NURS1110- Lecture 1- Intro and cells 2023 Biochemistry.pdf

Biochemistry NURS 1110 Lecture 1 – Intro and Cells Andrew S. Dhanoo BSc., RPT, PhD. (candidate) We will begin at 8.05 am… School of Nursing, Fac. Med Sci. UWI. Dept. Life Sciences, Fac. of Sci. and Tech. UWI. Diabetes Associatio...

Biochemistry NURS 1110 Lecture 1 – Intro and Cells Andrew S. Dhanoo BSc., RPT, PhD. (candidate) We will begin at 8.05 am… School of Nursing, Fac. Med Sci. UWI. Dept. Life Sciences, Fac. of Sci. and Tech. UWI. Diabetes Association of Trinidad and Tobago Food Advisory Committee – Ministry of Health Trinidad and Tobago NCD Alliance Contact Information Email: [email protected] NB: When emailing, please include the following : This course’s code (NURS 1110) Your Full name Your Student ID number Let’s get to know each other… Text Book Handbook of Applied Biochemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics for Nursing and Allied Health Students: For Nursing and Allied Health Students By: Shivananda Nayak B (Author) Select if you would like a textbook in the attendee register.  Course Outline Credits: 3 Class Schedule: Friday – 8 am - 12 noon (ZOOM – 1st Lecture) Course Delivery: Lectures, with in-class demonstrations Course Assessment: 1. In-course Exams: 25 % - Incourse 1 : 8% (week 4) - Incourse 2 : 8% (week 8) - Incourse 3 : 9% (week 13) 2. Group Project: 15 % - Outline/Lit. Review: 3% (week 6) - Oral Presentation: 6% (week 11) - Academic Poster: 6% (week 12) 3. Final Exam: 60 %  Group Project Submissions: -Project outline (3 % ) - 1 page with Title, Introduction, Body, and Conclusion (week 6) - 3MT Style Video (6 %) – 3 min (or less) video presentation (week 11) - Academic Poster (6%) – 750-1000 words (week 12) - Participation ( out of 10 and Multiplied by your group mark) Your Group will be between 5-6 Members ✓ You are advised to meet with your group weekly ✓ Form an online network for easy communication e.g. WhatsApp group ✓ Assign roles to each member ✓ Assign deadlines  Group Project Topics 1. Diabetes Mellitus: How does Double Diabetes develop? 2. Prader Willi Syndrome: Genetic imprinting and chromosome 15q deletion. 3. Breast Cancer: BRAC Gene Mutation 4. HIV Infection: Mechanism of viral entry, reverse transcription, and replication. 5. Cushing Disease: Cortisol, adrenal tumours, and hormone regulation. 6. Graves' Disease: Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and hormone production. 7. Klinefelter's Syndrome: XXY karyotype, hormones, and development. You are to explore and 8. Galactosemia: Galactose metabolism, enzyme defects, and toxicity. 9. Wilson’s Disease: Copper metabolism and ATP7B gene mutations. report on the 10. COVID-19 Cytokine Storm: Cytokines, inflammation, and severe COVID-19 cases. 11. 12. Arsenic Poisoning: Mechanisms of arsenic toxicity and enzyme interference. Paraquat Toxicity in Humans: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. BIOCHEMICAL 13. Parkinson's Disease: Alpha-synuclein, dopamine, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Basis of your topic. 14. Ivermectin Action: Neurotransmission in parasites and anti-parasitic use. 15. 16. Alzheimer's Disease: Amyloid Beta and Tau Protein Pathology Sickle Cell Anemia: Hemoglobin Structure and Function (check my eLearning for 17. Huntington's Disease: CAG Repeat Expansion and Protein Aggregation group assignments) 18. Multiple Sclerosis: Autoimmune Attack on Myelin 19. Cystic Fibrosis: CFTR Gene Mutations and Ion Transport 20. Hemochromatosis: Iron Overload and HFE Gene Mutations 21. G6PD Deficiency: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Enzyme and Red Blood Cell Breakdown 22. Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency: Biochemistry of Phenylalanine Metabolism 23. Tay-Sachs Disease: Hexosaminidase A Deficiency and Ganglioside Accumulation 24. