NTSC 1112 Module 3 - Water 2024 PDF

Video: Where is water? NTSC 1112 MODULE # 3: WATER CHAPTER 7 Jemma Katwaroo Andersen Describe Describe the various kinds of wetlands and the importance of them so that you can identify reasons to preserve wetlands....

Video: Where is water? NTSC 1112 MODULE # 3: WATER CHAPTER 7 Jemma Katwaroo Andersen Describe Describe the various kinds of wetlands and the importance of them so that you can identify reasons to preserve wetlands. OBJECTIVES Identify Identify the issues concerning water in order to formulate solutions to the issues. Recognize Recognize the problems affecting the oceans to determine what we can do to conserve them. Describe Describe some of the current issues affecting our oceans such as biodiversity depletion, ocean acidification and rising sea levels to allow them to think about solutions. water molecules are Stickiness water has Molecules at the surface attracted to each other for other substances form stronger bonds WATER, WATER EVERYWHERE…. The majority (97.5%) of Earth’s water resides in the oceans and is too salty to drink or use for irrigation. - Only 2.5% is considered fresh water, that is relatively pure and free from salts. - Most of which is tied up in glaciers, ice caps and underground aquifers.  PROPERTIES OF WATER – HYDROGEN BOND Water molecules are polar- that is one end of the molecule has a positive electrical charge and the 2 polar bonds; A 104.5° bond other end has a negative charge angle creates a very strong dipole. The negative (oxygen) is attracted to the positive (hydrogen) of another water molecule forming a hydrogen bond. [email protected]  EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS water molecules are attracted Stickiness water has for other Molecules at the surface form to each other substances stronger bonds EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS: ‘WEIGHT’ OF WATER  Water seems to be lighter when it is in the form of ice and able to float on the more dense liquid form below.  Essential for life to exist in aquatic systems EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS- UNIVERSAL SOLVENT Able to dissolve or dissociate many particles EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS – HIGH BOILING POINT  The boiling point of water is 100°C.  Despite its small molecular weight, water has an incredibly big boiling point.  This is because water requires more energy to break its hydrogen bonds before it can then begin to boil. The same concept is applied to freezing point.  Specific heat capacity WATER IS RENEWAB Water is a renewable resource, LE purified and distributed in the hydrological cycles, which is driven by solar energy which cause evaporation and precipitation. Although the Earth is endowed with an enormous quantity of water, only a small fraction is available for human use. A fact which underscores the importance of managing it wisely. WATER IS RENEWABLE Video: Wetland Wonderland Wetland - Transition area between open water and dry ground WETLANDS - Water and soil chemistry define the wetlands to some degree determinants of plant growth  Wetland Hydrology is the study of the movement WETLAND ZONES (DUCKS UNLIMITED, 1998) of water in and out of the wetland ecosystem. Water sources: - Runoff from land and streams; - Groundwater Inflow; - Direct Precipitation; - Ocean Water out: - Evaporation; - Transpiration; - Groundwater Filtration - Groundwater Outflow. WETLAND HYDROLOGY (DELESALLE, 1998 )  VALUE OF WETLANDS… Video: Importance of Wetlands Large-scale benefits can be identified: 1. Water Quality Improvement -filtration, purification metals retention of sediments and pollutants - stormwater and wastewater applications 2. Floodwater storage 1. Filtering System; - reduce floods, ease drought, reduce erosion, shoreline 2. Water Capture; stabilization 3. Habitat for Invertebrates; flow retention and control 4. Habitat for Amphibians; 3. Water Storage 5. Habitat for water birds; 4. Fish & Wildlife Habitat 6. Habitat for mammals. - influence diversity 1. Water supply (quantity and quality) - water, food, protective cover and breeding areas 2. 3. Fisheries Timber production Peat production – soil amendment - very important for amphibians and some reptiles 12 4. 5. 6. 7. Energy resources – biomass (e.g. peat) Wildlife resources Transport - provide nursery areas and protection for fish 8. 