OB UNIT 1 KP.pdf

ACCORDING TO NEW SYLLABUUS T.Y.B.COM INDEX SEMESTER:-5 SR. UNIT PAGE PARTICULAR NO....

ACCORDING TO NEW SYLLABUUS T.Y.B.COM INDEX SEMESTER:-5 SR. UNIT PAGE PARTICULAR NO. NO. NO. 2 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR 2 IMPORTANCE OF ODB DICIPLINES TO THE FIELD OF OB 4 SOBC MODEL OF OB 6 FRAMEWORK OF OB 8 6 DETERMINENT OF PERSONALITY 2 10 7 FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION 11 8 PERCEPTUAL DEFECTS 13 9 CONCEPT OF ATTITUDES 14 CHARCTERISTICS OF VALUESS 15 10 DISTINGUISH VALUES AND ATTITUDES 16 UNIT:-1-2 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR "Live As If You Were To Die Tomorrow, Learn As If You Were Live Forever Mahatma Gandhi who has never made mistake has never tried anything new". Anyone Albert Einstein With Realization of One's Own Potential and Self-Confidence in One's Ability. One Can Build a Better World." Dalai Lama 01 T.YB. COM. SEM-5 OB -1&2  SEMESTER:-5 O.B. UNIT:-1 BEHAVIOUR FOUNDATIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL of organizau0n Que-1 Define organizational behaviour, Discuss the nature and scope behaviour (OB). Ans: (A) Meaning and definitions: Organizational behaviour is the study of behaviour of people in the organization. Following are some of definition of organizational behaviour (1) OB refers to: T h e behaviour of individuals and groups within organization, and Interaction between organizational members and their external environment (2) According to Koontze: "Organization behaviour is field of study that investigates the organization n e mpact that individuals, groups and structure have on behaviour within For the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organizations eecuvcucs Thus, there are three features of OB: (a) OB is the study of human behaviour (b) It is a study of human behaviour in organization (c) The knowledge about human behaviour is useful to improve the organizational effectiveness. (B) NATURE OFORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR: from time Organizational behaviour is developing as separate field of study. So its nature is likely to change to time. However following are the main points indicating its present nature. (1)A FIELD OFSTUDY AND DISCIPLINE: OB is considered as field of study and not discipline. This is due to following reasons have expected science & its theoretical foundations, on the basis of which research and Any discipline must analysis is done. But OB is broad search (i.e. no specific theoretical foundation) & interdisciplinary (depends upon many disciplines) So, it is not accepted as a science, but it is considered as a field of study rather than a discipline. (2) INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHNOT AUNI-DISCIPLINARY): Basically OB is interdisciplinary approach this is because, it has drawn its knowledge from different disciplines ike Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, Political science. It has also drawn relevant knowledge from economics and law. (3)AN APPLIED SCIENCE (NOT A PURE SCIENCE):- OB is applied science, because its objectives is basic objectives to make application of various researches, to with human behaviour). solve the problems of organization (related Through many of the researches are conducted in laboratory & under controlled conditions, they are applied OB is both science as well as art. to organizational analysis. So, (4) NORMATIVE AND VALUE CENTRED (NOT A POSITIVE SCIENCE OB is normative science Tt nrescribes that how to apply various finding of researches to obtain desirable results, which are acceptable that depends upon the values of society. by the society or a people, S)HUMANSTIC &OPTIMISTIC(NOT MBCHANISM AND PESSIMISTIC): O B is humanistic, because it gives more attention to the needs &t motivation of peonle I t suggests the management to consider the thinking and feeling of people, F u r t h e r OB is optimistic. This means, It that evey peson s Capable of becoming independent, creative, contribution to the objectives organization. capable of giving positive 02 T.Y.B. COM. SEM-5 OB -1&2  (6)ORIENTEDTOWARDS ORGANIZATION OBJJECTIVS:- Sometimes, the objectives of organization & individuals are conflicting with each other. O B tries to integrate the organizational objectives with individual objectives in such a ways that they can be achieved simultaneously. (7)A TOTAL SYSTEMAPPROCHINTERATIVE APPROCH O B is total system approach. It takes in to account all the variables, which influence the working of organization. This approach suggests that organizational behaviour of a person depends upon certain socio-psychological factors. (Such as psychological frame workgroup influence, cultural factors etc.) (C)SCOPE OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR Organization behaviour is the study of human behaviour in organization. It is study of individual behaviour, inter-personal behaviour (group behaviour) and the behaviour of organisation'. ntra-Personal Behaviour (Individual Behaviour):-It covers various aspects such as personality, perception, attitude, learning, opinion, motivation & job satisfaction and stress management. All such aspects are covered by psychology. II. Inter-personal