NSTP Reviewer PDF

NSTP REVIEWER **LESSON I: Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP** What is **SERVICE?** It is doing something for the benefit of others. The action of helping or doing work for someone It can be VOLUNTARY. **BAYANIHAN.** This tradition among Filipinos shows community participation, democracy and c...

NSTP REVIEWER **LESSON I: Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP** What is **SERVICE?** It is doing something for the benefit of others. The action of helping or doing work for someone It can be VOLUNTARY. **BAYANIHAN.** This tradition among Filipinos shows community participation, democracy and cooperation. It may be for the benefit of an individual member of the community or the community as a whole. **Polos y servicios.** These were used to compel the Filipinos to work in public works. The polistas constructed churches, casas reales, roads, and built or repaired ships. Able-bodied men 16-60 years of age were obliged to render services as **polistas**. **The Constitutional Mandate** The prime duty of the **Government** is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil service. The **State** recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs. **The LAWS that provided for the training programs** Commonwealth Act. No. 1 (National Defense Act) PD No. 1706 (National Service Law) Republic Act No. 7077 **Republic Act No. 9163.** An Act Establishing the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for Tertiary Level Students, Amending For The Purpose Republic Act No. 7077 and Presidential Decree No. 1706, and For Other Purposes **What is the NSTP?\ **refers to the program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three (3) program components, specifically designed to enhance the youth's active contribution to the general welfare. **NSTP COMPONENTS\ ** Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) Literacy Training Service (LTS) Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) **Lesson 2 - Philippine Constitution, Preamble and Bill of Rights** **Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution** *"We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure ourselves and posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this constitution".* **UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS** 1. We are all born free and equal 2. Don't discriminate 3. The right to life 4. No slavery 5. No torture 6. You have rights no matter where you go 7. We are all equal before the law 8. Your human right is prohibited by the law 9. No unfair treatment 10. The right to trial 11. We're always innocent till proven guilty 12. The right to privacy 13. Freedom to move 14. The right to seek a place to live 15. Right to nationality 16. Marriage and family 17. Right to your own things 18. Freedom of thought 19. Freedom to expression 20. Right to public assembly 21. The right to democracy 22. Social security 23. Worker's right 24. Right to play 25. Food and shelter 26. Right to education 27. Copy right 28. Fair and free world 29. Responsibility 30. No one can take away your human right **DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FILIPINO CITIZENS** 1. To be loyal to the Republic 2. To defend the state 3\. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State 4\. To uphold the constitution and obey laws 5\. To cooperate with duly constituted authorities 6\. To exercise rights responsible and with due regard for the rights of others 7\. To engage in gainful work 8\. To register and vote **1. Duties of the People** The people of the Philippine Republic must understand that they have certain duties or obligations to perform. These duties are the price of freedom and of the rights which people enjoy a\. to vote honestly and wisely b\. to obey the laws of the land c\. to respect public authority d\. to be loyal to the Republic e\. to defend the Motherland f\. to pay taxes to the government g\. to take active interest in local, national and international affairs **2.Rights of the People** **a. Natural rights** -- rights conferred upon human beings by God which cannot be taken away **b. Civil rights** -- rights granted by the State for the promotion of common welfare of individual citizens **c. Political rights** -- rights conferred by the state to the people so that they may participate in government **d. Constitutional rights** -- rights recognized and protected by the constitution and part of the fundamental law of the land **e. Statutory rights** -- rights conferred by statutes or law promulgated by a lawmaking body and can be abolished by the same body **Lesson 3. United Nations Principles on Human Rights** **Universal Declaration of Human Rights** is defined as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international **Issues of Human Rights in the Philippines** 1\. **Philippine War** -- Drug Campaign - human rights groups and activists are accusing the Duterte government of extra-judicial killings. 2\. **Death Penalty** -- many representatives filed bills seeking to reinstate the Death Penalty which were strongly opposed by the Catholic Church 3\. **Lowering the Age of Criminal Liability** -- the constitution provides that children are 18 years below. Lowering the criminal liability is a violation of children's rights. 4\. **Freedom of Expression** -- the closure of ABS-CBN and veteran journalist Maria Ressa were categorized by their supporters as violation of human rights. 5\. **Rights of the members of the LGBTI Community** -- the controversial SOGIE Bill divided the opinions of Filipinos about human rights. **Additional Information of the Human Rights in the Philippines** 1\. Human rights can be classified as individual, collective, civil, political, economic, social and cultural. 2\. Article III of the 1987 Constitution also called as the Bill of Rights provides Filipino citizen's rights, protection and privileges. 3\. In 2014, nearly 75,000 people filed for recognition as victims of human rights violations during the implementation of the Martial Law. **LESSON 4: FLAG HERALDIC CODE** The **National Flag of the Philippines**. The flag is the country's most cherished symbol. It is the nation's emblem for freedom. It symbolizes patriotism, love of country and sense of nationhood and embodies the aspirations and sentiments of the Filipino people in their unceasing quest for independence. It stands as instrument of unity that binds the Filipino people. **Flag Days**. The period from May 28 to June 12 of each year is declared as Flag Days, during which period all offices, agencies and instrumentalities of government, business establishments, institutions of learning and private homes are enjoined to display the flag. **Design of the National Flag** **SECTION 4.