Module 1: Citizenship Training PDF

Module I: Citizenship Training Topic 1 HISTORICAL AND LEGAL BASES OF THE NSTP EVOLUTION OF THE NATIO...

Module I: Citizenship Training Topic 1 HISTORICAL AND LEGAL BASES OF THE NSTP EVOLUTION OF THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (NSTP) The imposition of the national program for service and training of the youth in the Philippines started with the creation of Commonwealth Act No. 1, otherwise known as the National Defense Act of 1935. It is a legislative act imparting foundation for the national defense of the country, punishing certain violations thereof, appropriating funds consequently and for other functions under the government of President Manuel L. Quezon. The law requires tertiary students, specifically males, to finish two years, equal to four semesters, of military training as a modality to institutionalize the reservist system in the Philippines national defense. In 1980, the National Defense Act was amended to provide existence to Presidential Decree No. 1706, otherwise known as the National Service Law. It mandated compulsory national service to all Filipino citizens. It was composed of three fundamental program components, namely: Civic Welfare Service (CWS), Law Enforcement Service (LES), and Military Service (MS). College Students were given an alternative to select from among these components in compliance with this requirement for tertiary education. The implementation of the National Service Law, except the provision of the Military Service was suspended through Presidential Memorandum Order No. 1 under the incumbency of former President Corazon Aquino, paving the way for the conceptualization of the basic Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), embodied under R.A. 7077, effective school year 1986-1987. The ROTC program aimed to comprehend the constitutional mandate of developing a strong civilian base to supplement the professional military in the nation's defense system. It was designed to initiate the ROTC trainees in the rudiments of soldiership, instilling in them discipline and correct deportment. The objective of the said program was to train all able-bodied tertiary students for military capabilities in case of war. As a way to provide an alternative in neutralizing people's aversion to this military program for the duration of the school year 2001-2002, ROTC was only made optional under the National Service Program (NSP), conceiving the so-called Expanded ROTC (E-ROTC). The E-ROTC was characterized through deviation from the rigid tactical training providing alternatives like rendering civil auxiliary sources in the form of helping maintain law and order, assisting socio-economic development projects and delivery of fundamental health services or aiding in addressing local insurgency. In view of the options, gave the students the choice, amongst the following components: Military Service (MS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS) and Law Enforcement Service (LES). Many, if not all of the higher education institutions, observed the enforcement of NSP confusing and unmanageable though. Hence, in December 2001, the NSTP Act, envisioned to address public clamor for reforms in the ROTC and NSP Programs, was signed into law through then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as an aggressive modality toward making the former national service training that is military in nature, applicable to the changing needs of the time. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 1  Module I: Citizenship Training The primary objective of the NSTP is to stress the significant role played by youth, male and female alike, in the task of developing our nation by means of national service training. As such, it aims to enhance the youth to become civic military leaders and volunteers through a modified, re-structured and reinforced training package who could be called upon by way of the nation in cases their services are needed and in the event of disasters or emergencies. Compared with ROTC, the NSTP Act ensured that three components – Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS), Literacy Training Service (LTS) and Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) – are given the same and equal implementation in educational institutions. Moreover, it defined the different NSTP components, the duration of the training, coverage and others. The non-military program components of NSTP -- the CWTS and LTS – are dedicated to the realization of the following objectives: strengthen the values and traits of the youth; improve their skills and knowledge on various endeavors; develop their interest in community service; and make them responsible for peace and development to make sure harmony and growth in the Filipino communities. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (NSTP) Definition It refers to the program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three (3) program components. Its various components are specially designed to enhance the youth's active contribution to the general welfare. Legal Bases 1. Commonwealth Act No. 1 - Otherwise known as the "National Defense Act of 1935", was enacted by the National Assembly of the Philippines on 21 December 1935. It provided for obligatory military service for all male citizens of ages between 18 and 30. 2. Presidential Decree No. 1706 - Otherwise known as the "National Service Law of 1980", was signed by President Ferdinand E. Marcos into law on 8 August 1980. It made national service obligatory for all Filipino citizens and specified three categories of National Service: Civic Welfare Service, Law Enforcement Service and Military Service. 3. 1987 Constitution of the Republic of The Philippines - Is the constitution or supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines, its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986 and was ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987. 4. Republic Act 7077 - Otherwise known as the "Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act of 1991", was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines on 27 June 1991. The Reservist NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 2  Module I: Citizenship Training Act provided for organization, training and utilization of reservists, referred to in the Act as "Citizen Soldiers". The primary pool of manpower for the reservist organization are graduates of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps basic and advance courses. 5. Republic Act No. 9163 - Otherwise known as the “National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001” signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on January 23, 2002. Guiding Principle Recognizing the youth's vital role in nation-building, the State shall promote, civic consciousness among the youth and shall develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs. Program Components 1. Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) - A program institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077 designed to provide military training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness. 2. Literacy Training Service (LTS) - A program designed to train students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their service. 3. