Ocular Anatomy & Physiology (Detailed) PDF

Ocular Anatomy & Physiology (Detailed) Ocular Anatomy (Gross): (Courses: Ocular Anatomy & Physiology, Gross Anatomy) Eyelid Anatomic boundaries, Layers, Muscles, Glands, Blood Supply, Innervation Eyebrow Structure & Function Lacrimal System Lacrimal Gland, Accessory Lacrimal...

Ocular Anatomy & Physiology (Detailed) Ocular Anatomy (Gross): (Courses: Ocular Anatomy & Physiology, Gross Anatomy) Eyelid Anatomic boundaries, Layers, Muscles, Glands, Blood Supply, Innervation Eyebrow Structure & Function Lacrimal System Lacrimal Gland, Accessory Lacrimal Glands Distribution of tears, Drainage of Tears Lacrimal Fossa, Nasolacrimal Canal Orbit Contents, Anatomical Relationships Bones of the Orbit Foramina and Openings (location and content) Extraocular Muscles Names, Origins, Insertions, Innervations, Blood Supply Relationship to other orbital structures Blood Supply Cornea Normal Dimensions, Radii, Thickness Epithelium (histology and ultrastructure) Basal Lamina Anterior Limiting Lamina (Bowman Layer) Stroma Posterior Limiting Lamina (Descemet Membrane) Endothelium Conjunctiva Location, Composition, Relations, Blood Supply, Innervation Plica Semilunaris and Caruncle Lens, zonule Location Epithelium (capsule, ultrastructure) Cortex (composition of fibers, ultrastructure) Nuclei Sutures (location) Sclera Size, Radius, Thickness, Color Relationship to Conjunctiva, Tenons Capsule, Suprachoroidal Space Emissaria (contents, location) Composition, Lamina Cribosa Anterior Chamber & Angle Shape & Volume, Boundaries, Diameter & Depth Trabecular Meshwork Juxtacanalicular Tissue Schlemm Canal, Scleral Spur, Schwalbe Line (composition, location) Iris Gross Landmarks, Zones, Diameter, Coloration (factors controlling) Anterior Border, Stroma, Sphincter Muscle, Dilator Muscle Anterior Epithelium, Posterior Epithelium Blood Supply, Venous Drainage, Innervation Size & Location of Pupil Posterior Chamber Size & Volume, Boundaries Ciliary Body Gross Morphology, Dimensions Relationships to Sclera, Anterior Chamber, Iris, Posterior Chamber, Lens, Retina Pars Plana, Pars Plica (location, composition) Stroma Ciliary Muscle (components, relations, action, innervation) Pigmented Epithelium, Non-Pigmented Epithelium Blood Supply & Venous Drainage, Innervation Choroid Extent, Thickness, Relationship to Lamina Fusca of Sclera Choriocapillaris, Stroma Blood Supply, Venous Drainage, Innervation Bruch’s Membrane Vitreous Volume, Shape, Attachments Patellar Fossa, Anterior Hyaloid, Posterior Hyaloid, Cortex, Hyaloid Canal Retina Layers Relationships between RPE and Photoreceptor Outer Segments Synaptic Connections within Retina Glial Cells (name, location, function) Blood Supply Anatomical Areas: Area Centralis, Parafovea, Fovea, Foveola, Macula Lutea, Ora Serrata Ocular & Orbital Nerves Cranial Nerves (I, III, IV, V, VI, VII): course, branches, functions, innervations Parasympathetic & Sympathetic Nerves (course, branches, tissue innervated) Optic Nerve (Visual Neurophysiology Course) Surface Features Prelaminar, Laminar, & Retrolaminar Portions (composition and blood supply) Central Retinal Artery & Vein Optic Disc/Cup Visual Pathway (Visual Neurophysiology Course) Location of Retinal Fibers along Visual Pathway, Optic Nerve, Chiasm, Optic Tract, LGB, Optic Radiations, Visual Cortex Layers of LGB Layers of Visual Cortex: areas Blood Supply Anatomy Related to Visual Pathology Ocular Anatomy (Developmental) (Course: Ocular Anatomy & Physiology: Embryology Notes) Orbit Development of bones of orbit (closure of sutures) Abnormalities (faulty development of facial bones) Extraocular Muscles Condensation of mesenchyme (bilateral condensation) Motor innervation development Insertion of extraocular primordia into anterior sclera Late development Eyelid Tissue origin Lid folds Fusion of eyelid Ectodermal derivatives (skin, glands, conjunctiva) Mesodermal derivatives (tarsus, orbital septum, orbicularis oculi, aponeurosis of levator, smooth muscle) Lacrimal Apparatus Tissue origin of lacrimal glands (main, accessory) Tissue origin of lacrimal and nasal passages Abnormalities Conjunctiva Ectodermal specialization forming conjunctiva and glands Cornea Inductive mechanisms Ectodermal components (epithelium, primary stroma) Mesenchymal components (waves) Corneal nerve development (origin) Factors aXecting corneal size, curvature, transparency Lens, zonules Zonules development Tissue origin Tissue induction and interaction (eXect on development of vitreous, iris, cornea, retina) Mechanism of lens fiber orientation Stages of lens development (lens placode, lens pit, lens vesicles) Stages of lens fiber development Development nuclei (embryonic, fetal, infantile) Zones of development of lens epithelium Sclera Inductive mechanisms Tissue origin Comparison with cornea Anterior Chamber Creation of anatomical space Factors that promote growth of anterior chamber Creation of angle (atrophy theory, cleavage theory, reorganization theory, rarefaction theory) DiXerentiation of Schlemm canal, scleral spur, trabecular meshwork Endothelial membrane Iris / Pupil Development of iris stroma (anterior leaf, posterior leaf) Development of pars iridica retinae (epithelial layer) Development of dilator and sphincter muscles Pupillary membrane (atrophy) Cilio-iridic circulation Development of