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Protein Misfolding and Aggregation (e.g., TDP-43) 25. Hemophilia: Blood clotting and deficiency of clotting Factors and genetic basis Course Outline 12 weeks of teaching 4 Units Unit 1- Molecules and Chemical Reactions (Wk 1-3) Unit 2- Amino Acids and Protein (Wk 4-6) Unit 3- Carbohydrates ( Wk 7-9) Unit 4- Lipids, Enzymes, Co-Enzymes, Vits. (Wk 10-12) Unit 1 – Molecules and Chemical Reactions  1 These correspond to videos on myelearning Introduction What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry - is the study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living organisms. -American Chemical Society 2 What is an atom? Atom - the smallest particle of a substance that can exist by itself or be combined with other atoms to form a molecule. -American Chemical Society Charge Mass Location Atoms Proton (+) 1 Nucleus Electron (-) 1/1840 Orbital/Shell Molecule Neutron 0 1 Nucleus Protein Carb. Lipid Organelle Cell The Periodic Table – A table of all known elements of matter, arranged by the number of protons in each element. -American Chemical Society  Acids and Bases Acid- Usually contains H+ (hydrogen), with pH 7 pH- Concentration of Hydrogen Ions, scale that tells how much a substance is basic, Acidic or neutral Neutralize- When the pH becomes 7. Acid + Base → Salt + Water Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen Indicator- Substance/Material that changes colour/apearance in the presence of acids or bases Litmus – Acid (red), Base (blue) Phenolphthalein – Acid (colourless), Base (Bright Pink) Methyl Orange – Acid (Orange), Base (yellow)  Organic and Inorganic Organic- Compound/Molecule Inorganic- Compound/Molecule that contains carbon in its that does not contain carbon in structure , usually derived from its structure, derived from non- something living or once living. living sources. NB: Exceptions: CO2, Carbonates  Organic – Glucose (sugar) Inorganic – Water Organic – Urea (Urine & Sweat) Inorganic – Ammonia Organic – Fatty Acid (Omega 3) 3 What is a cell? Cells- The smallest structural unit of living things, these are the basic building blocks of organisms. -National Institutes of Health The Hierarchy of classification in the Body Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cells vs Prokaryotic cells Chemical Reactions Hydration – Addition of H20 to a compound to form a new compound. Dehydration – Removal of H20 from a compound to form a new compound. Hydrolysis (Water-Splitting) -H20 is used with a catalyst to split one compound into two. Catalyst – Substance which speeds up a reaction but is not changed by the reaction. Chemical Reactions Monomers – Individual molecules that come together as blocks to make longer chains called Polymers. Molecular Bio Nucleic Acid – Large molecules (polymers) made of Nucleotides (monomers) used to store and transfer to new generations, the genetic information which instructs cells in the body how to carry out their functions. Nucleotide Nucleic Acid Molecular Bio Structure of a Nucleotide Nucleoside – Combination of Base and sugar alone. 5’ end- Where phosphate attaches 3’ end – Where –OH group is found (ribose) Molecular Bio Phosphate – Same in all nucleotides Sugar- Ribose had an ‘OH’ group in the 2nd position while Deoxyribose has an ‘H’ (no oxygen) in that position. Base – This determines the identity of the nucleotide. There are five bases Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) , Guanine (G) and Uracil (U). NB: T for DNA, U for RNA Molecular Bio Purines are bases whose structure have a double ring, while Pyrimidines have a single ringed structure. Purines usually pair with Pyrimidines when forming nucleic acid. Complementary pairing – (A-T ), (G-C) Molecular Bio DNA RNA Stands For Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Number of Strands Two One or Two Bases A,G,C,T A,G,C,U Functions 1. Stores genetic info 1. Transfer (Transcribe) genetic code out of nucleus 2. Translate genetic code into protein Where is it found ? Inside nucleus In and outside of nucleus NB: In DNA one strand is in the 3’ to 5’ Direction , and the other is in the 5’ to 3’ direction. (anti-parallel ) Molecular Bio Nucleosome – DNA + Histone protein Chromatin – Long fiber of DNA , non-condensed form. Chromatid - Condensed form, DNA strand shortens and fattens becoming visible. Centromere - Holds Chromatids together Chromosome - Two sister chromatids held together. Chromosomes of the same size and centromere location are called homologous chromosomes Group Game What’s in Common… In 10 minutes, find one thing that’s in common with everyone else in the group you are assigned to in Zoom First, record the names of everyone in your group, an your group number This thing must be unique, and you must be able to provide evidence that this is in common ( show video or picture) The group with the most unique and provable commonality, will be given a prize (each member)  Group What was in common? Was it proved? 