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Questions and Answers
What is the percentage weight of the first midterm exam towards the final grade?
Which of the following subjects is NOT explicitly mentioned as part of the course coordination?
Who is responsible for the physiology instruction in the course?
When is the second midterm exam scheduled to take place?
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Which edition of the textbook 'Principles of Anatomy and Physiology' is used for the course?
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What type of feedback reinforces a stimulus, sending it further away from the setpoint?
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Which part of the feedback system interprets the input from the receptor?
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Which of the following conditions is primarily regulated by negative feedback?
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Which cavity is situated inferior to the abdominal cavity?
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Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
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What component of the feedback loop counteracts the stimulus?
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Which feedback mechanism is used to understand and react to extreme environmental changes?
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Which part of the feedback system collects information about the existing conditions?
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What is the term for the upper part of a structure in anatomical terminology?
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What percentage of an adult's body weight is accounted for by total body water?
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Which plane divides the body into left and right sections?
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Which compartment contains the largest volume of fluid in a 70 kg adult?
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Which organ is located in the cranial cavity?
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Which blood cell type is approximately 15 µm in diameter?
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Identify the component of the cell that is primarily responsible for maintaining cell integrity and controlling substance entry and exit.
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What does the term 'proximal' refer to in anatomical terminology?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of the transverse plane?
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Which fluid compartment constitutes the smallest volume in a 70 kg adult?
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The thoracic cavity is located anterior or posterior to the abdominal cavity?
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What is the primary type of tissue that forms the basis of the organ systems in the human body?
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Which of the following terms refers to being at the front of the body?
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Which of the following organ systems is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the body?
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus within a cell?
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What type of control system is characterized by a response that enhances or amplifies changes?
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In anatomical terms, which structure is considered distal when referencing the arm?
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Which of the following components is NOT a part of the intracellular fluid?
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What is the typical size of a red blood cell?
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Which cavity contains the gastrointestinal tract and reproductive organs?
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Which organ system is primarily involved in the body's regulation of hormones?
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What characteristic defines the parasagittal plane?
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The term 'lateral' refers to a position that is _____.
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Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the immune response?
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What structure is responsible for energy production within a cell?
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What two fluid compartments are primarily involved in the level of organization in the body?
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Which anatomical term describes the relationship of a structure that is further from its point of origin?
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Which system includes the skin and its derivatives?
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What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
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Which organ system is mainly responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the renal system?
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What type of feedback mechanism primarily helps maintain homeostasis in the body?
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What role does the hypothalamus play in the endocrine system?
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Which of the following is NOT accurately associated with the digestive system?
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How does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis?
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Which structure senses changes in blood pressure as part of the homeostatic feedback mechanism?
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What is the outcome of sympathetic activation during blood pressure control?
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Which organ system is primarily involved in the defense against foreign invaders?
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Which of the following components contributes to maintaining the body's acid-base balance?
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What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
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What triggers the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth?
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How does the endocrine system primarily communicate changes within the body?
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Study Notes
Course Overview
- Course title: Physiology of Human Body Systems for Nursing (NURS 207.3)
- Format: Face-to-face, running from September 5 to December 5, 2024
- Course Coordinator: Paul Lee, University of Saskatchewan
- Lecturers: Erin Boyce (Nursing) & Paul Lee (Physiology)
- Textbook: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (16th ed.)
Evaluation Method
- Two midterm exams: each worth 30% of the final grade
- 1st Midterm: October 3, 2024, covering material up to September 26, 2024
- 2nd Midterm: November 14, 2024, covering material from October 2 to November 7, 2024
- Final Exam: TBD, worth 40%
Course Objectives
- Familiarize with basic anatomical terminology and regional names
- Understand levels of organization in the body
- Identify the 10 (11) organ systems and their functions
- Define homeostasis and types of control systems
- Describe negative and positive feedback mechanisms
Basic Anatomical Terminology
- Regional Names: Cephalic (head), Cervical (neck), Torso (trunk), Upper limb, Lower limb
- Directional Terms: Proximal (near origin), Distal (far from origin), Medial (near midline), Lateral (far from midline), Superior (above), Inferior (below), Anterior (front), Posterior (back)
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Planes & Sections:
- Sagittal (left/right), Midsagittal (equal left/right), Transverse (horizontal), Frontal (anterior/posterior), Oblique (at an angle)
Levels of Organization
-
Body Cavities:
- Cranial (brain), Thoracic (lungs, heart), Abdominopelvic (GI tract, liver, kidneys, reproductive)
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Fluid Compartments:
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes interstitial fluid and plasma; Intracellular fluid (ICF) resides within cells.