Behaviour (Group Behaviour):-It includes group dynamies inter-group conflicts, Leadership, communication, transactional analysis etc. All these aspects are covered by sociology and anthropology. IlI. Study of organisation:- It covers various aspects related to their formation, structure, effectiveness of organisation as well as formal and informal organisation. All these aspects are covered by sociology, anthropology and political science. Let us discuss, these three levels of analysis are, usually independent or dependent. In past, the behavioural scientist have not coordinated these three levels of analysis are not mutually independent but they are dependent or complementary. So, anyone who wants to study the OB, he/she has to integrate these three levels of analysis.it is also called as inter-disciplinary approach. For example, for a manager the focus on individual behaviour is equally important as focus on group behaviour or focus on organization system. QUE.2 Discuss the need and the importance of OB. OR Discuss the benefits of OB. ANS. The study of OB is beneficial in following ways (1)OBPROVIDES A"ROADMAP" TO OUR LIVES IN THE ORGANIZATIONS. OB provides a road map to the lives of people in the organization. The road map is provides in terms of various organization events. This road map guide the people about how to handle the pressure in various situation and how to respond perfectly so as to create more functional, less stressful and career advancing behaviour. If there is no road map, people may not be able to handle the pressure and respond properly.So they may be frustrated or they may avoid the work. (2)OBUSES "SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH" TO UNDERSTAND AND PREDICT ORG LIFE Through scientific research, OB can understand and predict, "What people will do in various situations and conditions?" (3) OBHELPS TO INFLUENCE "ORGANIZATIONAL EVENTS" These events include effective communication, management of conflicts, better decision making, showing commitment to idea and effective work team. (4)OB HELPS AN INDIVIDUAL To "UNDERSTANDHIMSELF/HERSELF" If one wants to work effectively in the organization on person-to-person basis, he must understand himself as well as others around him. OB improves such understanding and thereby helps to improve the inter-personal relationship. (5)OB HELPS THE MANAGER "TO MOTIVATE THE SUBBORDINATES" OB helps the manager to get the knowledge of relationship between the needs and appropriate behaviour of the subordinates. On that basis manager, motivate the subordinates. (6)OB IS USEFUL "TO CORDIAL INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS":-There must be hearty or cordial industrial relation between the management and workers. If there is any grievances, it must be identified, understood and removed on time to prevent industrial disputes such as lockout or loss of output. (7)OB ISUSEFUL IN THE "FIELD OF MARKETING" 03 T.Y.B. COM. SEM-5 OB -1&2  oriented. 1ne marketing s said that best marketing system should be customer oriented rather than product per the taste and should be done as Su as sale, packing, transporting, delivery, installation etc. preference, choice and expectation of the customers. (8) OB HELPS THE MANGERS "TO PREDICT THE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR" ability to the ability understand the to understand the ps the manger to get good "people skills"., People skill include subordinates, their strengths and weakness. 9)OB HELPS "TO SUSTAIN THE UPWARD tis necessary To sustain the upward trendindustrialsector,i TREND IN THE INDUSTRIAL urces effectively to manage all three resources such as eltectively such as technical, financial as well as human resources. These done by OB. Describe various contributing disciplines to the field of organizational behaviour. OR Organization Behaviour is an applied science" OR «"Organisational Behaviour is built upon contribution from number of disciplines" explain. OR How does psychology and anthropology differ from each other in terms of their contribution to OB. ANS: As we know, that OB itself is not discipline. But uses the knowledge of various relevant discipline. OB draws concepts and principles from behavioural sciences such as psychology, sOciology and anthropology as well as from other social science such as economics, history and political scicnce. (1)PSYCHOLOGY: The term psychology comes from the Greek word "psyche", which means soul or spirit. Psychology is a science that to measure, explain and sometimes change the behaviour of humans and other animals. Psychologist try to study and understand individual human behaviour. Earlier, the learning theorists, personality theorists, counselling psychologists, industrial psychologists and organizational psychologists were most important in the field of OB. But now Industrial and Organizational psychologist a were most important in the field of OB. Industrial and organizational psychologists were concermed with providing the solution to the problems such as fatigue, boredom, and other factors of working conditions. But recently, the contribution of psychologists have been expanded to learming. perception. personality, emotion, training, leadership