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) - Refers to programs or activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morals of the citizenry. Main Features ⮚ All incoming freshmen students, male and female enrolled in any baccalaureate and it at least two-year technical-vocational or associate courses, are required to complete one NSTP component of their choice as a graduation requirement. ⮚ All higher and technical vocational educational institutions shall be offering at least one (1) of the NSTP components. ⮚ Each of the NSTP components shall be undertaken for an academic period of two semesters and credited for three units per semester with 54 the 90 hours training hours per semester. ⮚ State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) will offer the ROTC component and at least one (1) other NSTP component. ⮚ The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA), Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) and other similar nature are exempted from the NSTP. ⮚ Private higher and technical vocational education institutions with at least 350 student cadets may offer ROTC component. ⮚ ROTC component will be maintained and handled by the Department of Military Science and Tactics (DMST), subject to the existing rules and regulations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 3  Module I: Citizenship Training Lead Agencies/Implementers ⮚ Commission on Higher Education (CHED) ⮚ Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) ⮚ Department of National Defense (DND) ⮚ Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC) ⮚ Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations of the Philippines (COCOPEA) Duration and Equivalent Course Unit ⮚ Each of the NSTP components shall be undertaken for an academic period of two (2) semesters. ⮚ Each components shall be credited for three (3.0) units per semester. ⮚ Fifty four (54) to ninety (90) hours training hours per semester shall be allotted. ⮚ One (1) summer program in lieu of the two (2) semester program may be designed, formulated and adapted subject to the capability of the school and concerned agencies. Creation of National Service Training Corps The National Service Training Corps (NSRC) will be composed of graduates of NON-ROTC components. Members of this Corps may be tapped by the State for literacy and civic welfare activities. Graduates of ROTC component shall form only part of the AFP Citizen Armed Force, subject to DND requirements. Person Responsible to Supervise NSTP Students School authorities shall exercise academic and administrative supervision over the design, formulation, adoption and implementation of the different NSTP components in their respective schools. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 4  Module I: Citizenship Training Topic 2 NSTP and the Philippine Constitution The 1987 Constitution under Article II Sec. 4 (Declaration of Principles and State Policies) clearly mandates that “the prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfilment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil service”. In order to perform such role, the government may call the attention of the people by requiring them to render personal military or civil services. This chapter will discuss relevant provisions that will clarify the framework of NSTP as a venue for inculcating the ideals of true and meaningful public service. CONSTITUTION defined This refers to the body of rules and principles in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are regularly exercised (1986 Philippine Constitution). It is also a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited, and defined and by which these powers are distributed among the several departments or branches for their safe and useful exercise for the benefit of the people. It is the rules and principles which provide direction as to the manner of expressing one’s authority. The Purpose or Function of the Constitution 1. The constitution serves as the supreme or fundamental law since it speaks in behalf of the entire people, represents the will of the people to which it derives its claim to obedience. 2. The constitution establishes the basic framework and underlying principles of government. It prescribes the permanent framework of the system of government and assigns to the different departments or branches, their respective powers and duties, establishes certain basic principles on which the government is founded. The constitution serves as the pillars in governance. 3. The constitution empowers the state because it is the document that formalizes the jurisdiction of the state over our territory and establishes the government that will effectively exercise that jurisdiction. 4. The constitution gears the government towards social and economic development through the elimination of socio-economic inequities in order to achieve progress, national unity, and social justice. THE BILL OF RIGHTS OF FILIPINOS Article III of the Philippine Constitution is the Bill of Rights. It establishes the relationship of the individual to the State and defines the rights of the individual by limiting the lawful powers of the State. It is one of the most important political achievements of the Filipinos (Smith, 1945) NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 5  Module I: Citizenship Training Importance of Bill Of Rights A bill of rights is a constitutional enumeration of rights and privileges guaranteed by the State to all persons within its territory. It is the statement of individual liberties which citizens, residents and sojourners in the country enjoy abuses in against the exercise of government power. In short, it is the people’s shield against government abuse. The peaceful; attainment of peace will depend on our nation’s libertarian use of freedom – freedom of thought, speech and association. The rights proclaimed in the Bill of Rights are the “ten commandments” of our constitutional faith. They are the means of self-government and sovereignty. They are the means to truth. They are the means of and ends of security and survival. Below is the Bill of Rights provided for in Article III, 1987 Philippine Constitution: Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person any person be denied the equal The right of liberty guaranteed by protection of law. the Constitution includes the right to Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their exist and the right to be free from persons, houses, papers and effects against personal restraint or servitude. unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication in the correspondence shall be inviolable except apart lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law. (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of these are the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law. Liberty is the measure of freedom which may be enjoyed in a civilized Section 7. The right of the people to information on community consistently with matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to enjoyment of like freedom by official records, and to documents and papers pertaining others. to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 6  Module I: Citizenship Training development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. This rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. (2) No torture, force, violence, threats, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention, places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. (3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families. Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offences punishable by reclusion perpetua with evidence of guilty strong, shall before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required. Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. (2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, the have a speedy, impartial, and public trial to meet the witnesses face-to-face and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused: Provided that he has been dully notified and his failure to appear is in justifiable. Human rights have a primacy over Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or property rights. If human rights are rebellion, when the public safety requires it. extinguished by the passage of time, then the bill of rights is a useless Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy attempt to limit the power of the disposition of their cases before other judicial, quasi- government and ceases to be shield judicial, or administrative bodies. against the abuses of the government. Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 7  Module I: Citizenship Training Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. (2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua. (2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detaining or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under some Human Condition shall be dealt with by the law. Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punishable by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act. Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder (an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial) shall be enacted. CITIZENS of the PHILIPPINES Defined Section I of the Philippines Constitution provides that the following are the citizens of the Philippines: 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; 2. Those whose fathers and mothers are citizens of the Philippines 3. Those born before January 13, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FILIPINO CITIZENS We have to realize that for every right we are enjoying as enumerated in the Bill of Rights of the Philippine Constitution, it is occupied with corresponding obligation. There will be no chaos in our society if solely each person will perform his or her responsibilities and responsibilities. 