Health and Safety in Oil and Gas Processing Operations PDF

HEALTH AND SAFETY IN OIL AND GAS PROCESSING OPERATIONS OGTS – P 05 – 01 & 02 & 03 BY: SERGIUS KATUSHABE www.linkedin.com/in/sergius-katushabe-b90859123  01 July 2024 | 2 Acknowledgem...

HEALTH AND SAFETY IN OIL AND GAS PROCESSING OPERATIONS OGTS – P 05 – 01 & 02 & 03 BY: SERGIUS KATUSHABE www.linkedin.com/in/sergius-katushabe-b90859123  01 July 2024 | 2 Acknowledgement This training material has been prepared by Dietsmann and UPIK-HSE lecturers covering OGTS-P01, 02, 03 for the Tilenga Academy in accordance with OPITO curriculum and industry best practices.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› LEARNING OUTCOME Describe safe working practices and O1 procedures for oil and gas processing operations Describe the purpose of safety O2 procedures/ documentation Demonstrate safe working practices in O3 an oil and gas processing environment  24 June 2019 / ‹#› SESSION OBJECTIVES P1.1 Describe procedures for safe working practices in an oil and gas processing environment P1.2 Describe methods of ensuring effective communication in an oil and gas processing environment P1.3 Describe responsibilities of individuals and teams to maintain a safe working environment in an oil and gas processing environment P1.4 Outline the role of legislation relevant to an oil and gas processing environment P2.1 Describe the purpose and types of permit to work systems P2.2 Describe the purpose of risk assessments P2.3 Describe the purpose of safety audits P2.4 Describe the purpose of safe isolation procedures  24 June 2019 / ‹#› SESSION OBJECTIVES cont’d P3.1 Carry out a safety audit for an oil and gas processing training workshop and identify potential safety issues and improvements P2.3 P3.2 Actively participate in a tool box talk P3.3 Communicate effectively as part of a team for oil and gas processing tasks P1.2 P3.4 Select and use the correct personal protection equipment for oil and gas processing tasks P3.5 Maintain the workspace in a clean and tidy manner  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Describe procedures for safe working practices in an oil and gas processing environment  7 INTRODUCTION TO MANUAL HANDLING Definition: Manual handling is any task where people physically move, handle or shift materials and objects.  8 Manual handling Examples of manual handling include: lifting boxes on or off storage racks or shelves; pushing furniture or tools; pulling an object into a better position carrying a package; sliding an object out from the floor;  9 Types of injuries Damage to the spine, back muscles and ligaments Amputations Abdominal hernia Muscle strains Crushed limbs and joint wear  01 July 2024 | 10 Manuel handling INDICATE: Correct method Incorrect method  01 July 2024 | 11 Manual handling Risks for your back Short term: acute back injury from unique event (i.e. lifting too heavy, or in bad position) Long term: chronic fragility/vulnerability of column invalidity from back pain great impact on your personal, professional and social life  12 Causes of injuries Overexertion - handling a load beyond the body’s capability. Repetitive actions - continually repeating certain movements or maintaining a body position for long periods. Poor workplace layout - encourages unsafe work postures and unnecessary manual handling. Incorrect technique - incorrect body positions and movements.  13 Reducing Manual handling Some ways to reduce manual handling tasks are by: planning your work area getting help from someone to carry heavy objects; using mechanical aids, such as hand trolleys, to move objects finding the best possible position  14 Safe manual lifting Size up the load to make sure it is not too heavy or too large. Assess the load to check contents will not move. Adopt a stable footing. Bend your knees and reach down to the load. Keep your back straight as you lower yourself. Grip the load with both hands. Brace your stomach and buttock muscles. Slowly push up with your legs and keep your back straight. Never bend at the waist, always bend at the knees - it makes the job ten times easier on your back.  15 Carrying load When carrying a load you should: keep the load close to your body; keep the load at no more than waist to chest height; and take short steps. If a load is too heavy or too large for you to lift and carry on your own, use a mechanical aid, or get someone else to assist you.  16 Carrying load To use a four-wheeled lifting aids, such as Carts and Platform Trucks: Push, rather than pull, the cart. Be aware of traffic in front of you. Allow an adequate stopping distance At the destination, secure the cart so it won’t roll  17 Pushing or pulling loads When pushing a load you should: place your feet apart with one well behind the other; lean forward; gradually apply your body weight; and push forward with your rear foot to set the load in motion. When pulling a load you should: place your feet apart with one well behind the other; lay back into the line of pull; gradually apply your body weight; and push backward with your front foot to set the load in motion.  01 July 2024 | 18 The Individual, Strength Is your strength height & fitness appropriate to the task? Everyone’s different!  01 July 2024 | 19 The Individual, Strength Have you been trained for the task? If you need training or information, ask your Supervisor  01 July 2024 | 20 The Load, Shape Do I need someone to help me lift? Ask for help, check the weight by tipping it and communicate clearly then check that everyone involved feels comfortable carrying the load  01 July 2024 | 21 The Load, Hazards Do not carry large objects that will obstruct your view It is important that your field of vision is clear when lifting lowering and carrying Look out for sharp edges  01 July 2024 | 22 The Environment, Layout Is the lighting good Can the workplace be reorganized? Obstructions should be cleared to provide enough space for correct positioning of the load  01 July 2024 | 23 The Environment, Ground condition Is the floor uneven, slippery or unstable? Check the floor for hazards such as, oil, steps or spillage  01 July 2024 | 24 The Environment, Temperature Perspiration on hands can reduce grip Hand gloves should be used to ensure better grip  01 July 2024 | 25 Whatever you are lifting or moving: Use appropriate personal protective equipment Take special precautions when handling chemicals and hazardous materials  24 June 2019 / ‹#› WORKING AT HEIGHTS  24 June 2019 / ‹#› INTRODUCTION TO WORKING AT HEIGHT SAFELY Working at height remains one of the biggest causes of fatalities and major injuries. Common cases include falls from ladders and through fragile surfaces. 'Work at height' means work in any place where, if there were no precautions in place, a person could fall a distance liable to cause personal injury (i.e. a fall through a fragile roof). Employers can take simple, practical measures to reduce the risk of any of their workers falling while working at height.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Video https://youtu.be/00f0A1ppnRo  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Scaffolding Awareness Scaffolding is a temporary work platform used for working at heights.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Height is defined as anything greater than 1.8m. Falling from height remains the single greatest cause of severe injury and or death in the construction and Refining industry. Single most expensive cost related injury.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Here is a simple equation for determining the required distance: - Lanyard Length – The length of the lanyard or retractable device connected to the harness anchorage point. - Deceleration Distance – The distance between the start of the fall to when the fall arrest system engages. OSHA limits this distance to 3.5 feet or less. - Work Height – The height where the work is taking place. - Safety Factor – Additional safety distance below the worker. The height and weight of the worker should also be considered when determining fall clearance.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› https://youtu.be/qFhLaP4xZ1A 24 June 2019 / ‹#›  24 June 2019 / ‹#› CONFINED SPACES CONFINED SPACES  01 July 2024 | 36 DEFINITION OF CONFINED SPACES Confined space is space that: Is large enough & so configured that employee can bodily enter & perform assigned work Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (i.e. tanks, vessels, silos, pits, vaults or hoppers) Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy  01 July 2024 | 37 ISSUES OF CONFINED SPACES The accidents related to work within a confined space are most of the time serious accidents or fatalities Most of these fatalities were related to a deficiency in oxygen or to a presence of toxic gasses or flammables 60% of these victims were workers who tried to rescue without having the necessary knowledge and equipment  01 July 2024 | 38 EXAMPLES OF CONFINED SPACES For example the following locations could be confined spaces: A reservoir, a silo, a tank, a bunker, a chamber, a dome, a pit, a sewer, a pipe, a chimney, manhole, wagon or tanker truck, etc.  01 July 2024 | 39 EXAMPLES OF CONFINED SPACES Boiler tanks… Pipe chases… Crawl spaces… Manholes… Pits... 01 July 2024 | 40  01 July 2024 | 41 EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITIES The employer has the responsibility to draw up an inventory of all his confined spaces and to do the risk assessment, by a qualified person, to issue the safety work procedure which should be strictly followed He has also to assure that the workers have the knowledge, an adequate training or experience in order to perform the work safely Moreover, he has to provide them with the