effectiveness, needs and motivational forces, job satisfaction, decision making process, performance appraisal, attitude measurement, employee selection technique, work design and job stress. Modern psychology is almost universally defined as science of behaviour, or behavioural science. The behaviour in various condition such as normal, abnormal, social, industrial, legal, childhood, adolescence, old age etc. (2) SOCIOLOGY Sociology can be described as "an academic discipline that utilize the scientific methodology to accumulate the knowiedge about MAN'S SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR" Sociology studies the "social system in which individual fill their roles. In other words, sociology is the study of people in relation to their fellow human beings. Sociologist have made their contributions to OB through the study of group behaviour in organization. Sociologist contribution to OB are applied in the field of group dynamics, design of work teams, organizational culture, organizational theory, organizational structure, organizational technology, communications, power and conflict. Sociology studies social groups, soCial behaviour, society, Customs, institutions, social class, status, social mobility and prestige. Sociology has also developed sub-fields hke political sociology, industrial sociology, family sociology. educational sociology and sociology of religion. sociology of law, 04 T.Y.B. COM. SEM-5 OB -1&2  Behavioarldne Contribetion Uat malya Otpat Persanality Percepion Antiude meesuremen Learaing Motivstionn Job satisaction Psychology Thining Individaals Leadership efectiveness Perfocmance appraisal Employee selection Wark desig Work stres Grop dynamic Work teams Stmdy of Communication Group Power apmizational Conficts bebaviour Intergroup behaviour Sociology Formal organizational theory Organizational technology Organizational change Organizational culnure Behrvioural changes Attimde chmge Organization Coamunication Systera Social pvcholoev Group process Group decision making Coaparative atirude Coaparstive vaues Cross culrure Athropolorv Organizational culture Orgamizational eaviraament Conflict Potitical science Intra organizacional policies Power (3) Socialpsvchology A s we know that, psychology attempts to explain individual behaviour and sociology attempts to explain group behaviour. The social psychology is an area within psychology..It blends the concepts from both psychologyand sociology. I t tries to explain how and why individuals behave as they do, in group activities I t examines inter personal behaviour. 05 T.Y.B. COM. SEM-5 OB -1&2  have made their contributions in the field of CHANGE. They analyse how to Social psychologist introduce change, and how to remove barriers to acceptance of change. OF ANALYSIS-GROUP) CONTRIBUTION OFSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY TO OB (UNITS (1)Behavioural Change:-Change pertainingto behaviour is called behavioural change should understand what brings )Attitude change:-Attitude affects human behaviour very much. A manager or policies are to be changed. n cnanges in attitude of employees. It cán help him when company's structure (3)Communication: of for members exchange (4)Group Processes: - Refers to the communication patterns, used by the information. to interact and armve at a tuP decision-making process:-It permits many persons simultaneously decision. (4)ANTHROPOLOGY T h e lem "Anthropology" combines to Greek terms namely anthropo", which means man and the noun logy" means science, therefore, anthropology is science of men. activities. it studies Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human being and their civilization, forms of culture and their impact on the man and the groups The study of Anthropology has two branches such as physical anthropology and culture anthropology. culture anthropology is more important for the organizational behaviour. I t contributionto the OB are applied in the organizational culture and organizational environment (5)POLITICAL SCIENCE Political Science is called the Study of Political System. It has inputs, which directly affect the human behaviour in the organization. I t studies the behaviour of individual and groups within a political environment. Political scientists have made their contribution to various aspects such as structuring of conflicts, allocation of power, and manipulation of power for individual self-interest. So, the contribution of political science are significant to understand behaviour in organization. cONTRIBUTION OF PoLITICAL SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT FIELD (UNIT OF ANLYSIS-ORGANIZATION SYSTEM) (1)Conflict: - Difference of options or interest can create conflicts between two individual and groups. (2)0rganizational power:-Studies how power should be distributed to the individual in organization. (3)Intra organizational policies: it is concerned with manipulation of power for individual self- interest within the same organization. QUE.4 Discuss in brief SOBC model of OB. ANS.INTRODUCTION The S-O-B-C model includes more complex mechanism of human behaviour. It is based on modification and extension ofS-0-R