9. Recreation and tourism opportunities Agriculture  maintenance of water tables and nutrient retention in - provide shade along shores thus reducing water   floodplain peat, cranberries and blueberries water, shade and forage for livestock temperature which is essential to fish survival  Wetlands serves as nature’s filter….How??? As water containing sediments passes through wetlands, the water flow slows. Sediment will drop out of the water and become part of the ground layer. The water becomes clearer and sediment is removed which would otherwise create cloudy water conditions. WETLAND – FILTERS (DELESALLE, 1998) 13 Sediments may contain toxins which can harm animals and plants WETLANDS & INVERTEBRATES (DELESALLE, 1998)  WETLAND CLASSIFICATION water from direct precipitation hydrologically isolated associated with the adjacent Ombrogeno mineral terrain precipitation normally exceeds us evaporation during the growing season lower than adjacent mineral terrain, depend on the strength of their Minerogeno linkage with the regional water system and the physical and us chemical nature of the geological environment not restricted by local climatic 15 conditions  ALBERTA WETLAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (AWCS ) There are five (5) broad classes of wetlands recognized in the Alberta Wetland Classification System (AWCS)  bogs, fens, marshes, shallow open waters, and swamps. Bogs  Division based on vegetation structure; Wetlands  Further subdivided into types based on biological, hydrologic or chemical attributes Fens  identifying a wetland to its type may be important for conserving or restoring specific wetland types and their associated organisms and communities. Video: Types of Wetlands Marshes Shallow Open Waters Swamps 16  Human Activities Affect Waterways People are withdrawing Climate differences and other factors have created varying amounts water at unsustainable of groundwater, surface water, and precipitation across Earth. levels and depleting many sources of surface water and groundwater. Activities include:  The construction of engineered waterways like dams and canals has altered an estimated 60% of the world’s largest rivers.  Withdrawal of water from rivers and lakes The distribution of the human population does not match the distribution of water, creating areas that do not have adequate local water supply. CAPETOWN WATER CRISIS  https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/24/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-trnd/ index.html  https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-o ut-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/ Homewor k What other cities are experiencing similar water shortages? What strategies are in place to address the shortages?  CLASS DISCUSSION  Identify a city which, like cape town, is looking at a water crisis.  In a group discuss the following  Background & Time line for the evolution of the crisis e.g. what are the factors that contribute to the water shortage and the time frame for this e.g. a new phenomenon or an age old problem  What strategies have local authorities, municipalities, government put in place to address the problem  What are the biggest challenges to a resolution Water is renewable, constantly being recycled by the hydrological cycle…..yet there is water shortage. Why??? What are the Effects of water various sources of Why water shortages ? water? issues? Surface Sources Causes of Water Shortages Effects of Water Shortages (rivers, lakes, Lack of rain  Food Insecurity and hunger reservoirs) Distance Governmental Access  Increased human conflicts Increase population and water use  Decrease agriculture Groundwater Increase demand for agriculture and  Traded as a commodity Sources industry  Economic decline Drought and Climate Change  Lack of access to clean Illegal Dumping drinking water  Lack of education Reservoirs created Groundwater Pollution  by dams Diseases and Sanitation Issues Natural Disasters  Poverty Poor Water Management  Migration Water Pollution  Destruction of habitat and  Water Issues Constructio Excessive n of dams Saltwater water Pollution and Intrusion withdrawal reservoirs  Excessive Water Withdrawals Can Drain Rivers and Lakes The excessive withdrawal of surface water has led to many world rivers running dry The effects of surface water depletion are before reaching the sea. very evident with the Aral Sea on the This drastically alters the border of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. ecology of the river and delta. The drying of the Aral Sea has led to the loss of 60,000 fishing jobs, Water mining, the blowing of pesticide-laden dust withdrawal of water from the dry lake bed, and the loss of most cotton production. faster than it can be replenished, is taking place in many regions.  