** The flag of the Philippines shall be blue, white and red with an eight-rayed golden-yellow sun and three five-pointed stars, as consecrated and honored by the people. **Respect for the Philippine flag and national anthem Republic Act 8491, or the "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines**," mandates that reverence and respect shall be accorded at all times to the Philippine flag, the national anthem and other national symbols that embody the country's ideals and traditions, and express the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity. It penalizes violators. We celebrate **Independence Day on June 12, 122 years after** **Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo** declared independence from Spain and waved the first Philippine flag at his residence in **Kawit, Cavite**. On this day, we celebrate our love and loyalty for our country. Our Constitution declares that it is state policy to inculcate nationalism and patriotism in our youth. **Some prohibitions on the use of the flag:** As a drapery or tablecloth; As a covering for statues or other objects; For unveiling of monuments or statues; To display under a painting of picture; Horizontally, face up; Below any platform; To add any word, figure, mark or any imprint on the flag; and To wear in whole or in part as a costume of uniform. **To display the flag:** Under any painting or picture; Horizontally face-up. It shall always be hoisted aloft and be allowed to fall freely; Below any platform; or In discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints and places of vice or where frivolity prevails. To wear the flag in whole or in part as a costume or uniform; To add any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisement, or imprint of any nature on the flag; To print, paint or attach representation of the flag on handkerchiefs,napkins, cushions, and other articles of merchandise To display in public any foreign flag, except in embassies and other diplomatic establishments, and in offices of international organizations; To use, display or be part of any advertisement or infomercial; and To display the flag in front of buildings or offices occupied by aliens. **Additional Information:** The concept was to reflect the ideas and aspirations of the Filipino people. The equilateral triangle, which many believed was a memento of the Katipunan standard. The **3Ks of the Katipunan, Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan, Katipunan ng Bayan,** were sometimes arranged in triangular manner, considering also that most of the insignias of the Katipunan were patterned after Masonic emblems -- triangular in shape. In the center of the white equilateral triangle is the golden sun, with 8 rays and 3 five-pointed stars in each corner. The **8 rays represented the first 8 provinces** that courageously defied and revolted against the Spaniards -- **Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Batangas, Laguna and Nueva Ecija**. Similar revolts spread to other parts of **Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao -- the 3 geographical areas, represented by the 3 five-pointed stars**. **Color white,** *symbolizes purity and peace*; the **blue** *symbolizes the high political purpose and ideals*; *while courage, bravery, heroism and willingness to shed blood in defense of the Country of the Filipino patriots* are embodied in the **red field.** **Lesson 5: Good Citizenship Values** **Developing Good Citizenship.** Every right has a corresponding responsibility. Next to the right to live is the right for citizenship. It provides man the necessary protection of the state, identity, education, job opportunities, securities and all other rights provided by existing laws. **Citizenship** - denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part member and duty of protection on the part of the State. **Citizen**- a person having the title of citizenship. He is a member of a democratic community who enjoys a full civil and political rights and its accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the State. **Article IV, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution identifies the following as citizens of the Philippines:** Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of said Constitution; Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; those born before **January 17, 1973**, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. **Great ideal in the life of every citizen** The **greatest ideal** in the life of every citizen must be **patriotism or love of country**. This achieved through the exercise the **positive nationalism and the defense of our sovereignty** when it is threatened by outside and inside forces. Next to loyalty to God is loyalty to country which is sealed by a pledge of allegiance such loyalty is neither through compulsion of force, as motivated by certain material considerations. **Filipino citizen's loyalty** As a citizen, we have several objects of loyalty in our country, superiors or duly constituted authorities, principle, our flag, our word of honor. Filipino may differ in physical features but they are bound by their love for the country they call their own. They are proud of the cultural heritage and prouder still to belong to a race of people known for their courage and love of freedom. Loyalty must be inspired by the respect and faith in the cause to which we subscribe. It should not be servility or fanaticism. Loyalty is based on love of country, respect for superiors, belief in the cause and principle, reverence for national symbols and loyalty to one's world of honor **Acquiring Citizenship** There are two principles of citizenship in the world, **"jus sanguinis"** (by blood) and **"jus solis"** (by birth). A baby who was born within the air space or within 12 nautical miles from the boarder of the United States will automatically have US citizenship regardless of the parent's nationality. Commonwealth Act No. 473 provides the qualifications and processes for acquiring Filipino citizenship. **LESSON 6: VOTER CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION** **ELECTION-** By which the people choose theirofficials for definite and fix periods. **TWO (2) TYPES OF ELECTORAL EXERCISES:** Regular Elections Initiative Recall National Local Barangay ARMM SK Special Elections Plebiscite Referendum Initiative Recall **SUFFRAGE**- Is the human right to vote which, in the Philippines, is embodied in three documents: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and The 1987 Philippine Constitution **Who are qualified to vote in Philippine elections?** - Citizens of the Philippines; - 18 years old and above on the day of the elections; - A resident of the Philippines for on year and in the city or municipality wherein he/she proposes to vote for at least six months before the elections. **Who are qualified under the Overseas Absentee Voting Law?** - Filipino Citizen abroad; - 18 years old and above on the day of the elections; - Immigrants with affidavit to resume residence in the Philippines; - Permanent residents with affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines. **Who are disqualified by law to vote in Philippine elections?** - Persons sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than one year; - Persons who committed rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms law, or any crime against national security or disloyalty to the government; - Insane or incompetent persons. **How often are the elections held?** - Every 2nd Monday of May for National and Local elections; - Every last Monday of October, every 3 years for barangay and SK officials; - Every 3 years from March 1993- ARMM elections **What are the actions points for citizen-voters in exercising the right of suffrage?