) 2. Acellular cementum - also found in the root of a tooth. It is a thicker layer of cementum that does not contain any cells. stronger than cellular cementum and helps to protect the tooth from wear and tear. PULP Radicular “ - where the cementum is up to the apex of the tooth (na sa may root) Coronal “ - near the cervical line SOFT TISSUES: 1. Pulp Dentino - enamel junction or DEJ - internal line of meeting of dentin & enamel in anatomical crown of a tooth Pulp - living soft tissue which occupies pulp cavity of a vital tooth & contains tooth's blood vessels & nerve supply Enamel Dentin DEJ Pulp PULP - present in the pulp cavity, which occupies the central portion of the tooth. 2 parts: - Coronal pulp - Radicular pulp FUNCTIONS OF DENTAL PULP: - Formative - Sensory /Protective (pertains to temp) - Nutritive - Defensive or Reparative Pulp Cavity - entire internal cavity of a tooth which contains the pulp & consists of the following entities: a. Pulp canal b. Pulp chamber c. Pulp horns JUNCTIONS OF TOOTH TISSUES A. Cementoenamel junction (4 types) b. Dentinoenamel junction c. Cementodentinal junction Alveolar process - entire bony entity which surrounds & supports all teeth in each jaw member - bone that holds tooth Alveolus - bony socket, or portion of alveolar process, into which an individual tooth is set. Periodontal ligament(membrane) - fibrous attachment of tooth to the periodontal membrane - Holds the tooth Gingiva - “gum” or “gums”, or fibrous tissue enclosed by mucous membrane that covers alveolar processes & surrounds necks of teeth.