appropriate work and personal protective equipment which should be in good overall conditions  01 July 2024 | 42 OXYGEN DEFICIENCY The air normally contains 21% of oxygen. When the concentration in oxygen is less than 19.5% in the air, it is forbidden to enter a confined space  01 July 2024 | 43 THROUGH THE DISPLACEMENT OF OXYGEN BY OTHER GASSES Many gasses, mainly inert gases (argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.), the gasses used in the portable fire extinguishers, and refrigeration gasses, can displace the oxygen  01 July 2024 | 44 EFFECTS OF OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS ON HUMAN BODY ✓ 23,5 %: Atmosphere rich in oxygen. Superior limit from which it is forbidden to enter ✓ 21,0 % : Normal oxygen concentration ✓ 19,5 % : Minimum concentration to enter in a confined space without a respirator self-rescue apparatus or with an air supply respirator ✓ 12 % to 16 %: Spasmodic breathing, anxiety, abnormal fatigue when doing some movements, insufficient concentration to keep a flame in ignition ✓ 10 % à 11 %: Acceleration in breathing and heart rate, euphoria, headaches. ✓ 6 % à 10 %: Nauseas and vomiting, inability of moving freely, possibility of loss of consciousness and collapse while being conscious ✓ Less than 6 %: Breathing failure followed by heart failure, death in a few minutes  01 July 2024 | 45 OXYGEN A. The Oxygen: IN A NORMAL ATMOSPHERE OXYGEN CONTENT IS 21% An atmosphere which is rich in oxygen ( 23,5% and higher), increases material flammability levels. It is strictly forbidden to enter a confined space containing more than 23,5% of oxygen  01 July 2024 | 46 OXYGEN ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES Enriched Oxygen levels cause flammable and combustible materials to burn violently when ignited. ▪ Hair, clothing, materials, etc. ▪ Oil-soaked clothing and materials. Never use pure oxygen to purge/vent equipment. Never store or place compressed tanks in a confined space.  01 July 2024 | 47 TOXIC SUBSTANCES ATMOSPHERES The deficient natural ventilation and the low air volume of many confined spaces lead the workers to be exposed to important concentrations of contaminants A toxic atmosphere contains gasses, vapors or smoke well-known to have noxious (harmful) effects on human body. The toxic effect is independent from the oxygen concentration  01 July 2024 | 48 IF POSSIBLE,TRY TO AVOID ENTERING IN CONFINED SPACES? The first question to ask when elaborating a Contingency Plan in confined spaces is the following: Could we avoid entering in confined spaces? There are all sorts of methods allowing to achieve the same results without entering in a confined space. For instance, the use of cameras and Robotic equipment. Robotics for industrial cleaning in confined spaces and Suction Excavators (youtube.com)  01 July 2024 | 49 ROBOTICS FOR INDUSTRIAL USE  01 July 2024 | 50 QUALIFIED PERSONS:The Attendant Individual stationed outside one or more permit spaces who monitors authorized entrants & performs all attendant’s duties assigned in employer’s permit for confined space program  01 July 2024 | 51 The Attendant Duties of Attendants ◼ Know hazards that may be faced during entry ◼ Aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard exposure in authorized entrants ◼ Continuously maintain accurate count of authorized entrants ◼ Remain outside permit space during entry operations until relieved by another attendant  01 July 2024 | 52 The Attendant Duties of Attendants ◼ Communicate with authorized entrants ◼ Monitor activities inside & outside space ◼ Summon rescue & other emergency services ◼ Perform non-entry rescues as specified by employer's rescue procedure ◼ Perform no duties that might interfere with primary duty to monitor & protect authorized entrants  01 July 2024 | 53 The Attendant The attendant should not enter in the confined space to make the rescue if all the conditions mentioned below are not respected: He is also trained to enter in the confined space to make the rescue. He has the personal protective equipment required. He is replaced by another attendant.  01 July 2024 | 54 AUTHORIZED ENTRANT Duties of Authorized Entrants ❑ Know hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on mode, signs or symptoms & consequences of exposure ❑ Properly use equipment and trained ❑ Communicate with attendant as necessary to enable attendant to monitor entrant status & enable attendant to alert entrants of need to evacuate space  01 July 2024 | 55 Personal protective equipment Do not enter a confined space without hands-on training in use of equipment  01 July 2024 | 56 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Breathing apparatus are not required when atmospheric conditions in the confined space are compatible with the following criteria: ❑ Oxygen concentration higher than 19,5% and lower than 23,5%, ❑ Gas or flammable vapors concentration lower than 10% of the Lower Explosive Limit (L.E.L.),  01 July 2024 | 57 If the atmospheric conditions do not correspond to the standards previously mentioned. The area should be considered as being hazardous or as an area representing an immediate danger for the health and life. A special equipment should then be used. (Robotic Equipment) The respiratory protection choice is done by a gradual elimination of the inappropriate respirators according to the current conditions.  01 July 2024 | 58 Supplied Air Respirators During Confined space rescue, conventional SCBA’s size often makes it difficult to use SCBA small enough to pass through narrow openings may limit duration of its air supply to impractical levels  01 July 2024 | 59 I MUST Ensure a safety watcher is present and communication devices are working The safety watcher continuously monitors the in/out movement during the task The safety watcher communicates with the workers in the confined space In the case of an emergency, the safety watcher calls the rescue team Read and understand the emergency plan Everyone involved in a confined space task must know precisely what to do in an emergency Emergency and rescue devices should be available whenever work is carried out in a confined space  01 July 2024 | 60 I MUST NOT Enter a confined space without authorization / confined space permit No authorization / permit = No entry to a confined space Confined space intervention = Special permit Work in a confined space on my own The worker and the watcher must be in constant permanent contact  01 July 2024 | 61 SAFE PRACTICES Working inside a tank 01 July 2024 | 62  01 July 2024 | 63 WORKING WITH ELECTRICITY  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Introduction An average of one worker is electrocuted on the job every day There are four main types of electrical injuries: Electrocution (death due to electrical shock) Electrical shock Burns Falls  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Electrical Shock Received when current passes through the body Severity of the shock depends on: Path of current through the body Amount of current flowing through the body Length of time the body is in the circuit LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD!  24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOW IS AN ELECTRICAL SHOCK RECEIVED? When two wires have different potential differences (voltages), current will flow if they are connected together If you come into contact with an energized (live) wire, and you are also in contact with the grounded wire, current will pass through your body and YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Electrical Burns Most common shock-related, nonfatal injury Occurs when you touch electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or maintained Typically occurs on the hands Very serious injury that needs immediate attention  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Falls Electric shock can also cause indirect or secondary injuries Workers in elevated locations who experience a shock can fall, resulting in serious injury or death  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Inadequate Wiring Hazards A hazard exists when a conductor is too small to safely carry the current Example: using a portable tool with an extension cord that has a wire too small for the tool The tool will draw more current than the cord can handle, causing overheating and a possible fire without tripping the circuit breaker Wire Gauge WIRE The circuit breaker could be the right size for the circuit but not for the smaller-wire extension cord Wire gauge measures wires ranging in size from number 36 to 0 American wire gauge (AWG)  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Overload Hazards If too many devices are plugged into a circuit, the current will heat the wires to a very high temperature, which may cause a fire If the wire insulation melts, arcing may occur and cause a fire in the area where the overload exists, even inside a wall  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Grounding Hazards Metal parts of an electrical wiring system that we touch, should be at zero volts relative to ground earthing system. Housings of motors, appliances or tools that are plugged into improperly grounded circuits may become energized If you come into contact with an improperly grounded electrical device, YOU WILL BE SHOCKED  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Overhead Powerline Hazards Most people don’t realize that overhead powerlines are usually not insulated. Powerline workers need special training and personal protective equipment (PPE) to work safely Do not use metal ladders – instead, use fiberglass ladders Beware of powerlines when you work with ladders and scaffolding  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Electrical Protective Devices These devices shut off electricity flow in the event of an overload or ground-fault in the circuit Include fuses, circuit breakers, and ground-fault circuit-interrupters (GFCI’s) Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent devices When there is too much current: Fuses melt Circuit breakers trip open  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Grounding Path The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures must be permanent and continuous Violation shown here is an extension cord with a missing grounding prong  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Grounding Path Earthing provides a low resistance way of discharging electricity to the ground in case of current leakage. This means that during an electric shock, the current passes through the "earth" wire and is prevented from entering the human body and causing injury.