NSTP-1-Chapter-1-Final (1) PDF

CHAPTER 1 CITIZENSHIP TRAINING Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson 1 2 3 4 5 6 UN Flag Historical...

CHAPTER 1 CITIZENSHIP TRAINING Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson 1 2 3 4 5 6 UN Flag Historical Heraldic Good Voter and Legal Bill of Principle Code (RA Citizenshi Citizensh Bases of Rights s on p Values ip NSTP Human 8941, s. Educatio Rights 2002) n  Lesson 1 Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP LEGAL BASES OF NSTP Presidential Commonweal The Decree No. th Act No. 1 Philippine 1706 (National Constitution (National Defense Act) of 1987 Service Law) of 1935 of 1980  Lesson 1 Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP LEGAL BASES OF NSTP “The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation- The building and shall promote and Philippine protect their physical, moral, Constitution spiritual, intellectual, and of 1987 social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in  Lesson 1 Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP LEGAL BASES OF NSTP The law requires college Commonweal students, particularly males, th Act No. 1 to finish two years, equivalent (National to four semesters, of military Defense Act) training as a modality to of 1935 institutionalize the reservist system in the Philippines national defense.  Lesson 1 Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP LEGAL BASES OF NSTP It mandated compulsory national Presidential service to all Filipino citizens. Decree No. College students were given an 1706 option to choose one from (National among these components Service Law) (Civil Welfare Service, Law of 1980 Enforcement Service, and Military Service) in compliance with this requirement for tertiary  Lesson 1 Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP Evolution of the National Service Training Program BASIC ROTC/ National Service National National Presidential Training Defense Service Law/ Memorandum, Program/Republic Act Act/Commonwe Presidential No.1 No. 9163 ( Effectively: Decree No. ( Effectively: SY SY 2002-2003) alth Act No. 1 1986-87) The main (1935) 1706 It is (1980) compulsory College Under the objective is to for college stress the students, students to take incumbency of former Pres. significant role particularly national service Corazon Aquino, played by youth, males, to subject by basic ROTC was choosing one male and female finish 2 conceptualized. from these The objective of the alike, in the task years components said program was of developing our equivalent ( Civic Welfare to train all able- nation via national Service, Law bodied tertiary service training. to 4 Enforcement students for semesters Service, and military skills in Military Service. case of war. of military training.  Lesson 1 Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (RA 9163) All 1st year students both male and female shall undergo NSTP 1 & NSTP 2 in any private/public SUC’s in the Philippines, taken in two semesters rendering of 54-90 hours. The students will choose only 1 components among these components: 1. LTS -Literacy Training Service 2. CWTS- Civic Welfare Training Service 3. ROTC – Reserve Officer Training Corps.  Lesson 2 Philippine Constitution- Bill of Rights PREAMBLE We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom,  Lesson 2 Philippine Constitution- Bill of Rights "There is no Constitution worthy of the name without a bill or declaration of -rights." -Justice Laurel Article III of the Philippine Constitution is the Bill of Rights. It establishes the relationship of the individual to the State and defines the rights of the individual by limiting the lawful powers of the State. It is one of the most important political achievements of the Filipinos (Smith, 1945).  Lesson 2 Philippine Constitution- Bill of Rights Why is Bill of Rights important? - It is the people's shield against government abuse. -The rights proclaimed in the Bill of Rights are the "ten commandments" of our constitutional faith. They are the means of self- government and sovereignty. They are the means to truth. They are the means of and ends of security and survival.  Lesson 2 Bill of Rights Philippine provided for in Constitution- Article III, 1987 Philippine Bill of Rights Constitution Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property `` without due process of Law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of law. Section 2. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures. Section 3. Every person has the right to keep his communication or correspondence a secret. Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.  Lesson 2 Bill of Rights Philippine provided for in Constitution- Article III, 1987 Philippine Bill of Rights Constitution Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law. Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law  Lesson 2 Bill of Rights Philippine provided for in Constitution- Article III, 1987 Philippine Bill of Rights Constitution Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. Section 11. Free access to court. Section 12. Right of person under custodial investigation. Section 13. The right to bail & against excessive bail. Section 14. Rights of the accused, Right to due process of law in criminal cases, Innocent until proven guilty, The right to confront one`s  Lesson 2 Bill of Rights Philippine provided for in Constitution- Article III, 1987 Philippine Bill of Rights Constitution Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it. Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies. Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.  Lesson 2 Bill of Rights Philippine provided for in Constitution- Article III, 1987 Philippine Bill of Rights Constitution Section 19. The probation against cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non- payment of a poll tax. Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.  Lesson 3 UNITED NATION’S PRINCIPLES ON HUMAN RIGHTS The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 1948. It serve as the documents containing the rights and freedom of everyone which they can entitled for having for having equality.  Lesson 3 UNITED NATION’S PRINCIPLES ON HUMAN RIGHTS PREAMBL E Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and  Lesson 3 UNITED NATION’S PRINCIPLES ON HUMAN RIGHTS PREAMBL E Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations. Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom. Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge.  Lesson 3 UNIVERSAL DECLARATIO UNITED NATION’S N PRINCIPLES ON OF HUMAN HUMAN RIGHTS RIGHTS Article 1 Right to Equality Article 2 Freedom from Discrimination Article 3 Right to life, liberty and Personal Security Article 4 Freedom from Slavery Article 5 Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment Article 6 Right for Recognition as a Person below the law Article 7 Right to Equality before the Law Article 8 Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal Article 9 Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile  Lesson 3 UNIVERSAL DECLARATIO UNITED NATION’S N PRINCIPLES ON OF HUMAN HUMAN RIGHTS RIGHTS Article 11 Right to be considered Innocent until Proven Guilty Article 12 Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence Article 13 Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country Article 14 Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution Article 15 Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to change it Article 16 Right to Marriage and Family Article 17 Right to Own Property  Lesson 3 UNIVERSAL DECLARATIO UNITED NATION’S N PRINCIPLES ON OF HUMAN HUMAN RIGHTS RIGHTS Article 21 Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections Article 22 Rights to Social Security Article 23 Rights to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions Article 24 Right to Rest and Leisure Article 25 Right to Adequate Living Standard Article 26 Right to Education Article 27 Right to participate in the Cultural Life of Community Article 28 Right to a Social Order that Articulates this Document Article 29 Community Duties Essential to free and Full  Similarities and differences of Bill of Rights and UNPHR UNPHR Bill of Rights Have 22 sections. Covers only the It consist 30 Similaritie Both contains rights of every sections. s Filipino People. Covers the universal the rights of every These rights was rights of the people individual. only effective around the world. Protects the rights of when you are inside the a person once you Philippines. are outside your UNPHR is the country. basis of Bill of Rights  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 NATIONALISM PATRIOTISM the attitude that the members of love of and/or devotion to one‘s a nation have which includes the country concept of national identity such patriotism is strengthened by as common origin, ethnicity and adherence to a native religion, culture ties particularly because such a the actions that the members of community usually has its holy the nation take when seeking to pieces inside its motherland achieve (or sustain) self- determination. These involve having full statehood with complete authority over domestic and international affairs  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 Salient Provisions of Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-the-Philippines  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 Salient Provisions of Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines It was first conceptualized by Emilio Aguinaldo The first flag was sewn in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza, and Doňa Delfina Herbosa de Natividad. The flag is displayed with the blue field on top in times of peace, and with the red field on top in times of war.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 Salient Provisions of Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines It is a sacred and respected feature of the nation which it symbolizes. It is said to be the primary symbol of the nation‘s camaraderie, solidarity and unity and stands for our high ideals and noble heritage.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 Panay  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 The first 8 provinces in the 8 rays of the sun in the Philippine Flag. (Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Cavite)  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 FLAG PROTOCOL 28th day of May- National Flag Day 12th day of June- Independence Day (Flag days are now from May 28 to June 30 yearly) Section 9 of R.A. No. 8491, the Philippine flag must be permanently hoisted and illuminated at night.