1. To be loyal to the Republic. This means that we have faith and confidence in the Republic and love and devotion to the country. We have to be proud of being a Filipino, respect our customs, traditions, language and institutions. Our country is considered our home, the home of our forefathers who fought for our country against the invaders, the home of our children and the grand children, the seat of our affections, and the sources of our happiness and well-being. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 8  Module I: Citizenship Training 2. To defend the State. Considering the fact that our country is our home, it is our prime duty to love and defend the state at all costs regardless of our creed, religious beliefs, and wisdom. Loving ones country can be shown not by words but by deeds. It should be a continuous flame of love considering the fact that we receive benefits and protection from the State pf which we are a part. In return, it is our primary duty and honor to defend it against any peril whether from within or from without (Art. II, Sec. 3). 3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State. We are a part of the State and we directly receive the benefits from the government in form of infrastructure, peace and order, etc. in return, how can we contribute to the development and welfare of the State? We can do this in the form of paying our taxes willingly and promptly, by helping maintain peace and order, conserving of the natural resources and the promotion of social justice by suggesting or supporting measures beneficial to the people as a whole, by patronizing local products and trades and by engaging in productive work. 4. To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. It is our prime obligation to uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. If the people would disregard them, our country would collapse, we will not have peace and order. 5. To cooperate with duly constituted authorities. In every organization, there is always a leader to manage the affairs of all the constituents. If the members will not cooperate, we can never expect to become successful in all the undertakings that our government would like to do for the good of its citizens. 6. To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others. No man is an island and we have to live with others. In the exercise of our rights, we have to see to it that we also respect the rights of other people. If we do this, we can expect harmonious relationship between members of the society. 7. To engage in gainful work. It is stated in the Bible that if we want to eat, we have to work.it is our obligation as a citizen of our country to become productive in engaging in a gainful work so that we can provide the basic needs of our family and ourselves as well. As cited by de Leon (1989), “The essence of life is work. Every citizen should bear in mind that only hard and sustained work can men and nations live and survive. National greatness never springs cult of ease or self-complacency, but from the crucible of grim struggle and patient industry”. 8. To register and vote. It is our prime duty as a citizen of the Philippines to register and vote. Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty, which every qualified citizen must perform. It is not sufficient to just vote; it must be coupled with intellectual judgment during election. We have to consider the different political issues by different candidates, so that at least we can chose the right person to manage government affairs. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 9  Module I: Citizenship Training Topic 3 UNITED NATIONS PRINCIPLES ON HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. Universal and inalienable The principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights law. This principle, as first emphasized in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, has been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and resolutions. The 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, for example, noted that it is the duty of States to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems. All States have ratified at least one, and 80% of States have ratified four or more, of the core human rights treaties, reflecting consent of States which creates legal obligations for them and giving concrete expression to universality. Some fundamental human rights norms enjoy universal protection by customary international law across all boundaries and civilizations. Human rights are inalienable. They should not be taken away, except in specific situations and according to due process. For example, the right to liberty may be restricted if a person is found guilty of a crime by a court of law. Interdependent and indivisible All human rights are indivisible, whether they are civil and political rights, such as the right to life, equality before the law and freedom of expression; economic, social and cultural rights, such as the rights to work, social security and education, or collective rights, such as the rights to development and self-determination, are indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. The improvement of one right facilitates advancement of the others. Likewise, the deprivation of one right adversely affects the others. Equal and non-discriminatory Non-discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law. The principle is present in all the major human rights treaties and provides the central theme of some of international human rights conventions such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 10  Module I: Citizenship Training The principle applies to everyone in relation to all human rights and freedoms and it prohibits discrimination on the basis of a list of non-exhaustive categories such as sex, race, colour and so on. The principle of non-discrimination is complemented by the principle of equality, as stated in Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” Both Rights and Obligations Human rights entail both rights and obligations. States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfil human rights. The obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. The obligation to protect requires States to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. The obligation to fulfil means that States must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights. At the individual level, while we are entitled our human rights, we should also respect the human rights of others. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages. Preamble Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 11  Module I: Citizenship Training Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 6. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. Article 7. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. Article 8. Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. Article 9. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 12  Module I: Citizenship Training Article 10. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. Article 11. 1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. 2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. Article 12. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Article 13. 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. 2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. Article 14. 1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. 2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Article 15. 1. Everyone has the right to a nationality. 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. Article 16. 1. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. 2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. 3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. Article 17. 1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 13  Module I: Citizenship Training Article 18. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. Article 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Article 20. 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. 2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association. Article 21. 1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. 2. Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. 3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. Article 22. Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. Article 23. 1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. 2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. 3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. 4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Article 24. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 14  Module I: Citizenship Training Article 25. 1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. Article 26. 1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. 2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. Article 27. 1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. Article 28. Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. Article 29. 1. Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. 2. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. 3. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Article 30. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 15  Module I: Citizenship Training Topic 4 FLAG HERALDIC CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (RA 8491, S. 1998) Nationalism and Patriotism The history of nationalism and patriotism in our country is as old as the history of humankind. The term “nationalism” is generally used to describe two things, first is the attitude that the members of a nation have which includes the concept of national identity such as common origin, ethnicity and cultural ties. The other one is the actions that are members of the nation take when seeking to achieve (or sustain) self- determination. These involve having full statehood with complete authority over domestic and international affairs. On the other hand, “patriotism” is love of and/or devotion to one's country. However, patriotism has had different meanings over time and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography and philosophy. Although patriotism is used in certain vernaculars as a synonym for nationalism, nationalism is not necessarily considered an inherent part of patriotism. Likewise, patriotism is strengthened by adherence to in native religion, particularly because such a community usually has its holy place inside its motherland. This also implies evaluate preference for a specific civic or political community. Nationalism is characterized by an attachment of superiority to one's country, an aspiration for its continuity, prosperity, and maintaining a high regard and respect for the laws, principles and policies of that country. SALIENT PROVISIONS OF FLAG AND HERALDIC CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (AS EMBODIED IN REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8491 OF 2002) The Philippine Flag A flag is a sacred and respected feature of the nation which it symbolizes. Each nation’s flag has a specific way in which it should be displayed and folded. BLUE Our national flag is it the symbol of our country. It shows our unity as a people. It stands for high RED ideals and noble heritage. Therefore, when you show respect for the flag, you also show respect for our country and people. One way to show respect is to http://www.flagpictures.org/downloads/print/philippines handle the flag properly. 1.jpg The Philippine national flag is said to be the primary symbol of the nation camaraderie, solidarity and unity. It is therefore the symbol of nationalism and patriotism in our country. And so, let us learn more about its history and origin. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 16  Module I: Citizenship Training The national flag of the Philippines is a horizontal bicolor with equal bands of blue and red, and with a white equilateral triangle base at the hoist side, at the center of the triangle is a golden yellow sun with it primary rays (Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas and Nueva Ecija) each containing three individual rays; and that each corner of the triangle is a five-pointed golden yellow star. The sun with eight rays in the Philippine flag represents the first eight provinces that revolted and fought for independence from the Spanish rule – Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, RED BLUE Batangas and Cavite. The flag was first conceptualized by Emilio Aguinaldo. The first flag was sewn in Hong Kong by Marceloa Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza and Doña Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, niece of José Rizal, the Philippines’ national hero. The flag is displayed with the blue field http://www.flagpictures.org/download on top in times of peace, and with the red field on top in times of war. s/print/philippines1.jpg The Philippine flag is unique in the sense that it can indicate a state of Section 10 of RA 8491 war when the red field is displayed on top or on the observer’s left when states that when the flag is the flag is displayed vertically, with the white equilateral triangle at the displayed on a wall during peacetime, the blue field is top end. to the observers’ left. Flag Construction The flag’s length is twice its width, which translates into an aspect ratio of 1:2. The length of all sides of the white triangle is equal to the width of the flag. Each star is oriented in such manner that one of its tips points towards the vertes at which its located. http://www.flagpictures.org/downloads/print/philippines1.jpg Flag Protocol The flag should be displayed in all government buildings, official residences, public plaza, and schools everyday throughout the year. The days of the 28 th of May (National Flag Day) and 12th of June (Independence Day) are designated as flag days, during which all offices, agencies and instrumentalities of government, business establishments, institutions of learning and private homes enjoined to display the flag. But in recent years, the flag days are now from May 28 to June 30 yearly. In Section 9 of R.A. No. 8491, the Philippine flag must be permanently hoisted and illuminated at night at the following locations: 1. Malacañan Palce, the Presidential Residence 2. The Congress of the Philippines buildings: a. Senate of the Philippines building b. House of Representatives of the Philippines building (Batasang Pambansa Complex) 3. Supreme Court of the Philippines building 4. The Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 17  Module I: Citizenship Training 5. Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite 6. Barasoain Church in Malolos Bulacan 7. Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers in La Union, Cemetery of Heroes (Libingan ng mga Bayani) in Makati, Shrine of Valors & North Cemetery in Manila 8. Mauseleo de los Veteranos de la Revolucion 9. All international ports of entry 10. All other places as may be designated by the National Historical Commission of Philippines (NHCP) Half-mast The flag may be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. Upon the official announcement of the death of the President or a former President, the flag should be flown at half-mast for 10 days. The flag should be flown at half-mast for seven days following the death of the Vice President, the Chief of Justice, and the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives The flag may also be required to fly at half-mast upon the death of other persons to de determined by the NHCP, for a period less than seven days. The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all the buildings and places where the decedent was holding office, on the day of death until the day of interment of an incumbent member of the Supreme Court, the Cabinet, the Senate or the House of Representatives, and such other persons as may be determined by the NHCP. When flown at half-mast, the flag should be first hoist to the peak for a moment then lowered to the half-mast position. It should be raised to the peak again before it is lowered for the day. Folding the Flag 1. Hold the flag at each four corners and pull it taut. The folder holds the corners at the end with the blue and red fields. 2. Fold the flag in half, lengthwise, with the red field covering the blue field. Pull it taut again making sure the open side’s edges are flush with one another. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 18  Module I: Citizenship Training 3. Fold it in half again, the close side over the open side, again maintaining the flattening tension and parallel, flush edges on the open side. The blue field should now be displayed face up. 4. Take the closed side’s field corner and fold it over the open side such that what was the bottom edge is now parallel and flush with the open side forming a right triangle (a triangle with a 90°). 