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hand-Held Electric Tools Hand-held electric tools pose a potential danger because they make continuous good contact with the hand To protect you from shock, burns, and electrocution, tools must: Have a three-wire cord with ground and be plugged into a grounded receptacle, or Be double insulated, or Be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Guarding of Live Parts Must enclose or guard electric equipment in locations where it would be exposed to physical damage Violation shown here is physical damage to conduit  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Cabinets, Boxes, and Fittings Junction boxes, pull boxes and fittings must have approved covers Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings must be closed (no missing knockouts) Photo shows violations of these two requirements  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Use of Flexible Cords One third of Electrocutions are connected Damaged cable with the use of Flexible Electrical cords  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Use of Flexible Cords Excessive strain can cause: Strain  Exposed Live conductor and electric shock  Broken earth connection and loss of protection from electric shock Over heating Over heating can be caused by:  Cord reels operated rolled up  Loose connections Location Hazards  Damage from Mechanical, Heat or Chemical  Water on connections  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Use of Flexible Cords 1 Check before use Your life may depend on it Before you use extension cords and portable equipment check that: ✓ Cords and Equipment have a current test tag and are not damaged. Check for cuts, holes, exposed cores or signs of overheating. ✓ Cords are heavy duty grade, correct current rating, maximum length of 25m and are fully unwound. ✓ The power supply is protected by an GFCI. If any doubts check with the Electrical Supervisor.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› 2 Use of Flexible Cords Handle carefully Yours and others Safety depends on it. Treat all extension cords and portable equipment with commonsense care: ✓Remove plugs by their body (switch off first). ✓Pack equipment away for transport and between use. Pack Cords separately or use Cord Reels. Unwind before use. ✓Check regularly and maintain.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Use of Flexible Cords Relocate or protect from Hazards Protect the cords and they will protect you ✓ Relocate Cords or protect from Hazards. ✓ Support Cords off the ground where they run more than 10m, are out of view or cross passageways. ✓ Relocate away from wet areas.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS PROCEDURES/GUIDELINES FOR WORKING WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIAL  24 June 2019 / ‹#› REFINERY PROCESSING HAZARDS Introduction A great deal of your work time will be spent working with hazardous chemicals. The incorrect use of hazardous chemicals can have catastrophic results to the health and safety of workers, the plant infrastructure and equipment and the environment. Therefore it is crucial that you understand how to receive, handle and store chemicals safely. It is important for you to be aware of the hazards in your job site and the safety precautions you should follow to protect people and equipment.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› WHAT IS A HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL? A “HCS" or "hazardous chemical substance" is any toxic, harmful, corrosive irritant or asphyxiant (suffocating) substance or a mixture of such substances for which: ❑ a work-related exposure limit is required; or ❑ a work-related exposure limit is not required, but which creates a hazard to health.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hazardous chemicals Chemical hazards are present when you are exposed to any chemical preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). Many of these chemicals have properties that make them hazardous - they can either cause a fire, an explosion, and/ or a health hazard. Some of the chemicals and solvents that you will be using may be toxic, corrosive, cause chemical burns, or even explode upon contact or exposure to air. In order to receive, handle and store chemicals (in dry or liquid form) safely and efficiently, an operator must be familiar with the chemical's specific characteristics. The operator should also know the intended use of the chemical, the proper handling procedures, and the proper method of control in case there is an accident or an emergency.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hazardous chemicals Operators must know exactly what they are working with, and they must understand the specific precautions, procedures, and regulations for each liquid that they handle. As a safety procedure, loading personnel are required to complete written check sheets for each chemical that is handled.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICALS Operators should be familiar with five basic characteristics of a chemical product in order to handle it safely. These characteristics are the chemical's toxicity, its viscosity, its A reference to how poisonous, or toxic, a material is volatility, how it responds to changes in temperature, and how it responds to changes in pressure. Toxicity The toxicity of a material is how poisonous, or toxic, it is. Non-toxic materials can also be hazardous, but they are not deadly. Exposure to toxic materials can result in burns, respiratory problems, and even death. Operators must be extremely careful when working with toxic materials in order to avoid accidents and prevent leaks.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Viscosity The viscosity of a material is its resistance to flow. More viscous liquids are thicker and have more resistance to flow than thinner, less viscous liquids. More viscous liquid products often require pumping or pressurising in order to make them flow.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Volatility The volatility of a liquid refers to how easily it can become a vapour. Liquids with high vapour pressures are more volatile than liquids with low vapour pressures. Because most vapours ignite easily, a liquid that is highly volatile must be handled with care in order to prevent fires or explosions. The following figure shows a warning placard for a flammable liquid product. Information poster Highly volatile liquids are generally carried in tanks designed to handle high pressures. These liquids may also require vapour recovery systems to prevent vapours from escaping into the Warning sign atmosphere. If vapours escape, they pollute the air and increase the risk of a fire or explosion.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Effects of temperature changes As temperature increases, chemicals (in liquid form) in a tank expand. This expansion is referred to as thermal expansion. When a liquid is loaded into a tank, some space must be allowed for thermal expansion, so the tank should not be filled all the way to the top. The amount of space required for thermal expansion depends on the liquid. Before a tank car or truck is unloaded, the tank gauging records should be checked to find how much space is available in the storage tank. If temperature gets too low, some liquids may lose their ability to flow. These liquids are usually carried in insulated tanks that may include heating coils or panels.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Effects of pressure changes During loading and unloading, a vacuum may occur inside a tank. When a vacuum is created, there is no pressure left inside the tank, and the tank may be crushed by the air pressure outside of it. This condition is known as "pulling a vacuum." To prevent it, vacuum vents are used to allow air into the tank to equalise pressures during loading and unloading. A typical vacuum vent is shown in the next figure. Vacuum vent  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Static electricity Static electricity is another factor that can affect the handling of bulk chemicals. When certain liquids, such as flammable products, are transferred, static electricity can be a hazard. As the product is transferred, a difference in electrical potential can build up between the fill line or piping that the liquid flows through and the tank that is being loaded or unloaded. This build-up of electrical potential increases the chances of electrostatic sparking. If sparking occurs near a tank's open man-way, where a mix of air and volatile vapours may exist, it creates a fire and explosion hazard.