** a.) **BEFORE ELECTIONS** prepare to exercise the right of suffrage and the right to an informed and free choice. b.) **DURING ELECTIONS** exercise vigilance and the right to vote. c.) **AFTER ELECTIONS** practice continued vigilance and participate in governance. d.) **THE ELECTION PROCESS** ➔ Registration day ➔ Revision day ➔ List of votes ➔ Casting of votes ➔ Counting of votes ➔ Preparation of election returns and other reports ➔ Distribution of election return ➔ Proclamation of winning candidates **Citizen-voter participation in Political affairs:** ▪ Initiation and Referendum ▪ Plebiscite ▪ Sectoral Representation ▪ Local special bodies ▪ Absentee Voting System **Lesson 7 DRUG EDUCATION** **Legal Bases for Drug Education** Republic Act (R.A.) 9165 is an act instituting the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002, repealing RA No. 6425 known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972. This Act serves as guide in the implementation of dangerous drug prevention and control in the country. It guides in the right approach towards issues geared against drug activities. **DRUG.** It is a substance that affects the function of living cells, used in medicine to diagnose, cure, prevent the occurrence of diseases and disorders and prolong the life of patients with incurable conditions. **Drug abuse** is the overuse of a drug without due regard to accepted medical practice resulting in the individual's physical, mental, emotional or behavioral impairment. **Drug dependence** is a compulsive behavior brought about by drug abuse. **Drug user** is another term for **"drug addict"** which refers to an individual who is dependent on a certain drug or drugs. **Common signs of drug abuse** 1\. Change in attendance at work or school 2\. Change from normal capabilities 3\. Poor physical appearance, including in attention to dress and personal hygiene 4\. Constant wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate times Marijuana causes bloodshot eyes 5\. Unusual effort made to cover arms in order to hide needle marks 6\. Association with known drug abusers 7\. Stealing items that can be readily sold for cash 8\. Change in mood, depending on the drug taken **Classifications of drugs and their Effects** 1\. **Alcohol liquor**, which is extracted from chemical compound as ethyl and hydrocarbon, is a dangerous chemical substance that triggers the central nervous system and may damage vital human organs. **Effects of Alcohol Use** Give a feeling of relaxation and loss of inhibition A sense of excitement due to the release of inhibitions Disrupted motor activity, motor skills and coordination Deep intoxication that causes disturbance in bodily processes Dilated superficial blood vessels causing warm feeling Deep intoxication that can lead to "coma" and "death" Warning consciousness, causing mental dullness Loss of self-control resulting in violent behavior 2\. **Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa)**, is annual plant that grows wild in many temperate parts of the world. **Effects of Marijuana** Throat intoxication and coughing Increased heartbeat and pulse rate Reddening of the eyes, dizziness, bodily incoordination Sleepiness and decreased physical activity Possible chronic bronchitis and asthma Feeling of excitement and friendliness Distortion of time and space perception Disturbance of brainwave activity, causing of impairment of skills leading to abnormal behavior 3\. **Stimulants** are drugs used to increase mental activity, relieve fatigue, increase alertness and offset drowsiness. a\) Amphetamines b\) Cocaine c\) Shabu (methamphetamine, HCL) **Effects of Stimulants** Feeling of being stronger, more decisive and self-possessed Extended wakefulness and increased mental alertness May include irritability, anxiety and fear Loss of appetite resulting in decreased body weight Pregnant women who abused "shabu" can cause mental retardation to their unborn babies Loss of sexual desire and interest towards work "Schizophrenia" or split personality, leading to violent behavior Loss of memory by chronic users Chronic snorters from irritation of the nose leading to frequent nose bleeding Injecting "shabu" using dirty needles can lead to various infections such as Hepatitis B, blood poisoning and AIDS 4.**Cough** syrups are also called over the counter colds/cough preparations. a\) **Ephedrine**, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine and phenylproppanolamine for nasal decongestion b\) **Clorophenamine** maleate for allergic asthma, nocturnal cough c\) **Dextromethorphan** is cough suppressant; codeine has an anti-tussive effect 5\. **Depressants** are usually known as "downers". These drugs act on the nervous system, promoting relaxation and sleep. a\) Barbiturates b\) Mathaqualone **Effects of Depressants** A usual dose of barbiturates causing a calming, relaxing effect that promotes sleep. Other notable reactions are given. Relief of anxiety and excitement Reduce mental and physical activity A marked decreased in breathing 6\. **Barbiturates** are used to reduce the frequency of convulsions in epileptics. An overdose of barbiturate produces the following reactions. Unconsciousness and decrease in breathing Deepening unconsciousness leading to "coma" 7\. **Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)** are drugs that can produce changes in mood and behavior. They can produce delusions and hallucinations. They induce a state of excitation of the central nervous system, shown by changes in mood. Hallucinogens disorient the sense of direction, distance and time of a person. A user may speak of "hearing" colors, "seeing" sounds. a\) Mescaline b\) LSD c\) Psilocybin d\) Phencyclidine **Effects of Hallucinogens** Increased heartbeat and pulse rate Elevated or increased blood pressure Increase activity of the body due to the effect of the brain Enlarged or dilated pupils of the eyes Increased body temperature Paleness of the face and skin of the body 8\. **Tranquilizer** is a drug used to treat nervous disorders, calm psychotic patients. They are not habit-forming but when taken in large numbers will produce deep unconsciousness, a drop in blood pressure and finally respiration stops leading to death. While the margin of safety associated with these drugs is considerable, overdose can occur and continuous use can lead to dependence. a\) Meprobamate b\) Diazepam **Effects of Tranquilizer** Physical weakness and sleepiness Induced mental and psychological dullness It calms the nerves and relieves tension and anxiety Overdose can lead to "coma", respiratory failure and death **Narcotics**, in medicine, refer to opium, morphine, codeine, heroin and hydromorphone. **Effects of Narcotics** Reduced size of the pupils of the eyes and reduced vision Drowsiness and decreased physical activity Nausea, vomiting and difficulty in breathing if taken in larger dosage "Tolerance", which finally leads to "drug dependence" Induced "come" with slow, shallow respiration Convulsions, followed by the stopping of breathing that can lead to death if overdosed 9\. **Inhalants** are volatile substances derived from ether or chloroform. It is an inhalator through the nose to experience intoxication. Recently, inhalation of different substances known as "glue sniffing" has become popular among young people in their early teens. These substances include the following: a\) Quick-drying glue or plastic cement, like rugby b\) Paint remover and lacquer, such as thinner and solvent c\) Gasoline and other gasoline-based products d\) Kerosene or commonly known as gaas e\) Nail polish and cuticle remover f\) Lighter-fluid and dry-cleaning fluid **Effects of Inhalants** Unsteadiness and restlessness Drunkenness with depression leading to unconsciousness Irritability and highly agitated condition Initial excitement thereby losing emotional control Irritation of the throat and nasal passages. Sometimes inhalants contain toxic elements that are harmful to the heart and can cause sudden death when inhaled **What are the reason behind these drugs?