5. At the right angle, fold the flag again such that a new right triangle is formed, still keeping the open edges parallel. 6. Fold the right-angled corner of the new triangle over such that it forms a new right triangle with what had been the bottom edge now flush with the side of the flag below it. 7. Continue this sequence of folds creating right triangles until the flag is completely folded into a right triangle bundle. The white field and yellow sun should now predominate the visible areas of the flag. Prohibited Acts In Section 34 of R.A. Act 8491, the flag cannot be used in the following rationales: 1. Defacing or ridiculing the flag by dipping the flag as a salute or adding additional marks on the flag; NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 19  Module I: Citizenship Training 2. As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth, a covering, or as part of a costume or a uniform; 3. As trademark or for commercial or agricultural labels or designs; 4. As part of merchandise or in any advertisement or infomercial; and 5. As a pennant in hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles. Moreover, the flag may not be displayed “horizontally face-up, or under any paintings, picture or platform”. It may also not be displayed in “discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints and places vice or where frivolity prevails. Pledge The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag or “Panunumpa ng Katapatan sa Watawat ng Pilipinas” (distinct from Patriotic Oath of Allegiance or “Panatang Makabayan”) should be recited while standing with the right hand with palm open raised shoulder high. Individuals whose faith or religious beliefs prohibit them from making such pledge are permitted to excuse themselves, but are required by law to show full respect when the pledge is being rendered by standing at attention. Panunumpa ng Katapatan sa Watawat ng Pilipinas Ako ay Pilipino Buong katapatang nanunumpa Sa watawat ng Pilipinas At sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag Na may dangal, katarungan at kalayaan Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang Maka-Diyos Maka-tao Makakalikasan at Makabansa. The law makes no statement regarding the language in which the pledge must be recited, but the pledge is written (and therefore recited) in the Filipino language. The National Anthem The National Anthem is entitled Lupang Hinirang. It shall always be sung in the national language within or outside the country. The rendition of the National Anthem, whether played or sung, shall be in accordance with the musical arrangement and composition of Julian Felipe. When the National Anthem is played at a public gathering, whether by a band or by singing or both, or reproduced by any means, the attending public shall sing the anthem. The singing must be done with fervor. As a sign of respect, all persons shall stand at attention and face the Philippine flag, if there is one displayed, and if there is none, they shall face the band or the conductor. At the first note, all persons NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 20  Module I: Citizenship Training shall execute a salute by placing the right palm over their left chest. Those in military, scouting, citizens’ military training and security guard uniform shall give the salute prescribed by the regulations. Lupang Hinirang Bayang magiliw, May dilag ang tula Perlas ng silanganan. At awit sa paglayang minamahal. Alab ng puso, Ang kislap ng watawat mo'y Sa dibdib mo'y buhay. Tagumpay na nagniningning. Lupang hinirang, Ang bituin at araw niya Duyan ka ng magiting Kailan pa may di magdidilim. Sa manlulupig, Lupa ng araw, ng luwalhati't pagsinta, Di ka pasisiil. Buhay ay langit sa piling mo. Sa dagat at bundok, Aming ligaya na pag may mang-aapi, Sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw, Ang mamatay ng dahil sa iyo. The anthem shall not be played or sung for me recreation, amusement or entertainment purposes, except that the following of occasions: 1. International competitions where the Philippines is the host or has a representative: 2. Local competitions; 3. During the “signing off” and “signing on” of radio broadcasting and television stations; 4. Before the initial and last screening of films and before the opening of theater performances; and 5. Other occasions as may be allowed by the NHCP All officials and employees of the national and local government, and any agency or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations, privately-owned entities or offices displaying the national flag and government institutions of learning are hereby directed to comply strictly with the rules prescribed for the rendition of the anthem. Failure to observe the rules shall be ground for administrative discipline. The National Motto The National Motto shall be “MakaDiyos, Makatao, Makakalikasa at Makabansa.” (Setion 39, R.A. No. 8491) BLUE RED The National Coat-of-Arms The National Coat-of-Arms shall have: Paleways of two pieces, azure and gules; a chief argent studded with three mullets equidistant from each other; and, in point of honor, ovoid argent over all the sun rayonnant with eight minor and lesser rays. Beneath shall be the scroll with the words “REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS”, inscribed thereon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_ar (Section 41, R. A. No. 8491) ms_of_the_Philippines#/media/File:Coat_ of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 21  Module I: Citizenship Training The Great Seal The Great Seal shall be circular in form, with the arms as described in the preceding section, but without the scroll and the inscription thereon. Surrounding the whole shall be a double marginal circle within which appear the words “Republika ng Pilipinas”. For the purpose of placing the Great Seal, The color of the arms shall not be deemed essential but tincture representation must be used. The Great Seal shall also bear the National Motto. It shall be https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi affixed to or placed upon all commissions signed by the President a/commons/b/bf/Home_1_02_50.jpg and upon such other official documents and papers of the Republic of the Philippines as may be provided by law, or as may be required by custom and usage. The president shall have custody of the Great Seal. (Section 42-43, R.A. No. 8491) The 12 Little Things We can Do for our Country as Small Acts of Patriotism First: Follow traffic rules. Follow the law. 1. Traffic rules are the most basic of our country’s laws. If we learn to follow them, it could be the lowest form of national discipline we can develop as a people. A culture of discipline is crucial to our destiny as a nation. 2. Whenever we follow traffic rules, we shoe our love for our neighbour, our love for the Filipino. Second: Always ask for an official receipt. 1. Official receipt is important to an individual in order to check if the transactions made in a department store, grocery, and other establishments for completeness of record. They can be used for claim of deduction or refund, to decrease the tax payments, minimize audit, and hard evidence if there is a need to clarify on the item purchased 2. Whenever we help our government in helping other people, we show our love for our neighbour. Third: Don’t buy smuggled goods. Buy local. Buy Filipino. 1. Our money should support our economy, not the economy of other countries. Buying Filipino means supporting the Filipino. 2. Whenever we support one another as Filipinos, we show our love for our neighbors. Fourth: Speak positively about us and our country. 1. Every Filipino is an ambassador of our country. Each one of us, whenever we maybe, is a salesman of our country. 2. Whenever we speak positively of our people, we show our love for our neighbors. Fifth: respect the traffic officers, policemen, and other public servants. 1. Respect honors and dignifies a man. It compels him to do his job right. 2. There is love of neighbour whenever we respect those in authority. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 22  Module I: Citizenship Training Sixth: Throw our garbage properly. Segregate. Recycle. Conserve. 