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› AChemicals commonHazards way to deal with the problem of static electricity is to use a grounding cable. A grounding cable, like the one shown in the next figure, draws off electricity to ground. The cable should be securely attached before the man-way of the tank is opened, and it should remain Module 2.2 in place until the man-way is closed. Chemicals When a Hazards grounding cable is properly attached, one end is connected to the metal frame of the tank, and the other end is connected to a metal structure or piping that is separate from the tank. Grounding cable  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Environmental hazards Hazardous chemicals can cause pollution and may contaminate the environment with materials that interfere with human health, quality of life and the natural functioning of living organisms and their physical surroundings. For example: ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, coral reefs and rivers perform many important services for the earth’s environment. They provide a friendly environment for plants and animals, improve water and air quality and supply food and medicine for everybody. When working with chemicals, many environmental hazards can be controlled by doing the following: Check for leaks and spillages. Check for gas emissions. Check to ensure that solid wastes have been removed.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Chemical safety guidelines Always take great care when handling chemicals. Before you start working with an unfamiliar substance, spend some time reading about its properties. Do not allow any chemical to come into contact with your skin (hands, arms, or face) Never pour any liquid into waste bins. Never dispose of any chemical in a drain unless you are sure that it is safe and will not dangerously pollute sewage waters or air in the laboratory. Chemicals should never be put into unlabelled containers. Never try to clean a container with unknown substances. Good ventilation is important at all times when working with gases and/ or vapours. Check to ensure chemicals are safely stored. Ensure that there are no chemical spills or leakages  24 June 2019 / ‹#› MSDS A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a detailed chemical document to help you choose safe products, handle chemicals safely and act correctly in an emergency. MSDSs are normally prepared by the manufacturers or suppliers of chemical. Companies manufacturing or using chemicals should keep a copy of the MSDS of each chemical in such a place that anybody can quickly find it. Some companies keep them displayed on a wall or notice board, others keep them in a file, while many companies also keep electronic copies on computer. The most important things you should know are: where to find the correct MSDS and where to find, and how to use the personal safety and emergency information in the MSDS. 24 June 2019 / ‹#›  24 June 2019 / ‹#› SPECIFIC INFORMATION IN THE MSDS Because MSDSs are written by so many different organisations in many different countries, they do not always look the same or contain the same information. As already mentioned, many companies now keep their own system of MSDSs on computer so that the right MSDS can be identified quickly and the relevant section is available at a single key-stroke.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› SPECIFIC INFORMATION IN THE MSDS Despite these differences, MSDSs are normally written in English and will nearly always contain the following sections: Chemical identity: The name of the chemical as well as any alternative names, common names, chemical formulas and other methods of identifying the chemical are listed. Hazardous ingredients: This section indicates the hazardous properties of the chemical. Physical and chemical characteristics: Properties of the chemical such as boiling and freezing points, density, vapour pressure, specific gravity, solubility, volatility, the product's general appearance and odour are listed. Fire fighting measures: The chances that a fire or an explosion can occur are indicated as well as the best way to prevent and fight a fire. Reactivity data: Other chemicals and substances with which it reacts and hazardous products that may form from the reaction are listed.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Most chemical containers will display pictograms indicating the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) to wear when working with the chemical. It is important to know what PPE to wear since the wrong equipment may simply not be able to stop the chemical from getting in contact with your body or the chemical may have a chemical reaction with the equipment. One such example is acids that may cause certain types of plastic gloves to melt and burn your skin. Usually the label will tell you what type of PPE you should use. Here are some examples:  July 1, 2024 | 103 KEEP IN MIND AT ALL TIMES Never repackage a chemical in a water bottle, food container or any other unidentified container. WHY? 24 June 2019 / ‹#›  24 June 2019 / ‹#› HAZARDS AWARENESS H2S, TOXIC SUBSTANCES, EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS  24 June 2019 / ‹#› WHAT ARE TOXIC SUBSTANCES? The words hazard and toxic are often used interchangeably in terms of talking about industrial substances or waste. Yet, these words have different meanings, and in order for you guys to safely work with them you should know the difference. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) a hazardous substance is one that is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, and toxic. A toxic substance is a substance or waste that when ingested or absorbed can be fatal and harmful to the human body.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› WHEN WORKING WITH CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES Always use the least amount of any substance necessary to do the job. Report any signs of illness or overexposure immediately to the supervisor. Ensure the suitable emergency equipment for fires, spills and leaks are readily available. Prevent the release of toxic vapour's, dusts, mists or gases into the workplace air Example of some toxic substances: Hexavalent chromium. Mercury. Hydrogen sulphide. Metals, toxic. Isocyanates. Metalworking fluids. Lead. Methylene chloride.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM. What is Hexavalent chromium ? Odourless, tasteless metallic element used in industry. Hexavalent chromium can irritate the nose, throat, and lungs. Repeated or prolonged exposure can damage the mucous membranes of the nasal passages and result in ulcers. In severe cases, exposure causes perforation of the septum (the wall separating the nasal passages).  24 June 2019 / ‹#› HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S) Hydrogen sulphide is the form of sulphur where the sulphur atom is in the reduced state (S–) rather than oxidised state (S+). The gas is highly toxic, colourless, flammable and in low concentrations it has an unpleasant smell like that of rotten eggs. In higher concentrations it has no odour at all which makes it even more dangerous. H2S often results from the bacterial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps and sewers. It also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas and some hot water springs Coming from living organisms Hydrogen sulphide smells like rotten eggs  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Isocyanates Isocyanates include compounds classified as potential human carcinogens and known to cause cancer in animals. The main effects of hazardous exposures are occupational asthma and other lung problems, as well as irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and skin. Where do you find Isocyanates? You can find isocyanates in a number of construction products including polyurethane paints, coatings, foams, glues and flooring. Certain tasks, such as spraying, can produce very high exposure to isocyanates.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Lead Lead is a toxic metal whose widespread use has caused extensive environmental contamination and health problems in many parts of the world. It is a cumulative toxicant that affects multiple body systems, including the neurologic, hematologic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal systems. Where is find lead? Lead can be found in all parts of our environment – the air, the soil, the water, and even inside our homes. Much of our exposure comes from human activities including the use of fossil fuels including past use of leaded gasoline, some types of industrial facilities and past use of lead-based paint in homes.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› MERCURY Mercury exists in various forms: elemental (or metallic); inorganic (e.g. mercuric chloride); and organic (e.g., methyl- and ethylmercury), which all have different toxic effects, including on the nervous, digestive and immune systems, and on lungs, kidneys, skin and eyes. Where do you find mercury? Mercury is found in air, water and soil. It becomes airborne when rocks erode, volcanoes erupt and soil decomposes. Mercury then circulates in the atmosphere and is redistributed throughout the environment.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Metals, toxic. Toxic metals are harmful to humans and other organisms even at low concentration. Water-soluble toxic metals include arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, barium, chromium and silver. Some, such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury, are particularly hazardous. Where do you find toxic metals? Industries with high potential exposures include construction work, most smelter operations, radiator repair shops, and firing ranges. Common sources of mercury exposure include mining, production, and transportation of mercury, as well as mining and refining of gold and silver ores.