Anatomia e Fisiologia Ocular

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Questions and Answers

Quale es le rol de le palpebras in le production de lacrimas?

  • Absorber lacrimas in excess
  • Producer e distribuir lacrimas (correct)
  • Regolar le temperatua del oculo
  • Facilitar le circulo sanguine

Quale de le sequente factores influent le hydratation del cornea?

  • Stimuli auditiv
  • Osmolaritate de lacrimas (correct)
  • Pression sanguinea local
  • Movimento ocular

Quale es le composition de lacrimas?

  • Oligoelementes e acidos nucleicos
  • Electrolytes e organicos de alto e basso peso molecular (correct)
  • Solamente proteinas e carbohydratos
  • Solvente solamente

Quale es le principal function del lens ocular?

<p>Modificare le focus del luce (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale de le sequente es non un causa de variation physiologic in le composition de lacrimas?

<p>Le dieta in proteinas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale es le principale action de le musculus extraocular?

<p>Movente le oculo in varie directiones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale de le sequente afferma le function de le lacrimal apparatus?

<p>Drainarea lacrimas e regulamento de hydratation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale es le effecto de un pH incorrecte in le lacrimas?

<p>Alterar le viscositate de le lacrimas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le function del corpo ciliari in le uvea?

<p>Facilita le accomodation del lens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un de le cambios asociatae con le aging del vitreus?

<p>Reduction de le claritate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principal function del pigmentos visual?

<p>Captura e converte le lumine in signales nervose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un aspecte unique del fluo sanguin in le retina?

<p>Ha un supply binoculare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le effecto del currente de obscuritate in le membranas de photoreceptores?

<p>Incremente le concentration de sodio in le interior del cellula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le rol del corpo geniculatum lateral in le via visual?

<p>Processa information visive pro le cortex visual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale celulas in le retina es responsabile pro la transmission del signal visual a le cerebro?

<p>Cellulas ganglionale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le consequence del proceso de desposito de discusse in le photoreceptores?

<p>Assurance de le renovante de discusse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale structura del occhio esiste inter le cornea e le sclera?

<p>Choroide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale parte del occhio contiene le cellulas pigmentadas?

<p>Epitelio Anteriore del Iris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale musculo del occhio esiste in le stroma del iris?

<p>Musculo Dilatador (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale structura es principalmente responsabile pro le drainage del lacrimas?

<p>Canal Nasolacrimal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale parte del occhio es involucrate in le formation del chambre anteriore?

<p>Iris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale strato del retina es mainly responsabile pro le perception del lumine?

<p>Layer Photoreceptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale structura es un filamento important pro le sustentation del lens?

<p>Zonulas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale nerve es crucial pro le motricitate del musculos extraocular?

<p>Nervo Oculomotore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale elemento es includite in le emisation del sclera?

<p>Fibres Collagenous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual parte del retina es referite como le 'fovea'?

<p>Area de Sensibilitate Maximum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale glandula es responsabile pro le production de lacrimas?

<p>Glandula Lacrimal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale varietate de cellule es importante in le funtionamento del glial cells in le retina?

<p>Cellulas de Müller (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale strato del lens es responsabile pro le connexiones interne?

<p>Cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale mecanismo es implicate in le formation del chamber posterior?

<p>Reorganisation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Eyelid Anatomy

Eyelid structure, layers, muscles, glands, blood supply, and innervation

Lacrimal System Components

Structures involved in tear production and drainage: Lacrimal gland, accessory glands, ducts, and nasolacrimal canals.

Orbit Contents

Structures inside the bony orbit surrounding the eye, such as the eye muscles and nerves.

Extraocular Muscles

Muscles that control eye movement; their origins, insertions, and innervation.

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Cornea Layers

The transparent front part of the eye, with distinct layers (epithelium, stroma, endothelium).

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Conjunctiva Function

The delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the whites of the eye, protecting and lubricating.

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Lens Structure (anatomy)

The eye's focusing structure, composed of different layers; capsule, cortex, and nuclei.

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Sclera Characteristics

The tough, white outer coating of the eye; its thickness, composition, and relationship to neighboring structures.

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Anterior Chamber Structure

Fluid-filled space between the cornea and iris, crucial for eye health.

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Iris Function

Colored part of the eye, regulates pupil size, controlling the amount of light entering the eye.

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Posterior Chamber

Space behind the iris, vital for maintaining intraocular pressure, shape, and focusing.

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Ciliary Body Components

Structures that produce aqueous humor, control lens shape and maintain eye pressure.

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Choroid Location / Function

Layer of the eye behind the retina, supplying blood vessels to nourish the retina.

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Vitreous Humor Role

Jelly-like substance filling the space between the lens and retina, supporting the eye's shape and structure.

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Retina Layers

Light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye, composed of multiple layers for photoreceptor function.