model. But the S-O-R model is based on the modification and extension of classical S-R model. s-R MODEL (CLASSICASL MODEL):-In S-R model, the "S"= stimulus and "R"= response or behaviour. The S-R model, believes that, whenever the "sS (stimulus) is presented, the "R" (response) can or involuntary. be obtained. So the response is reactive s-0-R Model: - in S-0-R model, the "S"=stimulus, "OOrganism and "R"= response or behaviour. Under this model, the role of "O" is active in bringing the "R°(Response) but, it covers only physiological aspects of human beings S-0-R model believes that, whenever the "S (Stmulus) Is presented, the "S" is being processed by the "O" (Organism) and finally results into the "R*" (Response) S-0-B-CMODEL: SOBC model is comparatively the new model, whicn neps to analysis the major variables of OB and their inter-relationships. There are 4 variable such as S, 0, B, C. 06 T.Y.B. COM. SEM-5 OB-1&2  o C S Overt and Covert Physiological being Overt and Covert Overt and covert And cognitive Behaviour Consequences Stimuli mediator L Let us discuss each variable of the S-0-B-C model in detail. (1)STIMULIS):- I n this model, the "S" stands for stimuli, but in fact, it is more comprehensive than just a stimulus used in other models. It covers all the aspects of environment such as immediate stimuli (both overt and covert), physical environment (E.g. light, sound, co-worker etc.), socio cultural environment and technological environment. I n organization context, the stimuli include all the factors of the work environment, which can influence the behaviour of an employee. There can be overt stimulus as well as covert stimulus. Overt stimulus (observe cues):-Such stimulus triggers the behaviour. For example, if there is a too much light in the organization, an employee's eyes are constricted (O) and he cannot work comfortably (B). IL Covert stimulus (Not observable):-For example, negative atitude (S) of a manager. It cannot noticed concisely. But still it affect the behaviour If there is no stimuli, there would not be any organism. So, the stimulus is the basic information, which triggers the behaviour through organism. (2)ORGANISM(O): The organism means all factors in the individual or human being. The stimulus is received and processed by the organism and it is followed by the behaviour. Organism includes both physiological and psychological aspects of human beings. Physiological aspects (Sensory screen):- They includes vision, hearing, smell, touch and taste. The stimulus is received through physiological aspects ii. Psychological aspects (emotion screen):- They include perception, personality, attitude, motivation, learning etc. the stimulus is processed through psychological aspects. For example, too much light(S), would constrict the eyes (0) of an employee. Similarly, negative attitude, of the manager (S) would discourage the attitude (O) of an employee. The organism performs three functions such as meditating function (mediator), maintenance function and adjustive function. Mediating function of "0";-As a mediating function, the "0" is constantly active. It scans its surrounding, It monitors its own action and I t seeks the required conditions and avoids other condition (II) Maintenance function of "0"; As a maintenance function, the organs of "0" are for its own health and health of others. ( ) Adiustive function of "0":2As an adjustive function, the "O" Monitors the person's activities, so that can remove obstacle and satisfy the needs. 3) BEHAVIOUR(B):- In these model, the "B" stands for individual behaviour. It includes overt and covert response and pattern of behaviour. (1) Overt Response And pattern of behaviour:- It is open and observable behaviour. For example, too many lighis(S) would constrict the eyes (O) ofemployee. So, he may slow down or stop his work (B). 07 T.Y.B. COM. SEM-5 OB -1&2  (1) Covert response and pattern of behaviour:-it is hidden,concealed or secret kind of behaviour. For example, negative attitude (S) of the manager creates discouraging atmosphere (0). So employee does not work whole heartedly (B). (4) Consequences(C In this model, the "C" stands for It is the result of behaviour. consequences. Such result can be positive or negative. (1) S v e results/favourable consequences: - When the result of the behaviour can be able to satisfy the needs of an employee, it is called favourable consequences. For example, the rewards. it an employee's behaviour is rewarded, his behaviour would be repeated. Negative results/ Unfavourable consequences: - When the result of the behaviour cannot satisty the For example, the Cs Or aissatisty the employee, it is called unfavourable consequences. punishment. If an employee's behaviour is punished, his behaviour would be eliminated or not repeated. Conclusion: In the model, all four variable are interacting and inter-dependent. It means all variable are Causeas well as effect. It is shown by the two ways arrows in the chart of the model. QUE.S EXPLAIN "FRAMWORK OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR" EXPLAIN ANS: There are five basic components. Which are included in the framework of OB. These components help to understand the behaviour of employee in the organization. Following figure shows the relationship between these components as well as the principle aspects of each component. These relationships are highly dynamie in terms of variety of change. ENVIRONMENT INDIVIDUAL PROCESS - -. - - - PERSONALITY PERCEPTION VALUE AND ATTITUDES LEARNING AND REINFORCEMENT - -- WORK MOTIVATION ----- -- WORK STRESS -- -- - - - ------ INTER-PERSONALAND TEAM ORGANIZATION PROCESS PROCESS ORGANIZATION CULURE DYNAMICS WITHIN TEAMAS POWER AND POLITICAL DYNAMICS BETWEEN TEAMS BEHAVIOR LEADERSHIP INTERPERSONAL JOB DESIGN. ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN COMMUNICATION LEADERSHIP AND.DECISION MAKING CHANGE PROCESS **********.NATURE OFPLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE.APPROACH TO PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE These components are discussed below. 08 T.Y.B. COM. SEM-5 OB-1&2  () ENVIRONMENT: In moderm world, the environment of organization is highly dynamic. It may cause sudden and unexpected shifts, it creates non-linearity in the organization or it creates radical changes. When organization operating is such environment, it become necessary for organization to understand, plan and implement such changes in organization. These changes help the organization to trace out emerging opportunities and to adopt the new strategies to grab or seize such new opportunity. I n such case, new breed of people have play pivotal roles. For example, The mangers have to give more importance to work rather than managing. The leader have to give more importance to action rather than planning. The front-liners have to give more importance to knowledge rather than capital. Therefore, the knowledge and intelligence will be the most important factors of production and competitive advantage. So, in 21st century only those people win, who will stay ahead of the change curve. (2) NDIVDUAL PROCESSES:- Normally, people make the assumption about those with whom they have to work, supervise or spend the leisure time etc. these assumption influence behaviour towards others. Effective employee are always interested to know what affect their behaviour. Accordingly they also have in order to affect the behaviour of others. Organizational performance is based on individual behaviour. For effective management, it is important to know the individual behaviour. Each person is made up of physiological system as well as psychological system But psychological system is very much important for OB. Psychological system has got the sub system such as attitude, perception, personality, felling, values, learning capabilities etc. (3) INTER PERSONAL AND TEAM PROCESS: - The people are inherently social (e.g. born in family, worship in-group, play in-group). So, they do not prefer to stay orto work alone. They want to interact with others. The managers spends almost 2/3rd of their working days in meeting and the group dynamic (interpersonal) skills are very much important for the managers and employees. For example, the organizations such as Wal-Mart, KFC, Kodak, Boeing, TATA group, Infosys and Wipro have achieved their goals only through the co-operation and teamwork. Moreover, they have satisfied the needs of their employee and customers. (4) ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS: - Individual enter the organizations to work, to earn money and achieve their career goals. But, all these depends upon the organizational culture. >Organizational culture us system of shared assurnption and understanding about policies, practices and norms, which are important for the organization. The new comers have to properly understand the organization culture, in order to acceptable and more productive in the organization. For example, newcomer must understand the power (formal authority) properly before using or reacting to the power. Such understanding helps him to achieve the success and avoid failures. (5) CHANGE PROCESS:-The management of change must observe the changing demand of the environrment and prepare the entire organization to adopt to the change. I t includes modifying the actual behaviour of the employees as per the requirement of the change. While introducing the change processes following aspects should be considered. Types of pressure imposed on the organization to make such change. (ii) The kind of resistance to change, which are likely to be encountered. (i) Who will implement the change? There are six basic strategies which are used to implement and change (1) People approaches: - They use the behavioural science techniques. They involve the employee to diagnoses the organizational problems and also to correct these problems. 2) Cultural approaches: - They are used to change culture aspects of the organization such as beliefs, values, expectation and norms. (3) Technological approaches: They are used to change the methods of working. (4) Design approaches: - They are used to arange the authority, responsibility and decision making within the organization. (5) Task approaches: They are used to redesign the individual jobs. (6) Strategy approaches: - They are used to change the strategy are select the new goals. 09 T.Y.B. COM. SEM-5 OB-1&2