** The most common reason why drugs are abused are as follows: For relief from problems -- personal, family, school or work To experience its effect on the mind and body To ease depression, boredom, pain or misery Giving in to pressures from "peers" or other drug users For curiosity, due to misinformation from acquaintances For security feelings -- with drugs, they have self-confidence **Some of the preventive measures for drug abuse** Drug abuse must be avoided from the start before problems set in. There are several basic ways to do this, namely: a\) Improvement in family relations. The parents and children must communicate with each other and strengthen their ties to combat drug addiction; b\) Direct and sincere action on the part of the government to address the growing problems of drug abuse; c\) Clear and noticeable reforms in the environment and economy to provide everyone with a bright future and good life; d\) Strict enforcement of drug laws against violators and traffickers; e\) Establishment of a dedicated judiciary so as to facilitate the delivery of aid of victims of drug abuse; f\) Complete "crackdown" against drug pusher and syndicates; and g\) Instituting heavy penalties, specifically the "death penalty' for drug-related crime and serious drug violators **Roles of school, the community, youth and parents in preventing drug abuse** **School.** Every school must formulate a "drug policy "designed to help students and all school personnel fight drug abuse. Also, the school can initiate "drug awareness" program and realistic prevention efforts that will benefit the entire community. All students must take an active part in making this program a success. **Community.** The community, as a whole, must work toward eradicating the drug menace by: conducting an anti-drug campaign, cooperating with authorities in the arrest of the drug pushers; helping drug users get treatment from drug rehabilitation centers, dismantling the drug-based network existing in the community through police action; planning a community action program involving young people, civic welfare, and religious organizations in tackling the drug problem; and organizing worthwhile and constructive activities such as recreational, social, and economic projects that will serve as a positive alternative to drug abuse. As responsible youth of today, be strong and always remember: **S - steadfast personality** **T -- trustworthy in words and actions** **R -- respectable in relating with others** **O -- open-minded in facing situation** **N -- noble character** **G -- gusty actions and ideals** **Ten (10) ways to say NO to Drugs** 1\. be vocal, just say NO to drugs and mean it. 2\. Project an image of a clean living for yourself. 3\. Get into sports. 4\. Choose your friend and influence them positively. 5\. Get involved into community-based activities. 6\. Join organizations or youth club or form your interest group 7\. Learn how to manage stress. 8\. Join seminars on anti-drug abuse prevention. 9\. Talk to your family, listen to the problems of your siblings. 10\. Enhance your talents and skills by taking part on workshops, trainings or seminars. **Parents.** Parents must serve as a model to their children through the following: - If parents use medicines improperly and in large dosages, children will imitate this bad example. This should be avoided. - Parents must teach their children not to use drugs indiscriminately so as to develop in their children the correct drug attitude. - Parents should advice their children on their choice of friends and inculcate the basic knowledge about drug abuse. - If parents discover their son or daughter is into drugs, they must face the problem and seek professional help at once. - Parents must create a happy family life and maintain an open communication between them and their children. **What are some pieces of helpful and timely advice for these problems?** - Maintain good physical and mental health. - Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial when used under medical advice. - Understand your own self. Accept and respect yourself for what you are. - Develop your potentials. Engage in wholesome, productive and fulfilling activities. - Learn to relate effectively with others. Have somebody to whom you can communicate your problems and other stresses without the use of drugs. - Seek professional help if you cannot cope with your problems anymore. - Develop strong moral and spiritual foundation in life. **LESSON 8: Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System** **Salient Provisions of Republic Act 10121 or the PDRRM Law** **Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010** is entitled as, "An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and Institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes". provides for the creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) which is formerly known as the National Disaster Coordinating Council but its membership and functions have increased to cope with complexities of disasters at present times. **Fourteen line departments (DA, DBM, DENR, DEP ED, DOE, DOLE, DFA, DOF, DOH, DOJ, DPWH, DOT, DTI, DOTC )** The NDRRMC being empowered with policy-making, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring and evaluation functions shall carry out 17 responsibilities as stipulated in the law. The NDRRMC Chairperson may call upon other instrumentalities or entities of the government and nongovernment and civic organizations for assistance in terms of the use of their facilities and resources for the protection and preservation of life and properties in the whole range of disaster risk reduction and management. This authority includes the power to call on the reserve force as defined in Republic Act No. 7077 to Assist in relief and rescue during disasters or calamities. 2\. **Section 8 of the law stipulates that the Office of Civil Defense (OCD)** shall have the primary mission of administering a comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk reduction and management program by providing leadership in the continuous development of strategic and systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and manage the consequences of disasters. 