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 Salient Provisions of Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines In Section 9 of R.A. No. 8491, the Philippine flag must be permanently hoisted and illuminated at night at the following locations: 1. Malacaňang Palace, the Presidential Residence 2. The Congress of the Philippines buildings: a. Senate of the Philippines building b. House of Representatives of the Philippines building (Batasang Pambansa Complex) 3. Supreme Court of the Philippines building 4. The Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 Salient Provisions of Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines 5. Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite 6. Barasoain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan 7. Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers in La Union, Cemetery of Heroes (Libingan ng mga Bayani in Makati, Shrine of Valors & North Cemetery in Manila 8. Mausoleo de los Veteranos de la Revolución 9. All international ports of entry 10. All other places as may be designated by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 HALF-MAST The flag may be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. The flag should be flown at half-mast for 10 days (Upon the announcement of the death of the President or a former President)  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 HALF-MAST The flag should be flown at half-mast for 7 days following the death of the Vice President, Chief of Justice, President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of the Representatives. Upon the death of other persons to be determined by the NHCP, for a period less than seven days  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 PENALTIES Republic Act No. 8491, Chapter VII. Section 48. Failure or Refusal to observe the provisions of this Act; and any violations of the corresponding rules and regulations issued by the office of the President shall, after proper notice and hearing, be penalized by public censure which shall be published at least once in a newspaper of general circulation.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 FOLDING THE FLAG 1.Hold the flag at each of its four corners and pull it taut. The folder holds the corners at the end with the blue and red fields.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 FOLDING THE FLAG 2.Fold the flag in half, lengthwise, with the red field covering the blue field. Pull it taut again making sure the open side’s edges are flush with one another.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 FOLDING THE FLAG 3.Fold it in half again, the closed side over the open side, again maintaining the flattening tension and parallel, flush edges on the open side. The blue field should now be displayed face up.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 FOLDING THE FLAG 4. Take the closed side’s blue field corner and fold it over the open side such that what was the bottom edge is now parallel and flush with the open side forming a right triangle (a triangle with 90˚).  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 FOLDING THE FLAG 5. At the right angle, fold the flag again such that a new right triangle is formed, still keeping the open edges parallel.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 FOLDING THE FLAG 7. Continue this sequence of folds creating right triangles until the flag is completely folded into a right 6. Fold the right-angled triangular bundle. corner of the new triangle The white field and yellow sun over such that it forms a should now new right triangle with predominate in what had been bottom the visible areas edge now flush with the of the flag.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 PROHIBITED ACTS In Section 34 of R.A. 8491, the flag cannot be used in the following rationales: 1. Defacing or ridiculing the flag by dipping the flag as a salute, or adding additional marks on the flag; 2. As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth, a covering, or as a part of a costume or a uniform; 3. As a trademark or for commercial or agricultural labels or designs; 4. As part of merchandise or in any advertisement or infomercial; 5. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 PROHIBITED ACTS Moreover, the flag may not be displayed "horizontally face-up, or under any painting, picture or platform‖. It may also not be displayed in "discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints and places of vice or where frivolity prevails.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 PLEDGE OF ALLEGIENCE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ANTHEM  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 THE NATIONAL ANTHEM The anthem shall not be played and sung for mere recreation, amusement or entertainment purposes except on the following occasions: 1. International competitions where the Philippines is the host or has a representative; 2. Local competitions; 3. During the "signing off" and "signing on" of radio broadcasting and television stations; 4. Before the initial and last screening of films and before the opening of theater performances; and 5. Other occasions as may be allowed by the NHCP.  