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Methylene chloride Methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) is a colourless liquid that can harm the eyes, skin, liver, and heart. Exposure can cause drowsiness, dizziness, numbness and tingling limbs, and nausea. It may cause cancer. Where do you find Methylene chloride? Methylene chloride does not occur naturally in the environment. Methylene chloride is used as an industrial solvent and as a paint stripper. It may also be found in some aerosol and pesticide products and is used in the manufacture of photographic film.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN TYPES OF EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS? Weather-related extreme events are often short-lived and include heat waves, freezes, heavy downpours, tornadoes, tropical cyclones and floods. 1. HURRICANES 2. EXTREME TEMPERATURES 3. EXTREME HEAT 4. EXTREME COLD 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 24 June 2019 / ‹#›  24 June 2019 / ‹#› CONTROL OF SPILLAGES, USE OF SPILL KITS  24 June 2019 / ‹#› CHEMICAL SPILL KIT You can clean up minor chemical spills where there are no injuries, that do not pose any threat of a fire and for which you have the proper training and proper protective equipment. Chemical spill clean-up kits are helpful to have in the laboratory and other service areas which use chemicals. The kits are useful if you and your fellow workers know how to use them properly. Chemical absorbent pads or socks or neutralising powder can be used to quickly contain a spill. Use these items only if you are not in any danger. Often the best use of such a kit is to put the absorbent on the spill to contain the chemicals, then leave the room and secure the area until the proper authorities arrive to finish the clean-up. Emergency spill kit  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Is this an emergency? If you can clear up the leak on the spot it should not be regarded as an emergency. If you are not sure, consider it an emergency. The following are examples of spills and leaks that should be considered emergencies: Type of spill Amount Examples extremely flammable liquids 500 ml propylene oxide flammable liquids 750 ml toluene combustible liquids 750 ml mineral spirits toxic, volatile liquids 750 ml ammonia concentrated acids 4.5 litre sulphuric acid concentrated alkalis 4.5 litre lye solution poisonous, reactive materials Any amount cyanides, sulphides oxidising agents 500 mg concentrated nitric acid leaks from gas cylinders uncontrolled oxygen, acetylene Table 1: Examples of spills and leaks that should be considered emergencies  24 June 2019 / ‹#› FIRST RESPONSE TO A CHEMICAL SPILL Move away from the immediate area: The first person to notice the spill or leak should move away from the immediate area of the spill in order to evaluate the situation without breathing in any fumes from the chemical. Check the wind direction to ensure that you move downwind of the spill. This may not be necessary if it is a small spill of a harmless chemical. Try to identify the spill: Do so without placing yourself at risk. This includes identifying: ▪ the type of material spilled (e.g., from the label); ▪ the size of the spill and whether the leak has stopped; ▪ whether two chemicals are involved in the leak and could react with each other; ▪ any unusual features such as foaming, odour, fire, etc.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› PROCEDURES TO HANDLE MINOR CHEMICAL SPILLS Tell everyone in the immediate area about the spill. Avoid breathing in vapours/fumes from spill. Put on protective equipment, including safety goggles, suitable gloves, and long- sleeved laboratory coat/overall. Confine spill to small area, i.e. stop it from spreading. Use appropriate materials to neutralise and absorb inorganic acids and bases. Clear up the chemical waste material, place in the appropriate container, and dispose as chemical waste. For other chemicals, absorb spill with vermiculite, dry sand, or absorbent pads. Clean spill area with water.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› PROCEDURES TO HANDLE MAJOR CHEMICAL SPILLS Attend to injured or contaminated persons and remove them from exposure. Alert people in the area to evacuate. If spilled material is flammable, turn off ignition and heat sources. Close doors to affected area. Call the emergency controller. Be prepared to tell the emergency controller the following: Your name and department/workplace What chemical(s) are involved How much was spilled Where the spill is located.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› CONTINUED Nature of any injuries What control measures have been taken Wait for spill clean-up personnel to arrive  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Gas Testing Requirement for the Permit to work  24 June 2019 / ‹#› INTRODUCTION TO GAS TESTING: Gas testing is an essential activity that is crucial in ensuring the safety of workers in various industries. The process involves testing the air or gas in a specific area to identify any hazardous gases, vapours, or fumes that may pose a threat to human health or cause explosions or fires. In this article, we will discuss the hazards of gases, precautions to take during gas testing, and the various exposure limits to keep in mind. Gas Testing should be conducted according to the facility’s prescribed procedure. Gas testing is mandatory for hot work and confined space entry.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› GAS TESTING The type of tests (e.g. explosive, oxygen, toxic,), together with their testing frequency must be entered on the permit. Periodic tests (as prescribed in the work permit) following the original test should be recorded on both copies where reasonably practicable but as a minimum on the field copy. When periodic gas testing is interrupted due to the work being stopped for a period of time, this should be recorded (non-Working Period) found at the rear of the work permit.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOT WORK For hot work, combustible gas measurements should be performed: Prior to commencement of hot work Periodically or continuously whilst hot work is in progress. The frequency of re- testing should be established based on the degree of hazard identified in the risk assessment or the nature of the task. Should any time task conditions or operating conditions change When hot work commences after being stopped for a period of time and the potential exists for task conditions and/ or operating conditions to have changed (this should be entered on both copies).  24 June 2019 / ‹#› CONFINED SPACE ENTRY For all confined space entry, the atmosphere and any residual contents of the equipment or enclosure will be evaluated with regard to oxygen content, fire or explosion potential, and personal exposure (e.g. chemical, heat, cold, radiation). Entry into an “A” category confined space should only be permitted if the atmosphere of the confined space: Has an oxygen content greater than 20% and less than 23.5%. Has no detectable level of explosive vapour/ air mixture as tested by a “flammable gas” detector. Is free of toxic air contaminants and toxic substances. If the above conditions cannot be maintained for the duration of the task, the permit will be cancelled. When work commences after being stopped for a period of time and the potential exists for task conditions and/ or operating conditions to have changed a gas test should be performed before re-entry. (This should be entered on both copies).  24 June 2019 / ‹#› USING GAS TEST EQUIPMENT There are many different technologies available for testing gas. You should ensure that you know which methods are used in your workplace for different purposes. You will mainly only use portable gas detectors. These detectors have a probe that will react with the gas in the air. The probe then sends a signal to the machine that will display a reading. Using a combustible gas detector  24 June 2019 / ‹#› INTERPRETING GAS LEVELS The explosive and oxygen record section of the permit consists of specific columns and rows for recording purposes. The following table lists and explains the information in each column: One of the most important tasks that the gas tester will have to perform is to monitor the work environment with gas testing equipment to ensure the safety of everyone concerned. The main task in this regard is to know how to calibrate and use gas testing equipment and how to interpret the results. 24 June 2019 / ‹#›  24 June 2019 / ‹#› NOISE AWARENESS  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Noise Exposure At Work Contents: The effects of noise on hearing, Hearing protection – purpose, types and use, Purpose of Noise monitoring and how it’s done.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› What Exposure to Loud Noise Will Do Exposure to loud noise will inevitably cause hearing loss over time. Loud noise damages or destroys the nerves in the inner ear. Another effect can be “tinnitus” or permanent ringing in the ear.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› EFFECTS OF NOISE EXPOSURE When is Noise Too Loud? Noise is measured in units called “decibels” or “dBA” If two people 1 Meter apart must shout to be heard, the background noise is too loud (above 85 decibels). Noise above 140 decibels causes pain and immediate hearing loss.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Effects of Noise Exposure Our ears can recover from short exposure to loud noise, but over time nerve damage will occur. The longer and louder the noise, the greater chance permanent damage will occur. There is really no such thing as “tough ears” or “getting used to it”.