3\. **Section 10 of RA 10121** provides for the creation of the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC), formerly known as Regional Disaster Coordinating Council (RDCC). RDRRMC coordinates, integrates, supervises, and evaluates the activities of the local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (LDRRMCs). The RDRRMC is responsible in ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans, in case of emergencies; RDRRMC shall convene the different regional line agencies and concerned institutions and authorities. manage the consequences of disasters. **Section 11** provides for the organization at the Local Government Level. The Provincial, City and Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils are mandated to be organized at the local levels. In the case of the Barangays, a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee which is mandated to be organized and shall operate under the Barangay Development Council (BDC). **The LDRRMCs shall have the following functions:** Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the local DRRM Plans and regularly review and test the plan consistent with other national and local planning programs; Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into local development plans, programs and budgets as a strategy in sustainable development and poverty reduction; Recommend the implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation of local residents, if necessary; and, Convene the local council once every three (3) months or as necessary. **Section 12** provides for the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO). It is also mandated that the local government units shall establish an LDRRMO every province, city, and municipality, and a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee in every barangay. The LDRRMOs shall be responsible for setting the direction, development, implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs within their territorial jurisdiction. The LDRRMOs are permanent offices under the office of the governor, city or municipal mayor and the punong barangay (barangay captain) in case of the BDRRMC. The LDRRMOs have twenty-five (25) functions, duties and responsibilities under this law given that the local government units are the first line of defense in every disaster or emergency. Thus, they shall act as front liners of all disaster risk reduction and management plans, programs, projects and activities. **Section 15** provides for the coordination during emergencies. The LDRRMCs are mandated to take the lead in preparing for, responding to and recovering from the effects of any disaster. Barangay Development Council 1 barangay affected City/Municipal DRRMC 2 or more barangays affected Provincial DRMMC 2 or more cities/municipalities affected Regional DRMMC 2 or more provinces affected National DRRMC 2 or more regions affected **Section 21** provides for the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) which is not less than five percent (5%) of the estimated revenue from regular sources shall be set aside as the LDRRMF to support disaster risk management activities such as, but not limited to, pre disaster preparedness programs including training, purchasing life-saving rescue equipment, supplies and medicines, for post-disaster activities, and for the payment of premiums on calamity insurance. **Section 22 of RA 10121** provides for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund. \(a) The present Calamity Fund appropriated under the annual General Appropriations Act shall henceforth be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM Fund) and it shall be used for disaster risk reduction or mitigation, prevention and preparedness activities such as, but not limited to, training of personnel, procurement of equipment, and capital expenditures. It can also be utilized for relief, recovery, reconstruction and other work or services in connection with natural or human-induced calamities which may occur during the budget year or those that occurred in the past two (2) years from the budget year. b\) The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund and the appropriate recipient agencies and/or LGUs shall be determined upon approval of the President of the Philippines in accordance with the favorable recommendation of the NDRRMC. \(c) Of the amount appropriated for the NDRRM Fund, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in order that situation and living conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible. \(d) All departments/agencies and LGUs that are allocated with DRRM fund shall submit to the NDRRMC their monthly statements on the utilization of DRRM funds and make an accounting thereof in accordance with existing accounting and auditing rules. \(e) All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government are hereby authorized to use a portion of their appropriations to implement projects designed to address DRRM activities in accordance with the guidelines to be issued by the NDRRMC in coordination with the DBM. **Section 23** of the law also specifies funding of the OCD as lead agency to carry out the provisions the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. The OCD shall be allocated a budget of one billion pesos (PhP1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund starting from the effectivity of this Act. **Lesson 9 - Geographic Profile of the Philippines** **General Information** The Philippines, located in Southeast Asia (SEA), is one of the largest island groups in the world with 7,107 islands and islets lying about 500 miles (800 kms) off the coast of Vietnam. The islands are composed primarily of volcanic rock and coral, but all principal rock formations are present. The archipelago has a total land area of 120,000 sq miles (300,000 sq km) and stretches about 1,150 miles (1,850 km) from north to south, and its widest east-west extent, at its southern vase, is some 7000 miles (1,130 km). **Three (3) major groups of islands** **Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Luzon** is the biggest island group while **Visayas** is a melting pot of Spanish, Chinese, and Indo-Malayan cultures; and **Mindanao** where Chinese and Muslims are predominant. **17 Administrative Regions** National Capital Region (NCR); Ilocos Region (Region I); Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR); Cagayan Valley (Region II); Central Luzon (Region III); CALABARZON (Region IV-A); MIMAROPA (Region IV-B); Bicol Region (Region V); Western Visayas (Region VI); Central Visayas (Region VII); Eastern Visayas (VIII); Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX); Northern Mindanao (Region X); Davao Region (Region XI); SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII); Caraga Region (Region XIII); and, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). **Manila** is the capital city but outside Manila there are also diverse centers of commerce and industry, culture, the arts, and education. Meanwhile, **Quezon City** is the largest and most-populous city. The country has a total population of **100,981,437** based on the 2015 Census of Population (POPCEN 2015). The Filipino is basically of Malay stock with a sprinkling of Chinese, American, Spanish and Arab blood, and other ethnic minorities. The system of Government is **Democratic** with our current President, His Excellency **Rodrigo Roa Duterte.