Most of Earth’s Major Rivers Are Dammed - Affects Surface Waters A dam is any obstruction placed in a river or stream to block its flow. Dams create reservoirs, artificial lakes that store water for human use. In Canada, large dams are used primarily for hydroelectric power generation (596 dams), but are also used for the following purposes:  Generate Electricity  tailings  water supply  irrigation  flood control  recreation DAMS - HOW MANY DAMS ARE IN CANADA? Canada now ranks as one of the world's top 10 dam builders. Although the Canadian Dam Association's register of dams (2003) reports 933 large dams, there are many thousands of small dams. A large dam is defined as being higher than 15 meters or, under certain conditions, higher than 10 meters. IMPACTS OF DAMS & RESERVOIRS Dams change the timing, amount and chemical composition of a river's flow, leading to dramatic changes to groundwater-storing floodplains and wetlands. Upstream – Fragmentation of river ecosystems – Reservoir sedimentation Downstream – Riverline and coastal erosion – Water temperature – Natural ecosystems destroyed by agriculture – Effects on flood-dependent ecology and 26 agriculture  Freshwater Pollution In addition to overwithdrawing Water Pollution – Changes in water, people can affect aquatic the chemical, physical or ecosystems by introducing toxic biological properties of water substances and disease-causing caused by human activities. microorganisms. Water Pollution comes from: Nonpoint sources – Arise from multiple Point sources – inputs over a Discrete location, period of time, such as factory such as farms, or sewer pipe city streets and residential neighborhoods.  Water Pollution Takes Many Forms 1. Toxic and 2. Pathogens Endocrine 3. Nutrient  Eutrophication is a natural process, but human inputs and waterborne from farms, golf courses, lawns, and sewage can Disrupting Pollution dramatically increase its rate. diseases  A “dead zone” of very low oxygen waters has formed in Chemicals the Gulf of Mexico due to nutrient flow from the Occurs when excess Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers. Include disease Include pesticides, of causing industrial nitrogen/phosphorou organisms (virus, chemicals, s enters a water protist, bacteria) petroleum body and fertilizes that enters products, fracking algae and aquatic drinking water fluids, heavy plants, promoting from human metals and their growth. As they waste, chicken radioactive die bacteria and hog farms. Video: Water Nutrient Pollution substances. consumes them and Substances mimic reduces the oxygen hormones and level too low for fish regulate physiology leading to hypoxic to stimulate growth conditions and dead and development. zones 4. Water Pollution Takes Many Forms Biodegradable 6. Plastic Debris 5. Sediment 7. Thermal Pollution Wastes Surface water and Increased temperature decreases Wastewater is Erodes soil groundwater water’s ability to hold dissolved water affected by carried to rivers contaminated with by run-off and oxygen, which may affect living human activities small pieces of transported to organisms. and includes plastics called water from toilets, long distances. microplastics. sinks, Microplastic comes dishwashers, and from plastic being washing broken down by machines. heat or light AND Video: Water Pollution also from cosmetics, soaps and toothpastes.  Groundwater is the Groundwater is Factors that affect largest unseen storage replenished by the Groundwater of water that percolation of A falling water table accumulate slowly in precipitation water is an indicator that porous rocks. withdrawal of water is exceeding recharge. Results in: A Sinkhole Land Subsidence – Gradual Saltwater Intrusion Diminishing settling/sinking of the – Reduced Surface land. Resulting in pressure causes water foundations, roadways saltwater to flow and sewer lines to back into aquifers crack. Sinkholes and wells.. included Saltwater Intrusion and its effects Freshwater is maintained by the aquifer from the pressure of freshwater inland. Excessive removal of water may reduce the pressure, so that saltwater moves into the aquifer.  WATER SHORTAGES The Power of Water – Water connects all aspects of Video: The Water Crisis life. Today 771 million people (1 In 10 lack access to safe water and 1.7 billion people (1 in 4) lack access to a toilet. – water.org  Virtually every nation in the world experiences shortages, often extreme.  In developing countries people spend a large part of their waking hours fetching water, often walking 15-25km  3/5 people don’t have access to clean water (WHO)  Video: Sustainable Development Goal # 6 – Clean Video: UN Water Action Decade Water and Sanitation  Solutions to Depletion of Fresh Water Addressing water shortages means either increasing supply or reducing demand. Increasing water supply include: Decreasing water supply demand include: 1. Constructing large dams 1. Reduce agriculture demand by: 2. Generate fresh water via desalinization - Improving efficiency in irrigation methods - The removal of salt from seawater or (lining irrigation, canals to prevent leaks) other water by either heating to - Choosing crops to match the land and climate remove salts OR passing through - Almond trees grown in California’s Central Valley use 10% of all water consumed by the state. membranes of tiny pores. - Selective breeding and genetic modification Video - The process of Desalination 2. Use water saving tips. 3. Using alternative sources of water for gardening and lawn care also help to reduce a home’s footprint. - Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting rainwater with a rain barrel. - Gray water is the used water from showers and sinks; it can be used in some places for watering. 