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Effects of Noise Exposure Hearing loss from noise exposure is usually not noticed because it is so gradual. Usually a person loses the ability to hear higher pitches first. Often the first noticeable effect is difficulty in hearing speech. Scientific studies have shown that hearing loss can occur when 8-hour average noise exposure exceeds 85 decibels.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Effects of Noise Exposure The table below shows noise levels and how long a person can be exposed without hearing protection before there is damage to the ear. Noise Level Allowable Exposure Time 80 decibels 8 hours 90 decibels 4 hours 100 decibels 1 hour 105 decibels 30 minutes 110 decibels 15 minutes 115 decibels 0 minutes  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Noise Levels Examples of Commonly Used Noisy Equipment Equipment Noise Level Back Hoe 85-95 decibels Chain Saw 110 decibels Front-end Loader 90-95 decibels Gunshot 140 decibels Jackhammer 112 decibels Lawn Mower 90 decibels Tractor 95-105 decibels Circular Saw 90-100 decibels  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hearing Protection TYPES OF HEARING PROTECTION There are three types of hearing protection – ear muffs, earplugs and ear caps. Ear muffs and earplugs provide about equal protection, ear caps which are less common provide somewhat less protection.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hearing Protection – Ear Plugs Earplugs are made of foam, rubber or plastic and are either one-size-fits-all or in sizes small, medium and large. Some are disposable, some are reusable. They are lightweight, and require no maintenance. They are inserted into the ear canal.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› INSERTING FOAM EARPLUGS Earplug incorrectly inserted Earplug correctly inserted  24 June 2019 / ‹#› EAR MUFFS Ear muffs cover the whole ear and are preferred by some people. They have replaceable pads and some high-tech styles filter out specific noise pitches. They last longer than most plugs.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Hearing Protection How can you hear anything with earmuffs on? Using earmuffs or plugs in noisy areas actually makes it easier to hear coworkers or machinery. They reduce overwhelming loud background noise. They are similar to dark glasses that reduce the sun’s glare making it easier to see. SOME FINAL WORDS 24 June 2019 / ‹#› ▪ Noise can cause serious permanent damage. ▪ This Damage is easy to avoid – use your PPE – and common sense! ▪ If you think you are being exposed to excessive noise – speak to your Supervisor or to your HSE Officer. 24 June 2019 / ‹#› RADIATION AWARENESS  July 1, 2024 | 149 I. What’s ionizing radiation ? Radioactivity definition Radioactivity is the release of energy from the decay of the nuclei of certain kinds of atoms and isotopes. Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons bound together in tiny bundles at the center of atoms.  July 1, 2024 | 150 Radioactivity definition Electrons Radioactivity Protons Protons number is different in the Neutrons Neutrons number Radioactivity = Unstable nucleus Nucleus  July 1, 2024 | 151 Radioactivity definition Cosmic rays Natural radioactivity Cosmic radiation Terrestrial radiation Radon gas  July 1, 2024 | 152 Radioactivity definition Artificial radioactivity Sealed sources Nuclear power Radiation therapy plant  July 1, 2024 | 153 Radioactivity definition Sources of natural & artificial radiation 1. Cosmic rays 2. Radon 3. Radiation from earth crust 4. Internal sources 5. Industrial sources 6. Medicine application 7. Radiation resulting from nuclear installation operation  July 1, 2024 | 154 Radioactivity definition Core instability Radiation emission Core stability Charged Electromagnetic particles radiation  July 1, 2024 | 155 Types of radiation Radio Microwave Visible Ultraviolet Infrared X-ray Gamma-ray  July 1, 2024 | 156 Types of radiation  July 1, 2024 | 157 Types of radiation The first type, Alpha, is made up of two neutrons and two protons bound together identically to the nucleus of a Helium atom (i.e. without the electrons)  July 1, 2024 | 158 Types of radiation Beta radiation is made up of an electron with high energy and speed. Beta radiation is more hazardous because it can also cause ionization of living cells  July 1, 2024 | 159 Types of radiation Gamma rays are high frequency, very short wavelength electromagnetic waves with no mass and no charge. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus so that it can let out energy that allows it to become more stabilized as an atom.  July 1, 2024 | 160 Types of radiation Summary  July 1, 2024 | 161 Types of radiation Thin aluminum Water & Paper Lead plate plate paraffin Alpha ray Beta ray Gamma ray Neutron  July 1, 2024 | 162 Types of radiation Paper Skin and Lead body Alpha rays tissues Beta rays Gamma rays  July 1, 2024 | 163 Regulation / Exposure limits & Zonings Regulation ALARA Principle - Optimization Principle Exposure to ionizing radiation resulting from a nuclear activity or intervention should be kept as low as is reasonably achievable given the state of technology, economic and social factors and, where appropriate, of the medical purpose Limitation Principle Exposure of a person to ionizing radiation resulting from a nuclear activity can not be the sum of the doses beyond the limits set by regulation, unless that person is the subject of an exhibition for medical purposes or biomedical research Justification Principle No nuclear activity should be carried out at least that its use produces a benefit  July 1, 2024 | 164 Regulation / Exposure limits & Zonings Radioactive source Unauthorized access Regulated access Controlled area Monitored area Public area  July 1, 2024 | 165 IONIZING RADIATION HAZARDS / PATHOLOGIES Fichier:IrradiationInterneExterne.jpg Internal & external exposure Internal exposure Radioactive particles from entering the inside of the body and can be attached permanently Fichier:IrradiationInterneExterne.jpg External exposure The radioactive source remains outside and irradiates the whole body for a limited time  July 1, 2024 | 166 III. Ionizing radiation hazards / pathologies Modes of exposure External exposure Internal exposure Inhalation Ingestion Iodine–131 (Beta particles) Thyroid Cesium–137 (Gamma rays) Muscle and Soft Tissue Plutonium-239 (Alpha particles) Lung Liver Bone  July 1, 2024 | 167 III. Ionizing radiation hazards / pathologies Effects Immediate effects Tissue destruction Long term effects Cancers Hereditary diseases  July 1, 2024 | 168 IV. Radiation prevention principles Protection principle ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable Activity Distance  July 1, 2024 | 169 IV. Radiation prevention principles Protection principle Time Shielding  July 1, 2024 | 170 Ionizing radiation monitoring Dosimetric monitoring Passive monitoring Reliable means of monitoring – Timeshift – “High” detection threshold (100 µSv)  July 1, 2024 | 171 Ionizing radiation monitoring Dosimetric monitoring Operational monitoring Direct and continuous means of monitoring – Alarm thresholds existence – “Very low” detection threshold (1 µSv) – Reactivity of the operator  July 1, 2024 | 172 Ionizing radiation monitoring Alpha & Beta meters Alpha & Beta radiations Dose rate Cts/s (counts per second) Detecting the presence of particles  July 1, 2024 | 173 Ionizing radiation monitoring Radiameter Gamma rays Dose rate µSv/h Use for zonings  July 1, 2024 | 174 NORM Natural radiation Definition Natural Occurring Radioactivity Material is called NORM That means radioactivity is Natural  July 1, 2024 | 175 NORM Natural radiation X-mas tree Production facility Production pipe Tank (gas)  July 1, 2024 | 176 NORM Natural radiation X-mas tree Production facility Production pipe Tank (gas)  July 1, 2024 | 177 NORM Natural radiation Fixed in place Oil & Gas Soluble & mobile Formation Water  July 1, 2024 | 178 NORM Natural radiation Irradiation Contamination External exposure External & internal exposure  July 1, 2024 | 179 NORM Natural radiation Chimney Scale Mud Contaminated tank  July 1, 2024 | 180 NORM Natural radiation Iron Scale Alpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays  July 1, 2024 | 181 NORM Natural radiation Definition Two contamination ways Internal External Use your PPE to be protected  July 1, 2024 | 182 NORM Natural radiation How to be protected ? Safety Glasses FFP3 Mask Disposable Coverall Rubber Gloves Rubber Shoes  July 1, 2024 | 183 Sealed sources Definition Sealed sources have a structure or packaging which prevents, in normal use, any dispersion of radioactive material in the environment  July 1, 2024 | 184 Sealed sources Radiography Apparatus  July 1, 2024 | 185 Sealed sources Radiography Operation Projector Sheath ejection Collimator Handheld Spare sheath remote  July 1, 2024 | 186 Sealed sources Waste The waste is packaged to minimize the risk of contamination spread Pending their removal from the site, they are tagged and stored on a secure area Suitable labels are affixed to the packaging  July 1, 2024 | 187 UNSEALED SOURCES Definition Unsealed sources are sources whose structure and packaging in normal conditions of use do not prevent dispersion of the radioactive substance in the environment  July 1, 2024 | 188 Competent person in radiation protection Missions Make a preliminary assessment to identify the nature and extent of the risk Define the appropriate protective measures and check their relevance to the dosimetry results Identify situations or operatory modes likely to cause over-dose Define the means required if abnormal situation  July 1, 2024 | 189 What to do in case of emergency Dispersion Notify the Competent