** The climate of the Philippines is **tropical and maritime**. It is characterized by relatively high temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall. It is similar in many respects to the climate of the countries of Central America. **Temperature, humidity and rainfall** are the most important elements of the country's weather and climate. The coolest months fall in **January** with a mean temperature of 25.5oC while the warmest month occurs in **May** with a mean temperature of 28.3oC. **Rainfall** is the most important climatic element in the Philippines. Rainfall distribution throughout the country varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain systems. The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064 millimeters annually. Baguio City, Eastern Samar, and Eastern Surigao receive the greatest amount of rainfall while the southern portion of Cotabato receives the least amount of rain. At General Santos City in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall is only 978 millimeters. **Two major seasons:** the rainy season, from June to November; and the dry season, from December to May. The dry season may be subdivided further into a. the cool dry season, from December to February; \(b) the hot dry season, from March to May. Based on the distribution of rainfall, four climate types are recognized, which are described as follows: **Lesson 10 Disaster Risk Profile of the Philippines\ A. Natural Hazards Likely to Affect the Country** -The Philippines is prone to almost all types of natural hazards because of its geographical location and geotectonic setting. -There are 300 volcanoes in the country and 22 are active. -Generally, we encounter an average of 20 earthquakes a day, per latest figures from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Earthquake disasters are not as frequent as the typhoons and flooding that take place in the Philippines. The country is also located along the Pacific Typhoon Belt. This explains the occurrences of different weather disturbances such as typhoons. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) reports that every year, an average of twenty (20) tropical cyclones enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and five (5) of which shall be most destructive. Tropical cyclones and its sequential effects of rain and windstorms, as well as floods are the most prevalent types of hydro meteorological hazards in the country. **Philippines can also be called "Exporter of Typhoons"**. Between 1997 and 2007, eighty-four (84) tropical cyclones entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR). These typhoons resulted to a total of 13,155 in human casualty and more than 51 million families have been affected. The El Nino Southern Oscillation which is a periodic disaster recorded high economic costs in just a single occurrence. In 2010, out of the almost PhP 25-M worth of damages to properties caused by natural disasters, tropical cyclones contributed to more than half. These affected more than 3 million people in that year alone. The intensity scale classification of tropical cyclone by the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), have developed the category for Super Typhoon, with sustained winds of greater than 220 km per hour. In the past years, the country does not have the category for Super Typhoon. However, because of Typhoon Yolanda, the PAGASA had the realization that the strength of typhoons can go beyond the country's existing threshold. **B. Recent Major Disasters:\ 1. Naga Landslides (September 2018)** A landslide incident occurred in SitioSindulan, Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu. The City of Naga was declared under State of Calamity thru Resolution No. 001-A-2018 on 21 September 2018 due to damages brought by the occurrence of a massive landslide. It affected 1,972 families or 8,252 persons in barangays, with 77 dead, 7 injured and 57 missing. **2. Typhoon Mangkhut (September 2018)** Typhoon Mangkhut, locally known as Typhoon Ompong entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) on 12 September 2018 and has made landfall in Baggao, Cagayan on 15 September 2018. The typhoon caused widespread damage across Northern and Central Luzon due to its intense nature and large size (\~900km). **3. Volcanic Activity (January 2018)** Mayon Volcano (BulkangMayon), also known as Mount Mayon, is an active volcano in the Province of Albay. Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines having erupted over 49 times in the past 400 years. On 13 January 2018, a phreatic eruption occurred in Mayon Volcano. DOST-PHIVOLCS raised the alert status of Mayon Volcano from Alert Level 2 (increasing unrest) to Alert Level 3 (increased tendency towards hazardous eruption). This means Mayon was exhibiting relatively high unrest and that magma is at the crater. On 16 January 2018, the Albay Province was declared under the State of Calamity thru Resolution No. 00670-2018. On 22 January 2018, PHIVOLCS raised the Alert Level of Mayon Volcano to Alert Level 4 (hazardous eruption imminent). Then, on 6 March 2018, a notice for lowering of Mayon Volcano's status from Alert Level 4 (hazardous eruption imminent) to Alert Level 3 (decreased tendency towards hazardous eruption). On 07 March 2018 as per Situational Report No. 57 issued by the NDRRMC, a total of seventy-six (76) volcanic earthquakes and thirteen (13) rockfall events were recorded by Mayon's seismic monitoring network. A total of 16,380 families were pre-emptively evacuated in Region V due to Mt. Mayon phreatic eruption. A total of 23,705 families / 90, 742 persons were affected in 61 barangays in the municipalities /cities of Bacacay, Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao City, Daraga, Tabaco City, Malilipot, Santo Domingo (Libog), and Legazpi City in the Province of Albay (Region V). **4. Typhoon Hagupit (December 2014)** Typhoon Hagupit, locally known as Typhoon "Ruby" entered the Philippines on 4 December 2014 at 4:00AM with maximum winds of 175kph and gustiness of 210kph and is moving West Northwest at 25kph. Typhoon Hagupit is being compared to last year's Super Typhoon Yolanda that also enters PAR on the last quarter of the year. A total of 944,249 families or 4,149,484 persons were affected in Regions III, IV-A, IV-B, V, VI, VII, VIII, CARAGA and NCR. There were 18 fatalities and 916 injured persons and damaged 290,670 houses. Furthermore, it damaged infrastructure and agriculture amounting to Php5,090,265,462.00. **5. Super Typhoon Yolanda (November 2013)** Super Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Typhoon Yolanda entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility PAR on 6 November 2013 and made landfall on (1) Guiuan, Eastern Samar; (2) Tolosa, Leyte; (3) Daanbantayan, Cebu; (4) Bantayan Island, Cebu; (5) Conception, Iloilo; and finally (6) Busuanga, Palawan and left the Philippines on 9 Nov 2013. The wrath of "Yolanda" affected a total of 3,424,593 families or 16,078,181 persons in 12,139 Brgys in 44 Prov, 591 Mun, 57 Cities in the Regions of IV-A, IV-B, 5,6,7,8,10,11 &Caraga. A total of 1,140,332 houses were damaged and killed 6,318 individuals, 28,689 were injured and 1,061 went missing during the onslaught. The dreadful event left a total of PhP89,598,068,634.88 worth of damages to infrastructure, productive, social and cross-sectoral sectors. Due to the massive destruction and immense effects of TY Yolanda, the President issued