Oral Communication Fundamentals PDF

Oral Com **Communication** - Wood(2004): communication is a **systematic process** in which individuals **interact** with and through **[symbols]** to **[create]** and **[interpret meaning]** **Nature of Communication** - *A systematic process-* it follows a predetermined set of step...

Oral Com **Communication** - Wood(2004): communication is a **systematic process** in which individuals **interact** with and through **[symbols]** to **[create]** and **[interpret meaning]** **Nature of Communication** - *A systematic process-* it follows a predetermined set of steps. - *Interactive-* it occurs within systems of interrelated and interacting parts. - *Symbolic-* it uses verbal and non-verbal sets of symbols. - *Involves Meaning-* meanings are created (encoded) and interpreted (decoded). **Oral Communication** Process of communication Elements of Communication **Sender** **Message** **Encoding** **Channel** **Receiver** **Decoding** **Feedback** **Noise** Notes on Feedback \- **enhances** the effectiveness of the communication process \- **enables** the **sender** to know if his/her **message** has been **properly comprehended** \- the **analysis** of **feeback** helps **improve future messages** 4 Types of Feedback (Kevin Eikenberry) +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **ABOUT PAST** | **ABOUT FUTURE** | | | | | **BEHAVIOR** | **BEHAVIOR** | +===================================+===================================+ | **Negative feedback**: corrective | **Negative feedforward**: | | comments on things that | corrective comments on things | | [did] [not go | that [do not need to be | | well] | repeated] [next | | | time] | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Positive feedback**: affirming | **Positive feedforward**: | | comments on things that | affirming comments things that | | [went] | [would improve performance | | [well] | in] [the | | | future] | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Communication Models LINEAR: **Aristotle's Model (5 BCE)** A diagram of a conversation Description automatically generated with medium confidence **Lasswell's Model** **Proponents**: Harold Lasswell - describes **who is saying something, which channel is used to convey the messages, who the message is aimed at and what effect the message has**  **Shannon-Weaver's** **Model (Mother of all Communication Models)** **Proponents**: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver - the first to highlight the role of '**noise**'communication, which can disrupt or alter a message between sender and receiver **Berlo's Model** S- Source M- Message R- Receiver C- Channel - *Source-* where the message originates. - Communication Skills - Attitude - Knowledge - Social System - Culture - *Message-* What is being conveyed. - Content - Elements - Treatment - Structure - Code - *Receiver-* one receiving message - Communication skills - Attitudes - Knowledge - Social System, Culture - *Channel-* refers to the five sense organs. - Hearing - Seeing - Touching - Smelling - Tasting **Interactive** **Model (Convergence Model)** - communication deals with **exchange** of **ideas and messages taking place both ways from sender to receiver and vice-versa**  **Shannon Weaver's Model** - *Sender-* originator of message - *Encoder-* converts the message into signals. - *Decoder-* reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. - *Receiver-* destination of the message from sender. - *Noise-* distracted or affected by physical noise like thunder and other noises. **Schramm's Model**  **Transaction Model** **Eugine White**  **Speech Circuit Model** **Ferdinand de Saussure** - **The brain triggers a sound pattern in the brain** - **Consists of the signifier and** - **signified** **Jakobson's Model** **Roman Jakobson** - **integrated the six functions of language (or communication functions) which contributes to the effective act of verbal communication** **Helical Model** Communication Breakdown **Breakdown** - **occurs when the message or the feedback is not sent or received properly** **Barriers :** **Perceptual Differences** **Language Differences**  **Information overload** **Inattention**  **Time pressure** -**In life, goals have to be achieved within a** **specified time period, the failure of which has adverse consequences.** -**In a haste to meet deadlines, the formal** **channels of communication are shortened, or messages are partially given, i.e., not completely transferred.** **Distraction or noise** **Emotions** -**Emotional state at a particular point of time** **also affects communication** **-If the receiver feels that communicator is** **angry he interprets that the information being sent is very bad. While he takes it differently if the communicator is happy and jovial (in that case the message is interpreted to be good and interesting).** **Complexity in Organizational Structure** -**Only the people at the top level can see the overall picture while the people at low level just have knowledge about their own area and a little knowledge about other areas.**  **Poor retention** -**One cannot always retain what is being told specially if he is not interested or not attentive. This leads to communication breakdown.