person in radiation protection Define and materialize largely contaminated area Absorb excess liquid with absorbent paper or vermiculite Decontaminate the area with suitable detergent, going outside towards the center of this area Check with a suitable probe the effectiveness of decontamination Control the hands, clothing and shoes  July 1, 2024 | 190 What to do in case of emergency Body contamination Ask for help if needed Remove contaminated clothing immediately Wash thoroughly with soap and water parts of the body, do not damage skin Check the decontamination efficiency Notify the competent person in radiation protection and the doctor  24 June 2019 / ‹#› P1.2 Describe methods of ensuring effective communication in an oil and gas processing environment  Refinery Communications Equipment 24 June 2019 / ‹#› TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT USED IN A REFINERY Refineries normally use three types of communications equipment: ❑ sound powered telephone ❑ portable two-way radio ❑ standard telephone  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Sound Powered Telephone The sound powered telephone works with the sound of your voice. Use the sound powered telephone for routine communication with the control room. For example, you may use it to report a problem with equipment. If the supervising operator from the control room calls you, the sound powered telephone activates a horn. The horn tells you to answer the call. You will find a sound powered telephone in all areas of the refinery. It is installed in a call box. Keep the call box clean so that the telephone is also clean and safe to use. During a refinery emergency, use a sound powered telephone to communicate. If you are in a remote area, use the portable two- way radio. Sound Powered Telephone Call Box Sound Powered Telephone in the Control Room  24 June 2019 / ‹#› A sound powered telephone has two components: call bell button handset Figure 3 shows the parts of the sound powered telephone. Call Bell Button Press the Call Bell button to make a call. When the other person picks up the phone, press the transmit button to connect the call. Then start talking. Handset Components Use the handset to talk. The handset has a Transmit button. of a Sound Powered Telephone Press and hold the Transmit button while you are talking. Release the Transmit button when you want to listen to the other person. Check the Call Bell button regularly. If it is broken or missing, tell your supervising operator.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Portable Two-Way Radio A portable two-way radio is a handset. Use the portable two-way radio in areas where you do not have a sound powered telephone or you are in a remote area. For example, if you need step-by-step instructions from the supervising operator to perform an emergency procedure and cannot leave the worksite to go to the sound powered telephone. During a refinery emergency, you must stop all communication on your portable two-way radio, unless you have to report the emergency or if the supervising operator tells you to call someone. The eight main components of a portable two-way radio are: ❑ on-off/end key ❑ rotary knob ❑ push-to-talk button ❑ loudspeaker/microphone ❑ Antenna ❑ battery charger ❑ battery cell  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Figure 4 shows the main components of a portable two-way radio.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› On-Off/End Key Use the On-Off/End key to start or shut-down the portable two-way radio, or to end a call. Press and hold the key to turn the radio on or off. Press the key to end a call. Rotary Knob Use the rotary knob to select a channel and adjust the volume. Each area in the refinery has a different channel number. To select a channel, press the rotary knob once and turn to select a channel. To increase or decrease the volume, turn the knob without pressing it. Push-to-Talk Button Use the Push-to-Talk (PTT) button to send and receive messages. The PTT button is on the side of the radio. To send a message press and hold the PTT button, and speak into the radio. To receive a message, release the PTT button Loudspeaker/Microphone When you send a message, speak into the microphone. When the other person talks, you will hear his voice through the loudspeaker. Antenna Every radio has an antenna. The antenna catches radio messages automatically. You do not have to do anything to operate it. Make sure the antenna is not damaged or missing. An antenna is also called aerial.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Battery Charger Use a battery charger to charge the batteries for the portable two-way radio. There are two types of battery chargers: one that can charge many batteries at the same time, and one that can charge one battery at a time. A battery takes many hours to charge. If you use the radio before it is fully charged, you will have less talk/use time. You can operate the radio while it is in the charger, but it will take longer to fully charge the batteries. Figure 5 shows the battery chargers. The battery charger has two types of lights. You will see a red light while the radio is being charged. You will see a green light when the radio is fully charged. Battery Cell The portable two-way radio works on battery power. The bottom part of the radio has a rechargeable battery cell. When you are not using a portable two-way radio, put it into a desk charger to charge. Battery cells have charging contacts. If you see rust on the charging contacts tell your supervising operator. If you cannot recharge the battery, change it.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Describe responsibilities of individuals and teams to maintain a safe working environment in an oil and gas processing environment P1.3 THE ROLE THE OPERATOR’S JOB  24 June 2019 / ‹#› THE ROLE As we have just said, the role of the operator is essential on the sites. Indeed, it is both the “eye” and the “arm” of the control room. In addition, he has a role of monitoring the installations and the personnel, who work and travel on the units. Finally, through his responsiveness, his experience, his theoretical and practical knowledge, he ensures the smooth and safe operation of the installations on which he depends.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› An observation role This role is essential and permanent. It allows: To avoid the risk of accidents and damage to equipment. Indeed, it is necessary to anticipate possible problems likely to appear by being able to notice any abnormal development. To do this, the operator must observe changes in the behavior of the equipment, level control, changes in noise, pressure, temperature and ∆p, the appearance of leaks, etc. To ensure the proper functioning of the equipment. By recording the functional parameters of local installations (meters, levels, recorders, etc.), he will be able to report discrepancies to his supervisor. This will allow maintenance to take place preventatively. In addition, this observation role will make it possible to anticipate developments in the process and thus report any malfunction of the process which has not been observed by the control room. To control the start and stop phases of the equipment (example: Pump changeover) To ensure the cleanliness of the installations (example: rags lying around, fire hose not stored, etc.)  24 June 2019 / ‹#› An action role The operator will have to carry out a certain number of tasks on a daily basis but also occasionally in the event of an emergency or work on the installations. These actions will be: Process : As part of the “process”, he will have to put valves in position during proper functioning tests, but also during start-ups and shutdowns of the installations or even on orders from the control room. He will be in charge of taking samples concerning, among other things, the wells under test, finished products, sea discharges, etc. These samples confirm or not the proper functioning of the units., after analyzesof laboratory. He will control thegood operation of the pumpschemical productsas well as the volumes injected. He will participate in testing new equipment or installations. It will carry out specific operations (example: Pipe scraping).  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Maintenance : As far as maintenance is concerned, it is, supervised by a chief operator, who will provide the facilities assigned to him. Likewise, he must put the equipment back into service after ensuring that the maintenance operation is carried out correctly and after having checked the correct alignment of the equipment or installation. He will carry out PM and CM, preventive and corrective maintenance tasks which are his responsibility. (example: cleaning filterson the process)  24 June 2019 / ‹#› A supervisory role This is an important role for the operator and it is through this operation that he will be able to detect any possible risks. This surveillance is linked to a temporary activity. It relates to : The installations The operator will carry out this monitoring, during the work for example to avoid any risk of accident (example: grating not put back in place at the end of the work). The staff He will be in charge of monitoring people working on the site. He will ensure the conformity of the equipment used by the works and maintenance teams. He will have to mark and control the lifting and radio firing operations. He will monitor people new to the site and help them with their companion training.