1. The Philippines is the country given to us people. It is the birthplace of our race. It is the home of the Filipinos. We should keep it beautiful. 2. When we keep our environment and country clean, we show our love for our people. Seventh: Support your Church. 1. When we help our Church, we help our Creator in his works on earth. 2. Whenever we help our church, we shoe love for our neighbour. Eighth: During elections, do your solemn duty. 1. When we fight for our votes, we fight for our right to make our own destiny, as a people and as a nation. 2. There is love of neighbour when we elect good leaders for our country and people. Ninth: Pay your employees well. 1. A company must bring prosperity not only to its owners but also to its employees. Blessings must be shared. It builds families. It builds our nation. 2. There is love of neighbour when we value and pay our employees appropriately. Tenth: Pay your taxes. 1. Taxes are the lifeblood of our government. It is what builds our public schools, hospitals and roads. It is what pays our teachers, and other public servants. 2. There is love for neighbour whenever we pay our taxes properly so our government can help more people Eleventh: Adopt a scholar or a poor child. 1. Investing on our youth is investing on our country’s future. Every family who can afford, should adopt one poor child as a scholar. 2. There is love of neighbour whenever we help a child get an education. Twelfth: Be a good parent. Teach your kids to love our country. 1. If we start planting seeds of patriotism in the hearts and minds of our youth today, they would become giant patriots of our country someday. 2. There is love of neighbour whenever we teach and raise our children as patriots, by loving our country through loving our people. Love of neighbour, God’s Second Highest Commandment is contained in each of these 12 Little Things. Adaptation from: 12 Little Things Filipinos Can Do To Help Our Country by Alexander Lacson NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 23  Module I: Citizenship Training Topic 5 GOOD CITIZENSHIP VALUES The Basic Values of the Filipinos NSTP as a citizenship training scheme focuses on translating the good citizenship values as reflected in the Preamble of the Constitution into concrete action in building a better Philippines. Hence emphasis in this input is placed on the 16 basic values based on the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Preamble We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and security to ourselves our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. Meaning of Preamble The term preamble is derived from the Latin word “preambulare” which means “to walk before”. It is the prologue of the Constitution. Clustered below are the good citizenship values that are reflected in the Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution: The Maka-Diyos The Makatao Cluster The Makabansa Cluster Cluster Love Unity Faith in the Almighty Freedom Equality God Peace Respect for the law Respect for life and government Truth Order Patriotism Justice Work Promotion of common The Makakalikasan Cluster goods Concern for the family and future Concern for the environment generations NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 24  Module I: Citizenship Training THE GOOD CITIZENSHIP VALUES CLUSTER The Maka-Diyos Cluster ✔ Faith in the Almighty God The Bible says, “But without faith, it is impossible to please Him, for he who comes to God must believe that He is, and that He rewards those who diligently seek him. (Hebrews 11:6). ✔ Respect for Life We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any ones slew a person – unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land – it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. Then although there came to them Our Messengers with clear signs, yet, even after that, many of them continued to commit excesses in the land (Quran 5:32). ✔ Order Assuredly, we have sent down the Book to you in right form for the good of man. Who guided himself by it does so to his own advantage, and who turns away from it does so at his own loss. You certainly are not their keeper. (Quran 39:41). ✔ Work Confucius says, “Give fish to a man, he will have food to eat for a day; teach him how to fish and he shall have food throughout his lifetime.” And if man will not work, he shall not eat” (2 Thessalonians 3:10). ✔ Concern for the Family and Future Generations) “The family is an essential factor in the general, social and even political life. Constant living together of husband and wife, and of parents and children, contributes to the development of a strong sense of duty, of an aptitude of heroic sacrifices, and of the love by future generations of the traditional and moral conquests of those who preceded them. The family is an indispensable element of social cohesion and equilibrium” (as cited in http://www.facebook.com/pages/Jose-panganiban-artist-guild/). I shall live a life that is based on the right values and serve as an inspiration to others who may be struggling to strengthen their own faith in God. 1. I have the gift of faith in God; 2. The gift of faith in God in me needs to be nurtured; 3. My life is strengthened by my faith in God; and 4. A strong faith in God, coupled with other important values, will improve my life and those of others. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 25  Module I: Citizenship Training The Makatao Cluster ✔ Love “When man has love, he is no longer at the mercy of forces greater Moral Lesson: Love is a than himself, so he, himself becomes the powerful force” (Leo. powerful force in nurturing man. Buscaglia). Moreover, “Love is the will to extend oneself for the purpose of not nurturing one's own or another's spiritual growth” (M. Scott Peck) ✔ Freedom According to Pope John Paul II, “freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having the right to do what we ought.” ✔ Peace It is always great to remember, what the Bible says, “Blessed are the peacemakers for they will be called children of God” (Matthew 5:9). An unknown author wrote about the value of peace, as such: Juanito was an idealistic person. He wanted everybody to be happy and lead meaningful lives. So one day, he strode to church and prayed hard for people world peace. He continued praying for the same intention for a year yet, nothing seemed to change. One day, he decided to narrow down his scope and pray for peace in Moral Lesson: Let the his own country instead. He prayed for the same intention for another year, peace of the nation begin in the minds of its citizens. yet violence and disturbance still seem to be in an upsurge. Anxious for his prayer to be finally heard. He decided to pray for peace within his family instead. He kept his intention for another year with no significant result. Finally on the verge of prostration. I decided to pray for peace. He prayed for his intention for the next year. Each time he did so, he felt more at peace with himself and his personal issues and his family, his neighbourhood until it reached a point in time that Juanito was considered a man of peace, a friend of everybody especially of the neediest among his countrymen. The Preamble of the UNESCO Constitution also reminds us that, Moral Lesson: Let there be peace on earth…and let it “since wars begin in the minds of men, it is the minds of men that the begin with me. defenses of peace must be constructed”. ✔ Truth It is worthwhile to be familiar and understand some of the following famous quotations and anecdotes which make us better and wiser persons: 1. Quotations “A man who seeks truth and loves it must be reckoned precious to any human society.” (Frederick the Great) “An honest man can feel no pleasure in the exercise of power over his fellow citizens.” (Thomas Jefferson) NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 26  Module I: Citizenship Training “No legacy is rich as honesty.” (William Shakespeare) 2. Anecdotes (compiled by J. Maurus) When Mahatma Gandhi appeared for London Matriculation Examination, the paper on general knowledge contained the following question: “What is more golden than gold?” ✔ Justice According to Martin Luther King Jr., “Injustice anywhere is threat to justice everywhere.” To Jimmy Carter (1978), “The law is not the private property of lawyers, nor is justice the exclusive province of judges and juries. In the final analysis, true justice is not a matter of courts and law books, a commitment in each of us to liberty and mutual respect”. In Matthew 7:12, it says, “Treat others the way you want to have them Moral Lesson: Giving treat you”. justice to anyone is a fair treatment to everyone. And by the Institute for Development Education for Research Communication, “Justice is giving every man his due”. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 27  Module I: Citizenship Training The Makabayan Cluster ✔ Unity The value of unity can be realized by practicing the virtues stated in the following quotations: “Behold how good and pleasant it is for the brethren to dwell together in unity.” (Psalms 133:1) “If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. And if a house is divided against itself, the house will not be able to stand.” (Mark 3:24-25) “Make my joy complete by being of the same kind, maintaining the same love, united in spirit, intent on one purpose.” (Philippians 2:2) “As a body in one, though it has many parts, and all the parts of the body, though many, are one body, so also Christ.” (1 Corinthians 12-12) “Remember, upon the conduct of each depends the fate of all.” (Alexander the Great) ✔ Equality To appreciate the value of equality, consider this anecdote: Skulls Andrew Maria Almonte, MMHC Source: http://coursehero.com One day, a group skulls in the cemetery had a conversation. “Hey”, said a skull to another, “who were you when you were alive?” “Yes, I was once a slave,” replied another skull. “He was a tyrant, a ruthless and merciless king!” “I am your king remember?” “Shut up!” shouted the slave-skull. “You are no longer my king nor am I slave Anymore! We are the same now – rotten skulls!” NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 28  Module I: Citizenship Training The Makakalikasan Cluster ✔ Concern for the environment The Giving Tree Once there was a tree… and she loved a little boy. And every day the boy would gather her leaves, and make them into a ground and play king of the forest. The boy would also love to play hide and seek, climb her branches and eat her mangoes. At the end of the day when he was tired, the boy would sleep in her shade. And the boy loved the tree…very much…and the tree was happy very happy. But the time went on… and the boy grew older. And the tree was often alone. Then one day, the boy went to the tree who said “Come, boy, come and climb up my trunk, swing from my branches, eat my mangoes, play in the shade and be happy.” But the boy stayed for a long time… Then one day, the boy came back and the tree was happy that she could barely speak “Come boy,” she whispered, “come and play.” “I am too old to play,” said the boy. “I want a boat that will take me far away from here. Can you give me a boat?” “Cut down my trunk and make a boat,” said the tree “Then you can sail away… and be happy.” And so the boy cut down the trunk and made a boat and sailed away. And the tree was happy… but not really. And after a time, the boy came back again. “I am sorry boy,” said the tree. “But I have nothing left to give you… my mangos are gone.” “My teeth are too weak for mangoes,” said the boy. “My branches are gone,” said the tree. “You cannot swing on them.” “I am too old to swing on branches,” and the boy. “My trunk is gone,” said the tree. “You cannot climb.” “I am too tired to climb,” said the boy. “I'm sorry,” sighed the tree. “I wish that I could give you something… but I have nothing left. I am just an old stump. I am sorry.” “I don't need very much now,” said the boy. “Just a quiet place to sit and rest. I am very tired.” “Well” said the tree, straightening herself up as much as she could, well, an old stump is good for sitting and resting come boy, sit down and rest.” And the boy did and the tree was happy. Personal Resolution I am steward of creation. I understand that my very existence and that of generations after me are threatened by the destruction of the environment. I pledge to a more discerning individual by using all environmental resources properly and prudently. I shall develop conscious effort to preserve and protect the environment from further degradation. I shall treat the environment as though it were my own masterpiece, giving it great care and priding myself of its wonders and beauty. I shall ever be thankful of the grace of God and the dedication of people in their work to ensure that my family and I have clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, clean oceans to launch adventures and above all, a life that’s healthy and future worthy to be shared with the nest generations. Some examples of how participants may cultivate and encourage the value of Concern for the Environment for student-trainees: 1. Develop a more conscious habit of keeping your surroundings clean as well as using environmental resources such as water and electricity wisely and prudently. 2. Have a deeper understanding of the dire state of the environment and in your own capacity contribute to the work of preserving it. 3. Understand the process of recycling and apply this process in school and in your homes. 4. Protect rivers and waterways along the community by teaching people alternative waste disposal systems and by encouraging them to use the rivers for livelihood and other meaningful purposes. Local communities depend on their citizens to help make it a great place to live and work. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 29  Module I: Citizenship Training Topic 6 VOTER CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION Suffrage is the human right to vote, for the Philippines, is indicated in three documents: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and the Philippine Constitution. They all call for universality of the right; equality in access to public service; and secrecy of votes. The right is exercised during elections, and as a citizen-voter, you are entitled to free and informed choice on whom to vote. Every political choice and decision you make will determine the kind of government that will serve the country. SUFFRAGE Defined It refers to the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the election of certain national and local officers of the government and in the decision of public questions submitted to the people. Scope of Suffrage 1. Election It is the means by which people choose their officials for definite and fixed periods and to whom they entrust, for the time as their representatives, the exercise of powers of government. 2. Plebiscite It is the name given to a vote of the people expressing their choice for or against a proposed law or enactment submitted to them. 3. Referendum It is the submission of a law or part thereof passed by the national or local legislative body to voting citizens of a country for their ratification or rejection. 4. Initiative It is a process whereby the people directly propose or enact laws. Congress is mandated by the Constitution to provide as early as possible for a system of initiative and referendum. 5. Recall It is a method by which a public officer may be removed from the office during his tenure or before the expiration of his term by a vote of the people after registration of a petition signed by a required percentage of the qualified voters. Suffrage as a mechanism for political participation The Constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign people, where all government authority comes from. Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised directly through public officials elected by people. The will of the people, then is the best expressed in clean, orderly and honest elections. Qualifications of a Voter 1. Citizens of the Philippines (male or female) 2. 18 years old and above on the day of elections 3. A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality where he proposes to vote for at least six months before the election NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 30  Module I: Citizenship Training 4. Those not disqualified by law (as specified in Section 11 of R.A. 8189 of 1996) Under the Overseas Absentee Voting Law 1. Filipino citizens abroad 2. 