1 Liked avocados Word of mouth 2 Wasa connection Wasa bill 3 No one has a drivers permit Documents 4 All from Trinidad Id cards 5 Liked photography Pictures Group Game 6 All curly Hair Pictures 7 All writing with black pens Pictures What’s in 8 All have twins in the fam To be conf. Common… 9 Love to sleep 10 mins again 10 1 bath and body product video 11 All have brown eye video 12 Logged on a laptop pictures 13 Read diary of a wimpy kid book quiz 14 Lost someone due to poor treatment death certi 15 Like to hike pics and videos Cell Structure and Function The Cell The Cell Structural Features: - 1.Plasma Membrane - 2.Cytosol - 3.Cytoplasm - 4. Mitochondria - 5.Endoplasmic Reticulum - 6.Golgi Complex/body - 7.Lysosomes - 8.Peroxisomes - 9.Centrioles - 10.Nucleus Plasma Membrane Completely Envelopes cell Separates the cell from external environment. Very thin (75-100 A) Dynamic and Selectively Permeable Special Surface structures for attachment and communication Tight Junctions – seals between adjacent cells Gap Junctions- allow ions and current to pass between adjacent cells Similar in structure to organelle membranes i.e. lipids, protein, carbohydrate. Cytosol vs. Cytoplasm Cytosol - The intracellular fluid of inside a cell. It is separate from certain cell organelles such as the nucleus and the mitochondria. Cytoplasm - In eukaryotes, this is the content within a cell membrane minus the content in the cell nucleus. Mitochondria Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration which involves the production of ATP from food molecules Respiratory centre of cells with Pyruvate oxidation Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport chain ATP Generation Beta Oxidation Mitochondria are present in almost all eukaryotic cells You inherited your mitochondria from your mother Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R) Membrane bound channels throughout cytoplasm Continuous from nuclear membrane Provides Skeletal support to cell Two types Rough ER – has ribosomes attached, used for protein synthesis Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes, used for lipid synthesis Golgi Complex Membrane bound structure, similar to ER Stacked flattened tubes, curved shape Responsible for protein Reception Finishing (addition of Lipid, carb. or sulphate) Packaging Transportation Peroxisomes Circular membrane bound Contains enzyme Peroxidases eg. Catalase – H2O2 → Water + Oxygen Detoxifies removing harmful metabolites Centrioles Two rod shaped structures at right angles from each other. Near , on the outside of the nucleus Used in DNA replication (mitosis & meiosis) Form into cilia and sperm tails Nucleus Spherical, prominent structure Surrounded by nuclear envelope (inner and outer membrane ) Outer membrane continuous with ER Membrane contains many nuclear pores to allow substances to pass eg. Ions Nucleotides Proteins mRNA tRNA Ribosomal units Stores genetic material All human cells have a nucleus except RBC (WHY?) and upper dead skin cells Usually spherical but some are multi-lobed Special cell structures 1- Micro- villi - microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells and minimize any increase in volume, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion and cellular adhesion. Eg. Gut villus 2- Cilia- slender tubes that project from the larger cell body they typically serve as sensory organelles. Eg. in GI tract 3- Flagella- whip-like structure that allows a cell to move. Are used for locomotion. Eg. Sperm tails Next Lecture 1.Cell Function 2. DNA and RNA structure and function 3. Cell Physiology Friday 22nd September 2023