oral com reviewer.pdf

ORAL COM NATURE OF COMMUNICATION VERBAL/NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION Lesson 1 01-INTRODUCTION 02-TYPES...

ORAL COM NATURE OF COMMUNICATION VERBAL/NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION Lesson 1 01-INTRODUCTION 02-TYPES OF COMMUNICATION A brief discussion of the overview of communication and its A. VERBAL (ORAL, WRITTEN) importance in life as a whole. B. NON-VERBAL (GESTURES, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, BODY HOW DOES COMMUNICATION HELP? LANGUAGE, TOUCH/HAPTICS, EYE CONTACT, INTERACTION SPACE/PROXEMICS, TONE OF VOICE) Listening and talking, or giving and receiving, are both VERBAL COMMUNICATION important parts of good communication. The goal is to make sure that everyone understands what is being said. SPOKEN COMMUNICATION Which employs the spoken word, either direct or indirect as SUCCESS communication channel. You could converse either face to For your career to go well, you need to be able to talk to face, over the phone, via voice notes, or chat rooms, etc. people. Having good communication skills can help you move up in your career. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Kind of communication involves any kinds of exchange RELATIONSHIP information in the written form. For example: e-mails, texts, One important life skill is the ability to communicate. letters, reports, SMS, posts on social media platforms, Communication helps you get to know other people and documents, handbooks, posters, flyers, etc. get along well with them. SELF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Communication is a big part of how you see yourself, and Non-verbal language are the ways which people it also helps you solve problems, learn new things, and communicate without using words. This includes facial build your career. expressions, gestures, posture, eye contact, and even the 02-COMMUNICATION physical distance between people. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION A discussion on the etymology, definition, and forms and FACIAL EXPRESSION uses of communication. BODY MOVEMENT AND POSTURE COMMUNICATION GESTURES it is derived from the Latin word “Communicare” which EYE-CONTACT means to transmit, to share, and to convey. Communication is simply the act of sending information VERBAL COMMUNICATION from one person or group to another. The exchange of communication varies from person to person depending TOUCH OR HAPTICS on the needs of the situation. SPACE OR PROXEMICS Communication is a process of exchanging meaningful VOICE OR PARALANGUAGE messages through the use of common symbols. NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 03-PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Speaker - the source of information or message COMMUNICATION AS PROCESS Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts A step-by-step activity and it is essentially a two- way process that involves active participation of conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions both parties (sender and receiver) Encoding - the process of converting the message COMMUNICATION AS INTERACTION into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker Communication occurs between two or more understands people acting as the speaker or the receiver of the Channel - the medium or the means, such as message. -has a sender and a receiver personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in COMMUNICATION AS VERBAL AND which the encoded message is conveyed NON-VERBAL Decoding - the process of interpreting the encoded Communication can be expressed through message of the speaker by the receiver written or spoken words, actions (non-verbal), or both spoken words and non-verbal actions at the Receiver - the recipient of the message, or someone same time who decodes the message Feedback - the reactions, responses, or information COMMUNICATION MODELS provided by the receiver Linear Communication Model Context/ situation- the environment where Lasswell's Model communication takes place Aristotle's Model Barrier/ noise - the factors that affect the flow of Berlo's SMCR Model communication Transactional Model hannon & Weaver Model Interactive Model Schramm's Model Dance-helical Model A. LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION communication is considered one way process the message signal is encoded and transmitted through channel in presence of noise the sender is more prominent in linear model of communication. 03-FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION applied in mass communication like television, Control/Regulation radio, etc. to control or regulate behavior or direct others, words are usually directives, order, or requests, and tone and bodily actions are authoritative and firm Example: The teacher reads and discusses classroom policies to her students. Social Interaction to interact with others and be connected with other people, words are mostly informal terms, and tone is friendly, even teasing, and bodily action is relaxed Example: Rose greets Rachelle; then, they start talking about their high school memories. Motivation to motivate or encourage others to live better, words are more direct and purposeful, gestures are Different types of communication models based emphatic, tone of voice is forceful, and with direct on linear model of communication are: eye contact to underscore speaker’s sincerity and ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION conviction. Example: Liza shares her insights on Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer how to live peacefully despite a complicated life. born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He was also the teacher of Information Dissemination Alexander the Great. He studied physics, logic, Functions to convey information. mathematics, etc. Emotional Expression considered as the first model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. to express feelings and emotions, words are most widely accepted among all communication carefully chosen, and some nonverbal cues like models. touching, hand holding or hugging, putting an arm around someone’s shoulder are evident Example: Rica shares her personal frustrations to her friend, Cathy. ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect speaker centered model highly used to develop public speaking skills and create a propaganda at that time so, it is less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal communication speaker must have a very good non-verbal communication with the audience like eye contact ELEMENTS OF GOOD COMMUNICATOR 1. ETHOS CRITICISMS OF LASSWELL'S MODEL OF Credibility of the speaker COMMUNICATION characteristic which makes you credible in front of the There are few criticisms around this model. Some of audience them are: 2. PATHOS does not include feedback and it ignores the possibility Emotional bond of noise what you say matters to them and they can connect with very linear and does not consider barriers in the it, then they will be more interested communication process 3. LOGOS more focused on the resulting outcome and generally sense of reason used for media persuasion You must present facts to the audience for them to believe in you BERLO'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo's Sender- CRITICISMS OF ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of COMMUNICATION communication from Shannon Weaver's Model of There are few criticisms around this model. Some of Communication (1949). He described factors affecting the them are: individual components in the communication making the There is no concept of feedback, it is one way from communication more efficient. speaker to audience. focuses on encoding and decoding which happens There is no concept of communication failure like before sender sends the message and before receiver noise and barriers. receives the message respectively This model can only be used in public speaking. Berlo's Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process. They are sender, message, LASSWELL'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION channel and receiver. Each of the component is affected Developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell by many factors. (1902-1978) in 1948. Lasswell's model of communication (also known as action model or linear model or one way model of communication) is regarded as one the most influential communication models. CRITICISMS OF BERLO'S MODEL OF Shannon was an American mathematician whereas Weaver was a scientist. The Mathematical theory later COMMUNICATION came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of There are few criticisms around this model. Some of communication or "mother of all models." them are: There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not CONCEPTS IN SHANNON WEAVER MODEL considered. Sender (Information source) - Sender is the person who There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in makes the message, chooses the channel and sends communication process. the message. It is a linear model of communication, there is no two Encoder (Transmitter) -Encoder is the sender who uses way communication. machine, which converts message into signals or Both of the people must be similar according to all the binary data. It might also directly refer to the machine. factors mentioned above. Channel -Channel is the medium used to send message. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF Decoder (Receiver) - Decoder is the machine used to COMMUNICATION convert signals or binary data into message or the Transactional model of communication is the receiver who translates the message from signals. exchange of messages between sender and receiver Receiver (Destination) -Receiver is the person who gets where each take turns to send or receive messages. the message or the place where the message must both sender and receiver are known as communicators reach. The receiver provides feedback according to The model is mostly used for interpersonal the message. communication and is also called circular model of Noise -Noise is the physical disturbances like communication. environment, people, etc. which does not let the message get to the receiver as what is sent. ADVANTAGES OF BERLO'S MODEL OF TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION There are few advantages around this model. Some of them are: Concept of noise helps in making the communication effective by removing the noise or problem causing noise. This model takes communication as a two way process. It makes the model applicable in general communication. Different types of communication models based on B. INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION transactional model of communication are: also known as convergence model SHANNON and WEAVER'S | MODEL OF deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking COMMUNICATION (INFORMATION THEORY) place both ways from sender to receiver and vice-versa Shannon Weaver model of communication was created The communication process take place between in 1948 when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article humans or machines in both verbal or non-verbal way "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in Bell This is a relatively new model of communication for new System Technical Journal with Warren Weaver technologies like web.  It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature Encoder - Who does encoding or Sends the message (message originates) Decoder - Who receives the message Interpreter - Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation goes on. Based on this interpretation only the message is received. INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION DANCE-HELICAL'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Frank Dance proposed a communication model inspired by a helix in 1967, known as Helical Model of Communication. A helix is a three dimensional spring like curve in the shape of a cylinder or a cone. Helix is compared with evolution of communication of a human since birth to existence or existing moment. Helical model gives geometrical testimony of communication. The model is linear as well as circular combined and disagrees the concept of linearity and Different types of communication models based on circularity individually. interactive model of communication are: Communication is taken as a dynamic process in helical OSGOOD-SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF model of communication and it progresses with age as our experience and vocabulary increases. COMMUNICATION built on the theory that communication is a two-way street, with a sender and a receiver Charles Egerton Osgood popularized the notion that Strategies to Avoid Communication communication was circular rather than linear, meaning that it required two participants taking turns sending Breakdown and receiving a message. Communication Breakdown happens when the message is not clearly understood by Field of experience incorporates what is mutually the receiver understood between the sender and receiver. For Effective Communication example, a professor of calculus would have very little means you are able to listen, understand, and take action luck communicating important math principles to a on what other people say. classroom of kindergarten students, because they do not share a field of experience that makes the Barriers that May Cause Communication message easy to understand. Breakdown: Verbal Communication People’s Opinion and belief You are having a bad day or you feel frustrated Topic You are a scientist discussing a weather phenomenon to a clueless neighbor. Communicative Situation You are asked to share something about your day, but you are hesitant because you are shy. Language Choice Types of Speech Cntext You are having a conversation with some friends when a song was played loudly. Speech Context Intrapersonal Non- Verbal Communication Interpersonal Language of Gestures Language of Space Public Facial Expression Language of time Mass Communication Language of colors Paralanguage Language of flowers Posture and Body Types of Speech Context Orientation Intrapersonal This refers to a type of communication that is focused on one person, where the speaker