Presidential Proclamation No 682 declaring a state of national calamity on 11 Nov 2013 and Presidential Assistant for Recovery and Rehabilitation (PARR) was designated to oversee the TY Yolanda Reconstruction and Rehabilitation. **6. Earthquake in Central Visayas (October 2013)** An earthquake of tectonic origin with 7.2 magnitude occurred in Region VII on 15 October 2013 at about 8:12AM with an epicenter at Sagbayan, Bohol and recorded 3,198 aftershocks and 94 of which were felt. It causes 222 fatalities, 976 were injured, and 8 were missing. Secondary to the quake, landslide incidents occurred in different municipalities in Bohol. Stampede occurred at Barba Sports Complex in Toledo City and Pinamungahan Auditorium both in Cebu. A ground subsidence was also reported by Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) at Purok 7 and 8 Barangay Poblacion I, Tagbilaran City, Bohol and residents nearby were advised to preemptively evacuate. A total of 671,103 families / 3,221,248 persons were affected in 1,527 barangays in 60 municipalities and 6 cities in 6 provinces of Regions VI and VII. A total of 73,002 houses, 41 bridges and 18 roads were damaged. A total of PhP2,257,182.90 worth of damaged roads, bridges, flood control, school buildings, hospitals. **7. Taal Volcno Eruption (January 2020)** The eruption of Taal Volcano in Batangas, Philippines on January 12, 2020, was a phreatomagmatic eruption from its main crater that spewed ashes across Calabarzon, Metro Manila, and some parts of Central Luzon and Ilocos Region, resulting in the suspension of school classes, work schedules, and flights in the area. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) subsequently issued an Alert Level 4, indicating \"that a hazardous explosive eruption is possible within hours to days." By January 26, 2020, PHIVOLCS observed an inconsistent, but decreasing volcanic activity in Taal, prompting the agency to downgrade its warning to Alert Level 3. It was until February 14, 2020, when PHIVOLCS finally decided to downgrade the volcano\'s warning to Alert Level 2, due to consistent decreased volcanic activity. **Lesson 11 Four Thematic Areas of Philippine Disaster Management System** **Four Thematic Areas PDRRM** In accordance with the NDRRMF, through the NDRRMP, the country envisions a "Safer, adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable development." This will be achieved through the four distinct yet mutually reinforcing priority areas, namely, **(a) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation;** **(b) Disaster Preparedness;** **(c) Disaster Response; and** **(d) Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation.** **Four DRRM Thematic Areas** a. mutually reinforce each other and are interoperable. This means that whatever we do in one aspect will have a direct or indirect effect on the activities identified under the other aspects. Furthermore, this means that it is assumed that the level of preparedness and intensity of response activities we conduct are lessened because proper prevention and mitigation activities have been done already. \(b) DO NOT, SHOULD NOT and CANNOT stand alone. Because they are inter-linked, one cannot just focus on one aspect without considering the others. \(c) have no clear starting nor ending points between each of the aspects and overlaps are to be expected. There are some areas which are divided very thinly by gray areas. These are activities which need to be smoothly integrated into two aspects. The overlapping activities were put into the specific aspect which could better capture its essence using the lens of that specific DRRM area and to correspond to the given parameters within which these aspects focus on. The significant activities under the four (4) thematic areas include: 1. **Disaster Prevention and Mitigation** - Early warning systems - Flood forecasting and monitoring - Hazard and risk mappings - Structural and non-structural interventions **2) Disaster Preparedness** - Contingency planning - Prepositioning and stock-piling - Capacitating and organizing responders - Training, drills and exercises - Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment **3) Disaster Response  Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDANA)** Issuance of advisories and situation reports - Activation of Response Clusters and Incident Command System (ICS) - Mobilization of responders - Humanitarian assistance (e.g. relief distribution) - Provision of financial assistance - Management of evacuation centers **4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery** - Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) - Enhancement of policies and plans - Reconstruction using "build back better" approach - Resettlement - Provision of new sources of livelihood **Lesson 12 - Role of Youth in Disaster Preparedness and Management (DPR)** **Disaster management** is very important to survive in the case of a natural or a major human-induced disaster and can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular, preparedness, response, and recovery in order to lessen the adverse impact. Thus, the **role of the youth or the students in disaster preparedness and management** are very important in their respective school and community. When the students are trained well, they can help in the prevention, preparedness, mitigation as well as in rehabilitation and resettlement of victims at times of floods, earthquakes and drought etc. They can spread awareness to all about the precautions to be taken at times of these national natural disasters. They can play a very important role in disaster management A **student** is a person who is having a great zeal at any subject. All educational system should integrate disaster risk reduction and management in the curricula and provide training programs to the students from school level to raise the helping nature in them at times of need. It needs unity in people to come out of that disaster. When the students are trained well, they are very good source of manpower. Thus disaster management plays a major role and youth plays a vital role in responding in time of needs. 1. They can **spread awareness** to all about the precautions to be taken at times of disasters. 2. They can help to minimize the potential risks by **developing early warning measures.** 3. **Keep other students or youth informed.