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 THE NATIONAL MOTTO THE NATIONAL COAT-OF-ARMS MakaDiyos Makatao Makakalikasan Makabansa  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 THE GREAT SEAL The Great Seal shall also bear the National Motto. It shall be affixed to or placed upon commissions signed by the President and upon such other official documents and papers of the Republic of the Philippines as may be provided by law, or as may be required by custom and usage. The President shall have custody of the Great Seal. (Section 42- 43, R.A. No. 8491)  Lesson 4 FLAG HERALDIC REPUBLIC CODE OF THE ACT 8491, s. PHILIPPINES 2002 Salient Provisions of Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines The 12 Little Things We Can Do for Our Country Showing Patriotism 1. Follow the traffic rules. Follow the law. 2. Always ask for an official receipt. 3. Don't buy smuggled goods. Buy local. Buy Filipino. 4. Speak positively about us and our country. 5. Respect the traffic officers, policemen, and other public servants. 6. Throw your garbage properly. Segregate. Recycle. Conserve. 7. Support your Church. 8. During elections, do your solemn duty. 9. Pay your employees well. 10. Pay your taxes. 11. Adopt a scholar or a poor child. 12. Be a good parent. Teach your kids to love our country.  Lesson 5 Good Citizenship Values Maka-Diyos Makatao Makabayan Cluster Cluster Cluster The Good Makakalikasa Citizenship n Cluster Cluster  Lesson 5 Maka- Good Diyos Citizenship Cluste Values r Faith in the Respect for Almighty Order Life God Concern for the Family Work and Future Generations  Lesson 5 Makata Good o Citizenship Cluster Values Freedo Love Peace m Truth Justice  Lesson 5 Good Citizenship Values Makabayan Cluster Unity Equality  Lesson 6 Voter Citizenship THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE The human right to vote is embodied in three instruments: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Suffrage: “The right to vote, or the exercising of that right.” –Andrew Heywood; Politics (Second Edition); p. 432.  Lesson 6 Voter Citizenship The right to suffrage, as a human right, is related to the concept of democracy and people‘s sovereignty. Sovereignty is often defined as the principle of absolute and unlimited power. Under the democratic 1987 Constitution, it is the people alone who can exercise sovereignty. They can therefore make decisions that are binding on all individual citizens, groups and institutions— including the selection of leaders who will run the government. Art. II, Sec. 1 of The 1987 Philippine Constitution: “The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government  Lesson 6 Voter Citizenship Qualifications of a Disqualifications of Voter a Voter All citizens of the Any person who has been Philippines, eighteen years sentenced by final judgment of age or over, and to suffer imprisonment for not residents of the Philippines less than one year. However, for one year and for at least he/ she may reacquire the six months in the city or right to vote upon expiration municipality wherein he/she of five years after service of proposes to vote sentence. immediately preceding the election are qualified to  Lesson 6 Voter Citizenship Disqualifications of a Voter Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security, unless restored to his/her full civil and political rights in accordance with law: Provided, that he/she shall regain his right to vote automatically upon expiration of five years after service of sentence.  Lesson 6 Voter Citizenship Disqualifications of a Voter Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security, unless restored to his/her full civil and political rights in accordance with law: Provided, that he/she shall regain his right to vote automatically upon expiration of five years after service of sentence. Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority.  Lesson 6 Voter Citizenship In addition, RA 9189 or the Overseas Absentee Voting Law entitles all Filipino citizens overseas, not otherwise disqualified by law, and immigrants and permanent residents with affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines, to vote for elective positions on the national level: President; Vice-President; Senators; and Party-List Representatives.  Lesson 6 History Voter of Citizenship Election s A system of election was first practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish and American colonial period. The process, however, was limited only to male, educated, and landed voters and was more ceremonial rather than a genuine democratic Sectoral struggle and political participation were only realized in 1937: when Act 4112, granting women the right of suffrage, was implemented; and when the peasant movements gained meaningful participation in political parties and in actually the filling of government positions The first democratic election after WW II was the 1946 election for President and Vice-President of the Republic, members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives. From then on, the country operated on a two-party system wherein two major political parties, the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party, figured in succeeding elections.  