4. Xeriscaping is landscaping using plants  The Oceans  The world’s five oceans are all connected, The Contains high conc. Of dissolved Ocea salts making a single body of water that covers 71% n: The salinity ranges from 33,000 to 37,000 parts per million of Earth’s surface.  The oceans include: Contains nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous  The Pacific Ocean  The Atlantic Ocean How many oceans are  The Indian Ocean there?  The Arctic Ocean  The Southern Ocean.  THE OCEAN IS NOT LIMITLESS Nutrition pulled out at an unsustainable rate Factors affecting the sustainability of the oceans are: over climate habitat feedstock Ocean Rising sea pollution Plastic consumption change damage impairment acidification levels Human activities have destroyed coastal wetlands, coral reefs, mangroves and ocean floor Rising sea levels due to climate change is destroying many water systems. Ocean sea water are getting warmer due to heat absorbed from the atmosphere Video: Coral Reefs Ocean Acidification is a major issue as it reduces the calcium carbonate ions in the water that is needed by coral reefs to build their skeleton Video: What is Ocean Acidification? OCEAN ACIDIFICATION  HABITAT DESTRUCTION Irrigation Remove water from its natural setting for a period of time and for a particular use, and eventually return all or part of it to the source.  thermal power generation, Destroy Destroy  mineral extraction, Building of aquatic Degrade freshwater Dams systems water flows biodiversity  irrigation, For  manufacturing, and Excessive irrigation Destroy Destroy Degrade  water and urban water flows freshwater aquatic municipal use withdrawal water biodiversity systems supplies The difference between the amount of Introductio n of water withdrawn and the amount of Lead to fish harmful species water returned to the source is water invasive extinction "consumed" (for example, by species evaporating and not returning to the local source). Canada now ranks as one of the world's top 10 dam builders. Although the Canadian Dam Association's register of dams (2003) reports 933 large dams, there are many thousands of small dams. Ghost Hydroelectric Dam  The Fisheries SAM LIVINGSTON FISH HATCHERY/BOW HABITAT STATION Industry Fishery - an area with an associated fish population which is harvested for its commercial or recreational value Fisheries management refers to a full spectrum of activities: Video: Fisheries Management in Alberta  conservation of fish stocks and their habitats  control of catches  provision of rights of access to resources  allocation among fishers  monitoring of harvests  regulatory compliance and enforcement  Fisheries are dynamic and fisheries managers need to be adaptable in their use of management techniques  Fishery regulations must change as these dynamics change, and science provides better ways to assess fish populations and fish use, for better management of renewable fish resources  Importance of fish in the carbon cycle Fish play a very important role in the carbon cycle: Bony fish consume and excrete calcium carbonate which in turn reduce the ocean’s acidity. In addition, fish can boost their calcium carbonate production by using the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. SUSTAINABILITY OF THE OCEANS LINKED TO CLIMATE CHANGE  Industrialized Fishing Facilitates Overharvesting Humans have overharvested the oceans since the 18th century, when Steller’s sea cow went extinct due to overhunting.  Purse seining deploys large nets around schools of fish at the surface.  Floating buoys suspend the nets in the upper water column.  Driftnetting is the use of long nets that span large expanses of water and target species that traverse open water in large schools.  DIFFERENT FORMS OF UNSUSTAINABLE FISHING PRACTICE Overfishing Illegal Fishing Cyanide Growth Dynamite Fishing The rate at which People catch fish Fishing Overfishing Use of dynamite to fish is taken that are not The practice of The kill fish exceeds the rate according to fishing using harvesting of at which fish can established laws the chemical juvenile fish reproduce. cyanide to stun fish Bottom Trawling Recruitment Indiscriminate Fishing Bycatch Fishing that Fishing Fishing that does not Fishing that uses a involve sinking Fishing of the target a specific type of bottom trawl net to giant nets and reproducing mature fish, hence fish with low collect everything then pulling the fish, hence commercial value is on its path nets along the reproduction is left caught and tossed back ocean floor. to the juveniles.  