** NOISE - Refers to all possible barriers to effective communication **Physical Noise** - Any external or environmental stimulus that distracts us from receiving the intended message sent by a communicator. **Psychological Noise** - **a type of interference that occurs within our minds** - **includes hunger, fatigue, headaches,** - **pain, medication effects** **Semantic Noise** - **disturbance in communication due to ambiguity in words, sentences or symbols used.** **Cultural Noise** - **the incorrect** **interpretation of other people's words, actions, or behavior due to differences in culture** **Technological Noise** - **any disturbance caused by** REGULATION/CONTROL **Regulation/Control** **Social Interaction** **Motivation** **Emotional Expression** **Information** **Opinions** -Communication enables people to share their **thoughts** on a **specific topic** under a **specific setting** and **purpose** in which it is done Language Functions **MICHAEL ALEXANDER KIRKWOOD** **HALLIDAY (Proponent: systematic functional linguistics)** **1. INSTRUMENTAL** \- Language serves a certain purpose Example: to express needs "I want juice." **2. REGULATORY** -This is where language is used to tell others what to do Example: to give a request or a command "May I borrow your pen." **3. INTERACTIONAL** -Here language is used to make contact with others and form relationships Example: endearments "I like you." **4. PERSONAL** -This is the use of language to express feelings, opinions, and individual identity Example: giving opinions "I do not agree with you." **5. HEURISTIC** -This is when language is used to gain knowledge (through discovery, problem-solving, or trial-and-error) Example: asking questions "What did the class did while I was absent?" **6. IMAGINATIVE** -Here language is used to tell stories and jokes, and to create an imaginary environment Example: writing a novel "Knock, knock\... who's there\..." **7. REPRESENTATIONAL** -The use of language to convey facts and information Example: delivering a report "Typhoon Karding has left the PAR\..." **BRONISLAW MALINOWSKY** He was an **anthropologist** who coined the term **phatic communication** in his essay, **The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages**, which appeared in **1923** in **The Meaning of Meaning** by C**.K. Ogden** and **I.A. Richards.** **PHATIC COMMUNICATION** **Phatic communication** is popularly known as **small talk**: the **non-referential use of language to share feelings or establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas.** Ex. "How are you?" "I hope you have been well." "This train is really crowded." "What\'s your sign?" "What\'s your major?" "The weather is so humid!" Non-verbal **Facial Expression** **Proxemics** A diagram of a person standing in a circle Description automatically generated **Gestures** **Paralanguage** **Oculesics** **Haptics** -**physical touch**, handshake, holding hands. **Artifacts** **Personal Appearance** **Chronemics** **Body Language** Barriers **Cultural Barrier** *[Overcome by:]* - Try to learn a little bit about other cultures. - Resist the urge to criticize others' beliefs. - Understand and respect their culture. **Language/Linguistical** *[Overcome By:]* - Use visual methods of communication. - Use simpler words. - Avoid using jargons. **Physical Barriers** *[Overcome By:]* - Separate working location. - Ensure less noise during meeting. - Ensure all communication mediums are in working condition. **Perceptual Barriers** *[Overcome By:]* - Reducing expectation - Be open minded. **Emotional Barrier** *[Overcome By:]* - Accepting imperfections **Gender Barriers** *[Overcome By]*: - Gender Equality **Assumptions** *[Overcome By:]* - Communicate Directly - Have open mind. **Biases** *[Overcome By:]* - Be flexible with other - Make an effort to be friendlier **Physiological Barrier** Speech context **Intrapersonal Communication** *Solo Vocal Communication* -speaking aloud to oneself *Solo Written communication* **Interpersonal Communication** **Dyad Communication** **Small group** **Public** **Mass Communication** Speech Style **Intimate** *[Example:]* - Telling your best friend about you problems. - Asking your family for advice about serious matters. **Casual** *[Example:]* - Hey, Hi, Dude, doin', watcha **Consultative** -uses listener participation and feedback. *[Defining features:]* - The speaker supplies background information. - The listener participates continuously. *[Examples:]* - A student talking to his/her teacher. - A student reciting in class. **Formal** -used only for imparting information. *[Examples:]* - Job Interview, Business Trip, Meetings, Academic papers **Frozen** *[Example:]* - Professional's Oath - National Pledge - Marriage Ceremonies Speech Acts **Locutionary Acts** *[Example:]* - It is raining. - My teacher is wearing a red dress today. **Illocutionary Acts** *[Two Kinds of Illocutionary Act:]* - **Constantive** - *Ex: I now pronounce you husband and Wife*. - **Performative** - *Ex: I sentence you to five years in prison.* *[Five Categories of Illocutionary Acts by John Searle]* - **Assertive** - *Ex: I am still the best student in class.* - **Directive** - *Ex: Take me to that place* - **Commissive** - *Ex: I will take you to school every day starting tomorrow.* - **Expressive** - *I am sorry for not wearing the complete uniform today.* - **Declarative** - *You are fired!* **Perlocutionary Acts**