** Students are often the best source of information for other students. **Some other roles of the youth** - Students could create pamphlets and fliers that spell out proper emergency procedures and why they should be followed. - Hold workshops to inform and teach others ways to avoid crisis situations or how to diffuse a high-stress situation. - Youths could also set up information booths during lunchtime to answer questions about crisis management and provide further information about their program. - Involving in conducting drills. Students can prepare for disasters by holding drills. Students could distribute information informing the school about drills and how to properly act or evacuate.During these drills, students can assist teachers by retrieving or delivering class lists, taking attendance and helping maintain order. - Students can also assist in disaster cleanup and preparations for continuing classes elsewhere while the building returns to normal. Through these drills, students prepare themselves for how to behave properly if a real crisis should occur. Students have a major role to play in managing disasters. - Organize mock camps in holidays in neighboring villages to train people to cope-up with disasters like earthquakes - Be part of 'emergency rescue teams' -- mostly the training goes side by side along with some military training programs. The basic role of the student is **AWARENESS** of what to do before, during and after disasters. This would lessen panicking, paranoid and uncontrollable people running around. Knowing what to do when disaster strikes will also lessen the death toll. **Lesson 13 - Basic First Aid and Basic Life Support** **Basic Life Support (BLS**) is an emergency procedure consists of recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or both and the proper application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to maintain life until a victim recovers or advanced life support is available. **Cardio** refers to heart and pulmonary refers to the lungs. Proper and prompt CPR serves as a holding action until more advanced life support (defibrillation, oxygen, medication) can be provided. Cardiac arrest victims have a good chance of surviving if CPR is started within **four (4) minutes of the arrest** and advanced cardiac life support is received within **eight (8) minutes of the heart stoppage.** **Advanced Cardiac Life Support.** This is the use of special equipment to maintain breathing and circulation for the victim of a cardiac emergency **Chain of Survival** 1\. **The First Link (Early Access)** - It is the event initiated after the patient's collapse until the arrival of emergency medical services (EMS) personnel prepared to provide care. 2\. **The Second Link (Early CPR)** -- It is started immediately after the victim collapse. The probability of survival approximately doubles when it is initiated before the arrival of EMS personnel. 3\. The **Third Link (Early Defibrillator)** -- It is most likely to improve survival. It is the key intervention to increase the chances of survival of patient with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. 4\. **The Fourth Link (Advance Care)** -- It is provided by highly trained personnel like paramedics providing the advance care outside the hospital. Adult Rescue Breathing and CPR If you see a motionless person... 1\. Check responsiveness by tapping or gently shaking the victim. 2\. Activate the EMS system for help. Activate by calling local emergency hotline or telephone number. 3\. Roll person onto back. Ig head or neck injury is suspected, move only if absolutely necessary. 4\. Open airway. Use the head-tilt/chin-lift method. Lift the chin gently with one hand while pushing down on the forehead with the other hand. If a neck is suspected, do not victim's head or neck. Lift up the jaw with your fingers just below ears. 5\. Check for breathing (10 seconds). Put your ear over victim's mouth and nose while keeping airway open. Look at victim's chest to check for rise and fall; listen and feel for breathing. 6\. Give two (2) slow breaths. While using the head-tilt/chin-lift to keep airway open, pinch the nose shut. Take a deep breath and seal your lips tightly around victim's mouth. Give 2 slow breaths (2 seconds each), pausing between them to take a breath. Watch chest rise to see if breaths go in. If neither of these 2 breaths goes in, retilt the head and try 2 more breaths. If still unsuccessful, suspect choking (foreign body airway obstruction) and use appropriate procedures. 7\. Check circulation (10 seconds). While keeping victim's head lilted back, check for movement, coughing, or breathing in response to your two (2) breaths. 8\. Perform rescue procedures based upon what you found or knew. If signs of circulation exist but no breathing, give one (1) rescue breath every 4-5 seconds. Every minute stop and recheck circulation. If there are no signs of circulation, give CPR. Find the proper hand position by placing the heel of one (1) hand on the lower half of the sternum between nipples. Place the other hand on top and using both hands give 15 compressions, pushing breastbone straight down 1 ½ to 2 inches. Count as you push down: "one, two, three, four, five,six,... fifteen." Follow compression with two (2) slow breaths., Continue cycles of 15 compressions to 2 breaths. Recheck circulation every few minutes. If still no signs of circulation, restart CPR with chest compressions. Continue until relieved by trained help, you are completely exhausted, or victim is revived. **Adult Choking. Choking** occurs when the upper airway becomes blocked and the victim cannot breathe. **How to recognize choking:** **Partial airway obstruction:** **Good** -- indicated by coughing forcefully by conscious victim. **Poor** -- indicated by weak, ineffective cough; high pitched noise; blue, gray, or ashen skin, lips and under fingernails **Complete airway obstruction:** Unable to speak, breathe, or cough Clutches neck with one (1) or both hands (known as the "universal distress signal for choking) Unconsciousness **First Aid for Conscious Choking Adult:** If a person is conscious and cannot speak, breathe, or cough...  ***Give abdominal thrusts:*** Stand behind victim; wrap your arms around victim's waist. Make fist with one (1) hand and place it just above the victim's navel and well below the tip of the breastbone with the knuckles up. Grasp fist with your other hand. Press fist into victim's abdomen with quick, upward thrusts. Each thrust should be a separate and distinct effort to dislodge object. ***Repeat abdominal thrusts*** until victim coughs up object, start to breathe or coughs forcefully, you are relieved by EMS or other trained person, or victim becomesunconscious (then use methods for unconscious victim) For a **late-stage pregnant woman or obese person**, stand behind the victim, place your arms under the victim's armpits, and encircle the chest. Place a fist on the middle of the victim's breastbone with your knuckles up. Grasp your fist with your other hand and press backward with quick thrusts. **First Aid for Unconscious Choking Adult** If a person is unconscious and your two (2) breaths have not gone in, and after retilting the head two (2) more breathes have not gone in...  **Begin CPR**. Each time you open the airway to give a breath, look for an object in the throat. If seen, remove it. **Child Basic Life Support** Basic life support for a child aged one (1) to eight (8) is the same as for an adult with these exceptions: **Activate the EMS system** after one (1) minute of resuscitation (in adults, activate EMS system immediately after determining unresponsiveness). **For rescue breathing:** 1. Give 1 to 1½ second breaths (in adults give 1 ½ to 2 seconds breathes) 2\. Give 1 breath every 3 seconds (in adults give 1 breath every 4 to 5 seconds) **For CPR:** 1\. Give chest compressions with one (1) hand while keeping other hand on child's forehead (adult requires 2 hands on victim's chest for compressions). 2\. Compress breastbone 1 to 1 ½ inches (adult requires 1 ½ to 2 inches) 3\. Give 1 breath after every 5 chest compressions. (Adult CPR requires 2 breaths after every 15 compressions).