- Total Body Water: Approx. 60% of body weight (42 liters)
Organ Systems of the Human Body
- 11 major organ systems include:
- Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails; protection, temperature regulation
- Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels; transport, immunity, hemostasis
- Respiratory System: Nasal cavity, lungs; gas exchange
- Digestive System: GI tract, liver; food breakdown and absorption
- Renal System: Kidneys, bladder; fluid and electrolyte balance
- Endocrine System: Hormone-secreting glands; regulation of metabolism and homeostasis
- Immune System: Thymus, spleen; defense against pathogens
- Nervous System: CNS (brain, spinal cord), PNS; control and coordination
- Musculoskeletal System: Bones and muscles; support and movement
- Reproductive System: Ovaries, uterus, testes; reproduction
Homeostasis
- Definition: Maintenance of stable internal conditions (equilibrium of bodily functions)
- Types of Feedback Mechanisms:
- Negative Feedback: Restores variable to set point (e.g., blood pressure control)
- Positive Feedback: Enhances or accelerates response (e.g., childbirth contractions)
Control System Mechanics
- Feedback Mechanism Steps:
- Sensing the parameter (e.g., baroreceptors detecting blood pressure)
- Comparing sensed parameters to the normal value (set-point)
- Sending output signals to control centers (e.g., brain)
- Activating effectors to adjust parameters (e.g., changing vascular tone)
Role of Organ Systems in Homeostasis
- Various systems contribute to maintaining homeostasis:
- Lungs: Gas exchange
- GI tract: Nutrient extraction
- Liver: Chemical processing of nutrients
- Kidneys: Filtration for fluid and electrolyte balance
- Musculoskeletal System: Facilitates movement
- Nervous and Hormonal Systems: Regulate functions like heart rate and blood glucose levels
Example Control Systems
-
Arterial Blood Pressure Control: Baroreceptors send signals to medulla to adjust heart rate and vessel dilation for maintaining pressure.
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Labor Onset: Cervical stretching activates neurogenic reflex leading to increased oxytocin secretion for stronger uterine contractions.### Feedback Control Systems
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Positive Feedback:
- Stimulus enhances the response, pushing the system further from its setpoint.
- Example includes childbirth, where contractions increase until delivery occurs.
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Negative Feedback:
- Response counteracts the initial stimulus, helping to maintain homeostasis.
- Examples include body temperature regulation and blood pressure control, where deviations are corrected.
Control Components
-
Receptor:
- Detects changes in the environment or internal conditions.
- Provides input to the control center.
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Control Center:
- Processes input from receptors and determines appropriate responses.
- Sends output to effectors to initiate a reaction.
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Effector:
- Carries out responses dictated by the control center.
- Acts to either amplify or diminish the stimulus based on the feedback type.
Feedback Cycle Insights
- Feedback cycles require an external factor to shut off the positive feedback loop, ensuring the stimulus is addressed.
- In negative feedback loops, the response must effectively shut off the original stimulus to stabilize the system.
Anatomical Terminology
-
Pelvic Cavity:
- Located inferior to the abdominal cavity.
-
Midsagittal Plane:
- Divides the body into equal right and left halves, crucial for anatomical studies.
-
Frontal Plane:
- Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Sample Questions Overview
- The feedback control system has defined components, each playing a specific role in maintaining or altering physiological conditions.
- Important concepts related to feedback mechanisms, such as the roles of receptors and effectors, are tested in understanding physiological regulation.
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Description
This quiz will cover the key concepts of human physiology relevant to nursing students as part of the NURS 207.3 course. Explore the functioning of body systems and their implications for health care practices. Prepare to test your knowledge on vital physiological principles.