Lesson 6 History Voter of Citizenship Election s When Marcos declared Martial Law in 1972, the 1935 Constitution was scrapped, an Interim Batasang Pambansa was created and a new (1973) Constitution was adopted. Marcos ruled as both president and prime minister, with legislative powers, under transition provisions—a one-man dictatorship. Under popular pressure, he called for the election for an Interim Batasang Pambansa in 1978. The Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) became the administration party. The election claimed to restore Philippine democracy but Marcos‘ intent was to gain legitimacy for his undemocratic administration and to create a rubber stamp legislature. The exercise defied democratic procedures, and was characterized by rampant electoral manipulation by the Marcos government to ensure victory. Local elections in 1980 were characterized by widespread terrorism, violence and wholesale fraud. Intense opposition came from both the urban and rural citizenry. In 1981, Marcos submitted himself to the electoral process to regain legitimacy. The event was boycotted by the political opposition and who instead launched a broad- based anti-dictatorship movement.  Lesson 6 History Voter of Citizenship Election s The Aquino assassination in 1983 resulted in waves of protest forcing the creation of wider democratic space. Marcos, in a bid to defuse the protests, held the Batasang Pambansa elections in 1984 to replace the Interim Batasang Pambansa. The exercise was intended to divert the people‘s attention away from the Aquino assassination and was once again boycotted by the political opposition. Still, the period was marked by weakening popularity of Marcos and the people‘s growing political movement against the Marcos dictatorship. Under domestic and international pressure, Marcos called for snap presidential elections in 1986. The widespread election manipulations and irregularities and the worsening social, political and economic order triggered the EDSA uprising in the same year. The mass action known as the People Power Revolution of 1986 led to the ouster of Marcos, the collapse of KBL and the installation of Corazon Aquino as President; Vice- President; Senators; and Party-List Representatives.  Lesson 6 History Voter of Citizenship Election s Aquino‘s program of restoring democracy, promoting stability and establishing political legitimacy involved three major electoral exercises: a national plebiscite for the approval of the 1987 Constitution in February 1987; the election for members of the Senate and House of Representatives in May 1987; and local elections in January 1988. The 1987 Constitution provided for a multi-party system. During the 1992 synchronized national and local elections, the people voted for president for the first time under the 1987 Constitution. The main campaign issue was doing away with ―trapo or traditional politics. In 1995, congressional and local elections were held. A new form of fraud dubbed as ―dagdag-bawas‖ or the subtraction of votes from one candidate to be added to the contending candidate was a practice during these two major elections.  Lesson 6 History Voter of Citizenship Election s In 1998, the first party-list elections were held. Joseph Estrada was elected as President of the Republic with popular support. However in January 2001, EDSA 2, a repeat of the 1986 People Power, removed Estrada from Malacañang and seated Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the new president. Four months later, senatorial and local elections were held simultaneously which proved to be a major victory for the new administration after its allies gained a majority in both Houses of Congress, along with winning most of the elected local posts..  Lesson 6 History Voter of Citizenship Election s In 1998, the first party-list elections were held. Joseph Estrada was elected as President of the Republic with popular support. However, President Arroyo had become so unpopular that, by 2004, she only narrowly won over her closest rival, actor-turned politician Fernando Poe, Jr. A year later, in June 2005, President Arroyo was confronted by the ―Hello, Garci controversy, wherein her alleged taped conversations with COMELEC Commissioner Garciliano with the intent of rigging the election was leaked to the media. This generated large street demonstrations, reminiscent of EDSA I and II. While President Arroyo was able to stay in power, she was not able to endear herself to the majority of the people, resulting in a resounding victory for the opposition in the senatorial elections of 2007.wever in January 2001, EDSA 2, a repeat of the 1986 People Power, removed Estrada from Malacañang and seated Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the new president.  Lesson 6 History Voter of Citizenship Election s the 2007 elections also signaled However, the entry of trapos into the party-list system, which drew significant votes away from the top performers in the party-list elections. This sudden interest of traditional politicians in the party-list system was ironically brought about by the success of the party-list representatives themselves to gain equal treatment from their district colleagues. Time and again, the struggle for our independence and for democratic governance resulted in a kind of political system, political leaders and the electorate that we have right now. Elections have been a major feature and mechanism in practice and through a more informed electorate are hoped to continue to serve as vehicles towards genuine democratic governance.