acts both as the Barriers that May Cause sender and as the receiver of the message. The message Communication Breakdown: is made up of thoughts and feelings while the medium is Emotional Barriers the brain that processes what you think and feel. You are having a bad day or you feel frustrated (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 16) Use of Jargons Examples: There is a voice within you that tells you, “It’s You are a scientist discussing a weather phenomenon okay, you can still do it! You can make it!” when you are to a clueless neighbor. losing your drive to finish the task that you are doing. Lack of Confidence When you told yourself not to talk to your friends when you You are asked to share something about your day, but have read in a Facebook post that they were in a party and you are hesitant because you are shy. you were not invited. Noisy Environment Interpersonal You are having a conversation with some friends when This refers to the type of communication that takes a song was played loudly. place and creates personal relationship between and among people. Normally, it includes two individuals, Strategies to Avoid Communication and it can vary from casual and very personal to formal Breakdown and impersonal. Become an engaged listener Types of Interpersonal Communication Listening well means not just understanding the words or Dyad Communication the information being communicated, but also communication that happens between two people. understanding the emotions the speaker is trying to Examples: communicate. You consoled your brother who was feeling down. Apply positive self-talk and perception A conversation between your father and mother about Positivity is the best encouragement. It welcomes good the latest announcement of your Barangay Chairman. vibes and pleasant outlook in all communication. Small Group Use appropriate language This applies to interactions involving at least three but not Tailor the words you will use based on your audience or more than twelve people engaged in face-to-face listener. Keep it simple or understandable. interactions to achieve the desired goal. In this type of Be Open conversation, all participants can freely express their ideas Suspend your own judgment, ideas, and beliefs. Give the throughout the discussion. speaker time to develop and express his/her ideas or point Examples: before you conclude if the message has any value, little You are having a discussion with your two brothers value, or none at all. about the surprise party you are planning for your Give and accept feedback Mom’s birthday. Feedback keeps the communication going. Respond to Kathlyn who came back from the United States called what has been heard. Keep an open mind and avoid her three brothers and four sisters and announced that overreacting emotionally to a message or feedback. she is getting married. Pay attention to nonverbal signals Public Feedback keeps the communication going. Respond to This type refers to a communication that enables you to what has been heard. Keep an open mind and avoid send or deliver a message before a crowd. The message overreacting emotionally to a message or feedback. can be transmitted for informative or persuasive purposes. "In public communication, unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is When talking to one person or a small louder and the gestures are more expansive because the group of people audience is larger” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19). Consoling your friend who is feeling down, or simply Examples: talking with your classmates about your plans for a group Delivering a graduation speech to your fellow activity is an example of a dyad and small group graduates. communication. This kind of communication implies that You were elected as the new SSG president of your the conversation is being shared and there is exchange of school and were given a chance to deliver a message ideas. Small group involves different skills because unlike of gratitude to your fellow students. dyad, it consists of more than two people. In both cases, Mass Communication you can be as natural as yourself, however, unlike a This refers to communication through television, radio, running conversation in your head, you have to consider newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the internet, that there are others who are equally important in the and other types of media conversation. Thus, to achieve successful communication Examples: in a dyad or small group, you have to consider the You are watching a televised briefing of IATF on following; COVID-19. Listen carefully You have recorded a commentary for your school’s Needless to say, this is the very basic foundation of Online Discussion of the pandemic and uploaded it in effective communication. You have to listen carefully and your social media account. understand what the other person is saying. Asking clarifying questions lets the other person know that you Verbal and Non-verbal Behavior in a are indeed listening attentively. More so, take active part. You also need to be heard and understood when it is Speech Context your time to speak. Different speech context whether it is intrapersonal, Check your tone and body language. interpersonal, public or mass communication requires The vocabulary of the body is more revealing than the different approaches. Though there might be some actual words you speak. So, watch your tone and body occasional similarities, you should at least know how to language while you are talking. Is your tone tough? Do behave and respond to various speech contexts you smile and encourage the person you are talking to? appropriately. Your body language tells more about your emotions and When talking to your self thoughts than your actual words. Bear this in mind the You might be familiar with the feeling of quietly talking to next time you have a conversation with someone. Check yourself in your mind, and it's normal — and good for you. your body language to ensure that it is consistent with By performing this, it makes you think and reflect on the your words (Oakes, 2017). things you have done or are planning to do. But here are When talking to the public some important reminders that you need to keep in mind: Speaking in front of the crowd requires many preparations; from analyzing your target audience, to Use self-talk to your advantage planning and drafting your speech up to the rehearsing Cheering yourself up before an important event or talking part. The key therefore is to come prepared. Be yourself to yourself while completing a task are two perfect while you are on stage and speak in the way that you will opportunities for self-talk (Gould, 2018, Talking to yourself be easily understood by your audience. is normal, n.d.). Don’t overdo it. While it is normal to talk to yourself constantly, it is better not to overuse yourself of doing so. The most common reason why people end up talking to themselves is because they feel like they do not have someone else to talk to. To address this, you need to be more sociable, it would give you more people to talk to other than yourself.