Nucleic Acids PDF

NUCLEIC ACIDS A. Introduction nucleic acids-biomolecules responsible for 6 synthesized in made up - 2 - a. b. storage genetic information. nucleotides and expression nucleus the of of types: ribonucleic (RNA) deoxyribonucleic (DNA) B. Nucleotide structure ↳ has 3 components: su...

NUCLEIC ACIDS A. Introduction nucleic acids-biomolecules responsible for 6 synthesized in made up - 2 - a. b. storage genetic information. nucleotides and expression nucleus the of of types: ribonucleic (RNA) deoxyribonucleic (DNA) B. Nucleotide structure ↳ has 3 components: sugar (5C) basic Initrogenous) 6 ↓ & nucleoside P04 OH,, 0,0H 1 OH,, 0-04 ↓ oh 1A ↑ bH - > oh - ribose deoxyribole NHz o ⑪ puramidine .. Y -1 It al ↓ ↓ -N/0 -N/0 nracil cytosine thymine NHz NHz prive TH NX '↓ x , yF",y adenine - N '- HeNX,yF"y ↓ guanine NH2 I /x 11 1 12. or bond Iengmosions s ↑1i) phosphodiNAester at phosphoanhydride bonds 0 11 0 - p 10 0 M p p 0 - j = = · p" y0X11 1 12. = ↑1i + base nucleoside quanine guanosine adenine adenosine cutosine astidine naul unidine this mine thymidine nucleotide 7 addmono, copy, MonoPOx, alternate It * sUFFix-yliad and ex. ANP:adenylic acid / adenylate C. structure Polynucleotide 5'end 0 yy 0 - DNA RNA deoxyribose ribose A, G, 2, T 1 double OH storage ↓ phosphodiester bond NOXt Properties 1. double of Complementary A - 2 - helix base pairing T(2 hbonds) G * RNA:A-U (5hbonds) Chargaff's 2+ A rule: = -C %G = ex. Given a DNAsX isthe what % A? 1120 1176 = 3970A3977 2. with 11%C 22% = = 782 antiparallel - 3 3/ 31 - 5' A, G, C, H single expression 3. handedness (right handed) cow (left handed) Oh - - Types:A-DNA (RH) BDNA(RRP D. Central Dogma - 1. hydrated (mostcommon) ziging Replication · DNA · ↓transcription dehydrated Molecular Biology nucleusreplication -> · of cytoplasm RNA - ribosome · ↓)translation protein DNA-directed DNA synthesis conversion from I parent strand to 1 daughter strands. preparation for division cell origin 3) S ⑭*x; G S Elongation leading ↓chencasere M -> lension ⑭".......man <- ↑replication. A ① primace adds primers (RNA) · G2 single strand binding protein primer is elongated by DNA polymerase *mistakes corrected(proofreading) · - · RNA primer is converted # · · · · fragments are joined to DNA by DNA ligase. "semi discontinuous" bidirectional semi conservative Related drugs: i. DNA polinh. ii. -> Topoisomerase coving - quinolones, podophyllotoxins Transcription 2. · RNA DNA-directed synthesis RNA strand synthesis of an templateDNA strand. d unidirectional · · from primarily RNA polymerase. uses * no * promotes non no core A primers proofreading / low fidelity coding (gene) coding inFormationalIseeone T o - 11 - · 60 t will 40 - - ⑪ 20 + 20 interact a promoters ex. + 40 Prok->Pribna box, etc. ek- · at 11, t Hogness box, etc. dissociates & core unwinds - xX ** * 2......... * Termination 2 ways termination ⑭ a,who-dependent 8 - dissociation sequence O b.rho-independent CGCCGGGC · CG rich folds into a "hairpin loop" ntlet O. net.mRNA. -> dissocioen Post transcriptional modifications 3/ premRNA." e ( ( e i i exons ↓ capping of 7metry/G ↓ UmRNATmG-3' 3. e spricing instrous 3 1 exons 3 3) conversion from the language of nucleic acids to the language ofproteins 3 bases:1 AA G codon 64 codons / - Gl coding (AA) be including 3 start AUG stop (n0 AA) UAG, · occurs in the ribosome UGA, UAA (s=sredverg) Jonms:ao:Re of ank AAAAA "pay A tall" protein synthesis · 2 ponademplation Translation · f · AA's the by transfer ribosome to the brought are RNA (ARNAs) A u · C #NA ⑭ anticodon . n, . 1A , mRNA codon . Rules of the genetic code 1. Universal nonambiguous (Icodon =1AA) degenerate / redundant (IAA:many codons) e. 3. exceptmet & trp 4. nonoverlapping 3. nonpunctuated / commaness ↓ eX. UAC correct overlap ⑲ punctuated GUG CCA I CAA active GGC ⑧ / 1 / process: non reading frame DrOnsB > Initiation: 0 I Ribosomal binding site prok:Shine Balgarno & ⑱ NA -> IA A Ina #Al active - enk:K0ZK 1) ANG ⑳ S LtRNA -- 505 Elongation 1a/ A Hmm1 jo AUG ① entry to A site 1 2 ↑ -> 0-0. AA . AMD & Alonin p AUG I ③ translocation" ↓/ F A #Anna transpeptidation a termination A* AL/Imlesing e 1 * product:protein dissociation Annny na Posttranslational modifications 1. folding (into · · · the native site) sometimes, alone sometimes, need a help of chaperone proteins misfolding can cause disease ("PRIONS") - ex. Crentzfeldt-Jakob disease ex.4sp70 2. trimming/modification ex. proinsulin collagen trimming X. targeting by cofactor: or otter OH Ins 145 3. insulm - > endoplasmic reticulum Vitamin C I Golgi apparatus degradation by proteasomes requires ubiquitination · E. mutations alterations in the DNA sequences is unwanted ↳ leads diseases to or teratogenesis mechanisms: substitution itransition pur-our/pyr-pur a point - - ii. transversion b. frameshift-indel (insertion based on - puroyr or deletion) result: -> unc) silent no change (ex.nun b. missense-change (*UnU-> UUAlen) C. nonsense (**UGG no AA UGA) a - -> - Repair a complete reversal ↓ photolyase - D ocur)Tpuraimen xeroderma pigmentation photoitae b. excision repair AP site ↓ GA T0A *apur/apyu nuclease -> A) ponmere are