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Upper visual pathway development

The development of the neural pathways that carry visual information from the eye to the brain.

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Physiological cupping

The natural depression of the optic disc, crucial for healthy vision.

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Eyelid closure

The process of closing eyelids, both voluntarily and involuntarily, for protection and lubrication.

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Tear production

The process of creating tears, essential for eye health and lubrication. This involves glands and nerves.

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Tear film stability

The ability of the tear film to remain intact and prevent evaporation. This maintains clear vision.

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Cornea permeability

The ability of the cornea's layers to allow certain substances to pass through, affecting vision and health.

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Lens metabolism

The biochemical processes within the lens, which are crucial for its function and transparency.

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Lens proteins

The specific proteins that make up the lens, influencing its clarity and shape. Their type and amount are significant for vision.

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Lens Transparency Theories

Different ideas explaining why the lens is clear, focusing on its structure and composition.

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Retina Photoreceptor Electrophysiology

How light is converted into electrical signals in photoreceptor cells, including the role of sodium, calcium, and membrane potentials in the dark and light.

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Visual Pathway: Lateral Geniculate Body

Part of the brain that receives and processes visual information from the eye.

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Retinal Disc Renewal

Process of replacing old photoreceptor segments with new ones.

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Choroid Function

The underlying retinal tissue that provides nourishment via a rich blood supply.

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Visual Pigment Composition

Details the makeup of the molecules that absorb light in the eye.

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Visual Neurophysiology Integration

The way individual sensory signals are combined and processed in the nervous system.

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Vitreous Humor Composition

The makeup of the gel-like substance filling the vitreous chamber of the eye.

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Study Notes

Ocular Anatomy & Physiology (Detailed)

  • Ocular Anatomy (Gross): Examines the eye's major structures and components, including eyelids, eyebrows, lacrimal system, orbit, cornea, conjunctiva, lens, sclera, and uvea(iris, ciliary body, choroid). Anatomical boundaries, layer structure, muscle systems, glands, and blood/nerve supply are highlighted.

Eyelid

  • Eyelid anatomy: Includes the boundaries, layers, muscles, glands, related blood supply, and innervation.

Eyebrow

  • Structure and function of eyebrows are discussed.

Lacrimal System

  • Lacrimal gland structure, accessory glands, tear distribution, and drainage are detailed.
  • Nasolacrimal canal's role in tear drainage is mentioned.

Orbit

  • Orbital contents: Bones, foramina, openings, extraocular muscles, and relationships to other orbital structures are discussed, along with blood supply and innervation.

Bones of the Orbit

  • Anatomical locations, contents of foramina and openings, are outlined.

Extraocular Muscles

  • Names, origins, insertions, innervation, and relationship with other orbital structures. Blood supply included.

Blood Supply

  • Overview of blood supply to various eye structures.

Cornea

  • Normal Dimensions of the cornea are noted.
  • Epithelial (histology and ultrastructure): Focuses on the cellular structure.
  • Basal Lamina and Bowman Layer detail of the corneal internal structure.
  • Descemet Membrane (Posterior Limiting Lamina) and endothelium are described.

Conjunctiva

  • Locations, composition and relationships are described.
  • Blood supply, innervation, and associated structures like plica semilunaris and caruncle are clarified.

Lens

  • Location: Detailed specifications of exact location.
  • Epithelium (capsular ultrastructure): Details of the cells.
  • Cortex (composition and ultrastructure): Details of cellular components and their structure.
  • Nuclei and Sutures: Location and role is noted.

Sclera

  • Size, radius, thickness, color, relationship with conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule are outlined.
  • Suprachoroidal space and emissaria (contents and location) are specified.

Iris

  • Gross landmarks: Key details, zones and diameter
  • Coloration: Determining factors outlined
  • Muscle function: Sphincter and Dilator muscles action and related blood supply and innervation noted.

Anterior Chamber and Angle

  • Shape, volume, boundaries, diameter and depth are noted.
  • Trabecular meshwork and Schlemm canal, composition and location are described.

Ciliary Body

  • Gross morphology and dimensions, relations with surrounding tissues, sclera, anterior chamber, iris, posterior chamber, and the lens are specified
  • Stroma, ciliary muscle (components, relations, action, innervation), pigmented and non pigmented epithelium, blood supply and venous drainage, innervation are clarified.

Choroid

  • Extent, thickness, and relationship to Lamina Fusca of the sclera.
  • Choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane are described.
  • Blood supply and venous drainage, innervation are discussed.

Retina

  • Retinal Layers: Anatomy and organization
  • Relationships between RPE and photoreceptor outer segments
  • Synaptic Connections: Detailed look
  • Glial cells, their structure, and function within the retina.
  • Blood supply: Details for various parts of the retina are provided.

Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways

  • Pathway details described

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Ocular Anatomy & Physiology (Detailed) PDF

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