Video: Dynamite Fishing Video: Cyanide Fishing Video: Bottom Trawling Video: What is Bycatch  Fisheries Management Provincial Federal 1. Alberta Environment &Parks  Fisheries (Alberta) Act  MAJOR responsibility for managing Alberta’s fish  This act controls licences for fishing, the transportation of fish, fish stocking and the handling, marketing, resources processing, storage, preservation, sale and disposition of fish. It also prohibits the possession, importation and  manages flora and fauna, access and land use within sale of prescribed invasive organisms without approval. provincial parks and protected areas.  Fisheries (Ministerial) Regulation 2. Alberta Agriculture and Forestry  The regulation establishes licences (and their fees) to authorize fishing (recreational, commercial, subsistence),  licenses aquaculture operations to ensure compliance with fish culture (specified fish held live for sale for human consumption), research, import of aquatic species, fish guidelines and regulations. stocking, salvage fishing, and competitive fishing events. It also defines certain terms that are used in the Fisheries (Alberta) Act. 3. Alberta Health Services  General Fisheries (Alberta) Regulation  evaluates contaminants in fish to determine safe  The regulation addresses licences for fishing (recreational, commercial, subsistence), fish culture (specified fish consumption levels and issues consumption warnings to the public as required held live for sale for human consumption), research, import of aquatic invasive species (AIS), fish stocking, salvage fishing and competitive fishing events. It also addresses the transportation, handling, marketing, processing, storage, preservation, sale and disposition of fish and AIS.  Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Environment Canada  manages and protects fish habitat from harmful alteration in Canada pursuant to the federal Fisheries Act  also share some of this responsibility with Environment Canada when issues arise under the pollution prevention provisions of the Fisheries Act, which are administered by Environment Canada in discharging their duties under the Fisheries Act in Alberta, these two federal agencies work closely with Alberta provincial staff Fisheries and Oceans takes into account Alberta’s management objectives when issuing approvals under the Fisheries Act  Fisheries and Oceans also has responsibilities pursuant to the Species at Risk Act (SARA) and works with AEP staff to identify and recover endangered or threatened populations of aquatic species in Alberta. Marine Conservation  Marine protected areas (M P A s) restrict some human activities Overfishing, pollution, habitat (like oil drilling) but allow fishing and other extractive activities. change, and other factors that  Marine reserves are areas of the ocean where fishing is deplete biodiversity threaten prohibited.  Commercial and recreational fishers dislike these areas, ecosystem services. but scientists argue that they can serve as production  Less primary and factories for fish for surrounding areas. secondary production  Less able to withstand disturbance  Fish and shellfish nurseries impacted  Water purification by filter feeders reduced  Use of labels and symbols E.g. Red for avoid as the fisheries have collapsed or are no longer sustainable Yellow for caution with fisheries that are in danger, Video: Sustainable Seafood for the future but not collapsed Green for a sustainable fishery. HOW TO ENCOURAGE SUSTAINABLE FISHING?  REFERENCES 1. Video – Where is water?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1f-G6v3voA 2. Video - Wetland Wonderland: https://youtu.be/iRiVlkfCxWw 3. Video – Wetland Functions and Values: https://youtu.be/Z3WZDZFvTZQ 4. Video – Types of Wetlands: https://youtu.be/1WlmGyN9VXs 5. Video – Cyanide Fishing: https://youtu.be/E3zxgxqiwOw 6. Video - Dynamite Fishing: https://youtu.be/1Y_8x4TGm3A 7. Video – What is Bycatch: https://youtu.be/NklxOhr2faI 8. Video – Bottom Trawling: https://youtu.be/ZqgjtJ9XJMI 9. Video –Sustainable Seafood for the future: https://youtu.be/qEE3iUIbm7U 10. Video – Coral Reefs: https://youtu.be/ZiULxLLP32s 11. Video – Fisheries Management in Alberta: https://youtu.be/KFYOTm1cAOE 12. Video – The Water Crisis: https://youtu.be/LSqan1xmMpY 13. Video - UN Water Action Decade: https://youtu.be/2rQ0TNhx_YQ 14. Video - Causes and Effects of Water Shortage: https://earth.org/causes-and-effects-of-water-shortage/ 15. Video - What is Ocean Acidification?: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/acidification.html. Video- Sustainable Development Goal # 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HszSrdjQ0Oo