18 years old and above on the day of elections 3. Immigrants with affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines 4. Permanent residents with affidavits of intent to resume residence in the Philippines The matrix below showed the roadmap on election setting in the Philippines Reasons of Disqualification of a Voter The following are disqualified (P.D. 1187 or R.A. 8189 of 1996) from voting: 1. Person sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than one year NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 31  Module I: Citizenship Training 2. Person found to have committed rebellion, sedition, violation of anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security or involving disloyalty to the government 3. Insane or incompetent person Powers and Functions of the National and Local Officials Level Executive Legislative National Level President 12 Senators (Vice President) 1 Party List Group 1 District Representative of Congressman/woman Provincial Level Governor Vice Governor – Sangguniang Panlalawigan Members Barangay Level Punong Barangay PB Members of the Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Kagawad and Sangguniang Kabataan Chair) Powers and Functions Control all executive departments Stature making, constitution making and all implementing agencies of the and amending of constitution government Appointment of high officials in the Appropriations/financial functions government (head of executive Oversight functions departments/cabinet member, ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, officers of armed forces) Seeing to the execution and Informational or the power to implementation of laws and policies condemn inquiries in aid of legislation Interaction of Legislative and Executive in the Law-making Process In the legislative process, the President can either approve or veto a law passed by Congress. It would require two-thirds (23) vote by the legislative body to finally pass the vetoed version into law. At the local level, chief executives can also veto an ordinance on the ground that is prejudicial to the public. In turn, the Sanggunian or the local legislative body can override the veto, also by two-thirds (23) vote of the Sanggunian. How Filipinos Voters Vote A 2003 update study on voting behavior looks at how Filipino voters choose their candidates; 1. Characteristics of the candidate that can be of benefit to the voter of characteristics such as madaling lapitan, malinis na pagkatao, matulungin sa nangangailangan, nagtataguyod ng programang pangkaunlaran NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 32  Module I: Citizenship Training 2. Political machinery which includes the political party, being in the opposition, and good campaign strategies 3. Popularity or being a celebrity or endorsed by a celebrity 4. Endorsement of network and organizations such as the family, the church and the group leaders. Election Practices and Irregularities that Citizens must Watch Out For Bribery, intimidation, and various forms of cheating, particularly: 1. Registering in several names and/or precincts; 2. Vote-buying/vote-selling/paid not to vote; 3. Flying voters 4. Voting in the name of other persons/dead persons or relatives; 5. Threat to supporters, voters and members of election inspectors; 6. Landzaderal ballot-switching and ballot box-snatching; 7. Marking ballots and other election documents to make it invalid; 8. Dagdag-bawas during counting and canvassing Holding of Elections A. Every 2nd Monday of May for national and local elections 1. President and Vice-President: every six (6) years 2. Senators, Congressmen, Provincial, City and Municipal Officials: every three (3) years B. Every last Monday of October, every three (3) years for barangay and SK officials C. Every three (3) years from March 1993 – ARMM Elections Election Process 1. Registration Day 2. Revision Day 3. List of Voters 4. Casting of Votes 5. Counting of Votes 6. Preparation of Electoral Returns and Other Reports 7. Distribution of Election Returns 8. a. Board of Canvassers (for President and Vice-President) b. Board of Canvassers (for Senators) c. Board of Canvassers 9. proclamation of Winning Candidates Efforts to Modernize Election Process in the Philippines Republic Act of 8436 or the Election Modernization Act of 1997 calls for the use of automated election system in the country as early as May 1998 elections. This system will make use of appropriate technology for voting and electronic devices to count and canvass votes. Automated election had its debut in the Philippines in 2010. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 33  Module I: Citizenship Training Implementation of RA 8436 through COMELEC Resolution 02-0170 (Phase of Modernization Phase 1: Voter registration and Validation System Phase 2: Automated Counting and Canvassing Machine Phase 3: Electronic Transmission of Election Results Aside from voting in elections, how can I, as a citizen-voter, participate in political affairs? 1. Initiative and Referendum. Through the system of initiative and referendum, the people can directly propose, enact, and reject laws at the local levels. Also through initiative, citizens may directly propose amendments to the Constitutions by a petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, where 3% of registered voters in each legislative district is represented. 2. Plebiscite. Through plebiscites, the people approve or reject the call of a constitutional convention to propose changes in the Constitution and. At the local level, express their will on certain local issues. 3. Sectoral Representation. The party-list system of representation givers sectors the chance to be represented in Congress together with our Congressmen/women. Under this system, voters support a sectoral party or organization or coalition and its issues and programs. 4. Local Special Bodies. Ordinary citizens are called to sit in local special bodies such as the local health boards, school boards, peace and order councils and development councils for consultation. 5. Barangay Assembly. A barangay assembly (assembly of all residents, 15 years old and above, of the barangays) meets to discuss the activities and finances the Sangguniang Barangay and matters affecting the barangay. The assembly has the power to hear and judge the report of Sangguniang Barangays (SB) performance. It can also recommend matters for legislation by SB and decide on the adoption of initiative to propose, enact or reject ordinances. 6. Absentee Voting System. Republic Act 9189 or the Absentee Voting Law provides for a system, which allows qualified Filipinos abroad to vote in national elections in the Philippines. Good Government, Good Leaders and Good Citizen-voters 1. A good government is one that engages citizen participation and is responsive to the needs of the people. 2. Good leaders are those who uphold accountability to the people and promote transparent and people-oriented programs. 3. Good citizen-voters are those who value their right of suffrage as to keep themselves informed, involved and vigilant. Some Action Points for Citizen-voters in Exercising the Right of Suffrage Prepare to exercise the right of suffrage and the right to an informed and free choice. 1. Register during the period allotted for voter registration. 2. Be informed of the issues, platform and personalities of the political candidates. 3. Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders in terms of the candidate’s social affiliations and interests, competence, foremost, the interest and welfare of the citizens in their NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 34  Module I: Citizenship Training program of government. This process can be used to remind and hold the elected leaders accountable to the promises made during the campaign. During Elections 1. Vote according to your informed conscience. 2. Protect the integrity of your own vote from any undue influence. 3. Volunteer in organizations that work for clean and peaceful elections. 4. Watch out for instances of cheating in the elections and inform authorities and the rest of the electorate of such activities. After Elections 1. Be vigilant in counting and canvassing of votes. 2. Attend consultations and public hearings, and participate in local special bodies. 3. Legislative advocacy – a process where citizens talk with the law makers and other implementers in the government to ensure that the concerns and welfare of the general public are included in the discussion and making of laws. 4. The citizen voter can also engage in political and electoral process in other ways such as: a. Making views known to the elected representatives; b. Supporting/campaigning for a political party, candidate or party-list group; c. Supporting initiatives of civil society organization to ensure honest and peaceful elections; and d. Running of office. NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1 35