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› A “reporting” role The report is a vital role for the operating operator. It must be clear and as concise as possible. It is in the way of reporting that the interventions which follow will becarried out in good conditions. Conclusion To carry out all of these roles successfully, the operator will need to rely on their experience and knowledge of their installations. In addition, through the theoretical (physical/chemical) and practical knowledge that he will have acquired during his training, he will be able to carry out all these tasks.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› THE DIFFERENT TASKS OF OPERATORS In this chapter we will talk not only about the operator's tasks but also those of the chief operator (CO), this in order to ensure that everyone remains in their role. In addition, the position of CO is the position just above them, so they will often be called upon to hold it in their career development. The indications given below are not rulesAndmay be different depending on the subsidiary. General description The operator is responsible for visits to production facilities to carry out daily readings and adjustments of operating parameters. He is also responsible for maintenance and 1st degree interventions.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Description of tasks Return the installations to service in accordance with the general operating and safety instructions. Recording of daily parameters and change of diagrams. Produce reports in the absence of the cinematographer, write visit reports. Adjust the operating parameters in accordance with the instructions: pressures, flow rates, temperatures, product injections. Ensure maintenance and 1st degree interventions. Ensure the procedure for launching and receiving the scrapers. Participation in security tests Ensure the passage of wells under testing in accordance with the program Take samples following the operating instructions. Participate in the provision of equipment for work, in accordance with the safety instructions that it applies and enforces by the contracted companies during their interventions  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Description of tasks cont’d Checking and maintaining security equipment Participate in the repair of production equipment Ensure the cleanliness of facilities Verification and monitoring of chemicals Participate in specific OPPS, TIPS operations Participate in the start-ups of new installations Collect elements for drafting specific reports and daily, weekly, monthly reports Inform your direct superiors of any anomalies observed. Legislation relevant to oil and gas process environment – P1.4  01 July 2024 | 210 P1.4 Legislation relevant to an oil and gas processing environment the petroleum (exploration, development and production) (health, safety and environment) regulations, 2016. part ii—general health, safety and working environment requirements part iii—occupational hazards part iv—electrical installations part v—working environment in facilities and during petroleum activities part vi—safety appliances, equipment materials, devices and clothing part vii—fire and explosion protection in facilities during petroleum activities  July 1, 2024 | 211 part viii—emergency preparedness part ix—safety requirements for plants and equipment. part x—medical facilities and first aid services. part xi—handling, investigation, recording and reporting of incident, hazard or incident  July 1, 2024 | 212 Occupational Safety & Health Act, 2006 part iii—general duties, obligations and responsibilities of employers part iv—general duties of employers and the self-employed part vi—duties, rights and responsibilities of workers part vii—registration of workplaces part viii—health and welfare part ix—general safety requirements part x—fire preparedness part xi—machinery, plant and equipment part xii—hazardous materials part xiii—chemical safety and special provisions part xiv—offences, penalties and legal proceedings  01 July 2024 | 213 National Environment Act, No. 5 of 2019 Part II—Institutional arrangements Part III—Funds of the authority and the national environment Fund Part IV—environmental Planning. Part v—management of the green environment Part VI—sound management of Chemicals and Product Control Part VII—Control of Pollution and environmental emergency Preparedness Part VIII—management of Waste Part IX—establishment of environmental standards Part X—environmental and socIal assessment  01 July 2024 | 214 Part XI—environmental Easements Part XII—environmental Compliance and enforcement Part XIII—Judicial Proceedings Part XIV—environmental Information and literacy Part XV—International obligations Part XVI—offences, Penalties, Fees, Fines and other Charges  01 July 2024 | 215 National Environment (Environmental and Social Assessment) Regulations, 2020 Part II – Projects Requiring Submission of Project Briefs Part III—Projects Requiring Scoping and Environmental and Social Impact Study Part IV—General Provisions relating to Certificate of Approval of Environmental and Social impact Assessment Part V—Environmental Risk Assessment Part VI—Mitigation Hierarchy, Payment For Ecosystem Services and Environmental Management and Monitoring plan Part VII—Transboundary Environmental and Social Assessments  OGTS – P05 - 02 Describe the purpose of safety procedures/documentation  24 June 2019 / ‹#› OGTS – P05 - 02 DESCRIBE THE PURPOSE OF SAFETY PROCEDURES/ DOCUMENTATION  24 June 2019 / ‹#› OGTS – P05 - 02 LEARNING OUTCOME Describe the purpose of safety procedures/ O2 documentation  24 June 2019 / ‹#› SESSION OBJECTIVES P2.1 Describe the purpose and types of permit to work systems P2.2 Describe the purpose of risk assessments P2.3 Describe the purpose of safety audits P2.4 Describe the purpose of safe isolation procedures  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Work - Permits 24 June 2019 / ‹#› 24 June 2019 / ‹#›  24 June 2019 / ‹#› PURPOSE OF PERMIT TO WORK This document and procedure emphasis on the PTW (Permit to Work) process as it should be applied within Total Energies. Therefore, the objective of this procedure is to: Ensure all the PTW phases are respected and correctly followed by all personnel involved; Define the roles and responsibilities in this process; Identify hazards linked to the work and evaluate the risk along the permit to work process; Ensure that precautions are recommended, implemented and maintained up to the end of the work; Coordinate the works, to avoid conflict of access or interferences of activities; Define the maximum validity period and the required complementary certificates for a permit to work.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› FIELD OF APPLICATION The provisions of this procedure apply to all TE´s sites, activities and operations. This procedure has to be transposed in a dedicated site instruction to provide methods for permit to works specific to certain contexts: work on sites without industrial operations (e.g. offices, living facilities, Logistic base…). In case of coexistence with a work permit between TE and a contractor (for example, supply vessel, barge and drilling platform), a "Bridging Document" is prepared to define the application areas of each system, and thus managing the interfaces between both parties, throughout the duration of the work. Notwithstanding the above indications, the Responsible for Safety and Environment on Site (RSES) Site Health, Safety Environment Manager. may decide at his sole discretion to cover any work by a PTW, if the RSES feels necessary to better control the risk of such work.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› Types of permit to work Depending on the type and complexity of the work, the work may be performed using one of the following forms: ▪ Standard Permit to work form; ▪ Routine permit form; (or simplified PTW); ▪ Or work that is authorized without PTW but via a Verbal instruction. Permit to work validity period. When the validity period of a PTW has expired, the work concerned cannot begin or be continued without a new permit to work A permit to work for cold work or hot work without naked flame shall expire 14 days after the opening date (within 24 hours after approval date) and may be reduced at RSES discretion.  24 June 2019 / ‹#› COLD PERMIT TO WORK The cold permit to work provisions apply by default to all types of works other than those covered by a more specific form and jobs not involving a naked flame, potential source of ignition (sparks etc.).  24 June 2019 / ‹#› HOT PERMIT TO WORK (A AND B) The Hot permit to work provisions apply when work involves actual or potential sources of ignition, namely: Jobs involving Naked flame spark or heat-producing sources (flame cutting, welding, grinding), unless used inside workshops or areas specifically designed for that purpose and not located in the vicinity of any hazardous area. The respective Hot permit is then rated as “Naked Flame” (Hot Permit to work A); Jobs involving “Non naked flame” Covers Other potential sources of ignition (hand tools, equipment not or no more intrinsically safe), located or used inside or nearby a hazardous area, and that cannot be isolated. The respective Hot permit is then rated as “Non naked flame” (Hot Permit to work B).  24 June 2019 / ‹#› ROUTINE PERMIT A simplified Permit to work, is used only for recurrent and low risk work that does not generate any co-activity or simultaneous operations. The routine permit shall be used: ▪ For regular or routine operating activities (carried out several times a year); ▪ For a duration of at least 7 days; ▪ To supported by approved procedures and routine job forms; ▪ Carried out by employees or contracted staff who are adequately trained and experienced, and are part of the permanent organization in place at the location (core team); ▪ Their risk assessment clearly shows that they do not involve un