iris pigmentation Posterior Chamber Ciliary Body Tissue origin (mesoderm, neural crest) Development of pars ciliaris retinae (epithelial layers) Development of ciliary processes, ciliary muscles, ciliary vessels Choroid Tissue origin (paraxial mesoderm, neural crest cells) Development of choroidal vasculature (3 stages) Development of Bruch membrane Vitreous Primary vitreous (hyaloid canal, tissue origin, tissue characteristics) Secondary vitreous (tissue origin, tissue characteristics) Tertiary vitreous (tissue origin, tissue characteristics; hyaloid vasculature remnants) Retina Development of optic cup Analogies between development of retina and central nervous system Fetal fissure (formation, function, fusion, failure to fuse) Retinal diXerentiation (stages I, II, III, proliferation, migration, diXerentiation) Macular diXerentiation Retinal circulation development (hyaloid system, central retinal artery/vein, hyaloid vasculature remnants) Postnatal events Optic Nerve & Visual Pathways (Visual Neurophysiology Course) Developmental stages of lower visual pathway, before lateral geniculate body (diXerences crossed and uncrossed fibers) Myelination of the visual pathway (lower visual pathways vs. upper visual pathway) Relationship between development of upper visual pathway and central vision Physiological cupping Ocular Physiology (Course: Ocular Anatomy & Physiology) Eyelids Normal closure of eyelids (forced, spontaneous) Blink reflexes (spontaneous, menace, auditory, touch, dazzle) Role of eyelids in production, distribution, and drainage of tears Protective functions of eyelids Purposes and roles for vision Tears & Lacrimal Apparatus Functions of tears Production of tears: Sources & Neural control Composition of tears: Electrolytes Low molecular weight organics (glucose, amino acids) High molecular weight organics (proteins, lipids, glycoproteins) Cells Physiological variations (e.g., aging, opening vs. closed, contact lens wear) in tear constituents Tear film distribution, structure, and stability Elimination of tears Nasolacrimal drainage apparatus Evaporation and absorption Physico-chemical properties of tears Osmotic pressure pH and buXering Temperature and viscosity Extraocular Muscles Vestibular control mechanisms Supranuclear control of eye movements Agonist-antagonist relationships Primary action and secondary tertiary actions Fields of action Conduction and contraction Cornea Physical characteristics (water content, protein content, cells, resistance to trauma) Permeability characteristics of various layers Metabolic characteristics of various layers Theories of corneal transparency Factors influencing corneal thickness/hydration (osmolarity of tears, integrity of epithelium and endothelium, epithelial and endothelial pumps) Physiological parameters necessary to maintain corneal integrity (oxygen level, glucose level, pH, etc.) Epithelial regeneration (normal and response to trauma) Physiological characteristics of corneal nerves Aging changes of the cornea Lens Functions of lens Composition of lens DiXerence in composition between lens and aqueous Metabolism of lens (various pathways essential to the lens) Types of lens proteins Factors which regulate size and solubility of lens proteins (vitamin C. glutathione) Theories of lens transparency Mitotic activity of lens epithelium Aging changes in composition of the lens Uvea Functions of ciliary body Functions of iris Functions of choroid Uveal blood flow: choroid, ciliary body iris (unique characteristics of each, functions of each) Vitreous Functions Compositions Metabolism Aging changes in composition Physical characteristics (volume water content, transparency) Retina Composition of disc outer segments Formation of disc outer segments (disc renewal, disc shedding) Composition of visual pigments Formation of visual pigments Stages of visual cycle Photoreceptor electrophysiology (membrane potentials, dark current role of sodium, calcium, etc.) Retinal neurotransmitters Function of bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells (receptive fields) Retinal neural mechanisms of color vision (spatial, temporal, and chromatic) Physiological relationship in the choroid and the retina, including retinal metabolism Unique environment of the eye (high extravascular pressure) Retinal blood flow (unique characteristics, dual supply, functions) Neurophysiology (Visual Neurophysiology Course) Integration of nerve signals (e.g., synaptic processes, reflexes, feedback, adaptation, and habituation) Sensory coding (e.g., receptive field concept) Somatosensory system Auditory system Vestibular system Motor pathways Autonomic nervous systems Significance of evoked potentials, CT and PET scanning, and MRI Plasticity Visual Pathways (Visual Neurophysiology Course) Function of lateral geniculate body Receptive fields of cells in lateral geniculate body (relationship to color vision, binocularity, space perception, etc.) Function of visual cortex Receptive field properties (single cell properties) Functional organization Physiology of binocular vision Mechanism of feature detection Gross electrical potentials EOG ERG VEP (VER) Pupillary Pathways (Visual Neurophysiology Course) Sympathetic pathways to iris Parasympathetic pathway to iris Functional relationships between pupillary pathways and central nervous system