Nursing Research PDF

- Develop and evaluate new CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD techniques for delivering patient RESEARCH: care that is attuned to patients R-rational ways of thinking...

- Develop and evaluate new CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD techniques for delivering patient RESEARCH: care that is attuned to patients R-rational ways of thinking health needs E-expert and exhaustive treatment - A phenomenon of interest is best S-search for solutions done in exploratory research E - exactness where its full nature, manner is A-analytical analysis of adequate data manifested, and the other factors R-relationships between facts and wherein it is related are theories investigated. C-constructive attitude/critical observation/careful recording 2. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH - Provides a detailed and accurate RESEARCH picture of the situation in order to Essentially, a problem solving process; a have solutions to problems systematic, intensive study directed concerning health maintenance, toward fuller scientific knowledge of the health delivery and health care subject studied. (French) It involves - Reports on the background or careful or critical thinking to revise or context of a situation revalidate accepted conclusions and - describing a phenomenon affecting previously held concepts or to establish the nursing profession. A nurse generalizations or principles. (PNA researcher observes, counts, Committee on Research) delineates, and classifies. It provides new information NURSING RESEARCH A process in which the researcher 3. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH scientifically collects data to be used in the - To test the predictions or CLINICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE OR principles of a theory To extend INSTRUCTIONAL AREA in order to or develop a theory to new issues FIND SOLUTIONS to NURSING or topics PROBLEMS, EVALUATE NURSING - To support or contradict an PRACTICES, PROCEDURES, explanation POLICIES/CURRICULUM, ASSESS THE - To connect issues or topics with a NEED OF PATIENT, STAFF OR general principle or theory STUDENTS and make decisions to Ex. change or continue various nursing - Why do patients in the intensive processes which in turn advances the care unit need to feel safe? scientific knowledge in nursing field. (Polit - Why is it significant to provide for & Hungler) the psychosocial needs of patients in the intensive care unit? 1. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH ROLE OF NURSES IN RESEARCH - Develop and evaluate alternative 1. Advocate of client or respondents approaches to nursing education during study that would enable the students to 2. Major/ principal Investigator gain broad knowledge and 3. Evaluator of a research findings specialized skills for safe practice 4. Research problem identifier 5. Informants / 2. The Research Question should have respondents/subjects/participants or good clinical significance, practicability, & sample population satisfy the ethical 6. Consumer of research findings dimensions 7. Associate or member of research team 3. A good Research Question should satisfy the requisites of the methodological What do research do? dimensions. 1. Describe the characteristics of a particular NURSING SITUATION. TIPS ON DEVELOPING A TITLE FOR A 2. Explain PHENOMENON that must be RESEARCH PAPER considered in planning nursing care. (APA) American Psychological Association 3. PREDICT THE PROBABLE 1. should encapsulate the main idea of the OUTCOME of certain nursing decisions research. made in relation to client care. 2. shoud be in the form of a concise 4. Control the occurrence of undesired statement that explains the essence of the client outcomes. topic. 5. Initiate, with a fair degree of confidence, 3. Should identify the actual variables or activities that will achieve desired client theoretical issues being studied in the behavior. research. 4. Should be self explanatory. WHY DO NURSES NEED RESEARCH? 5. Must be clearly phrased. It must not be For continuous growth of nursing vague or wordy. profession. 6. Do not develop a very long title Helps nursing to achieve its own because it can mislead the readers. professional identity. 7. At least 13-15 words is the length of title Helps to identify the boundaries of research. nursing. 8. Do not use abbreviations in the title. To define the parameters of nursing. 1.2 Related of literature For cost containment practices. 1. Quantitative Research is typically conducted within the context of the PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS previous knowledge. I. The conceptual phase. 2. The ROL provides the foundation upon II. Design & Planning phase. which to base the new knowledge. III. The empirical phase. 3. ROL sometimes precedes the IV. The Analytical phase. delineation of the problem. V. The Dissemination phase. 1.3 DEFINING THE THEORETICAL and THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK. 1.Formulating & delimiting the problem 1. When research is carried out in the 2.Review of Literature. context of a theoretical framework, it can 3. Defining theoretical framework. be used as a basis for generating 4.Formulating hypothesis predictions that can be tested through empirical research. 1.1 FORMULATING & DELIMITING THE PROBLEM. 1. Develop a good research Question.  2.4 SPECIFYING METHODS TO 1.4 Formulating Hypothesis MEASURE THE RESEARCH 1. Hypothesis is a statement of VARIABLES. researcher's expectations about 1. The researcher must develop a method relationships between the variables of to observe & measure research variable investigation. as accurately as possible. 2. A variety of 2. Hypothesis predicts the outcomes. quantitative data collection approaches exist, e.g..bio-physiological 2 Design and Planning Phase measurements, self reports observation. 1. selecting research design. 3. Data collection methods vary 2. identification of the population to be depending on the RQ & methodology. studied. 4. The task of measuring research 3. specification of material & methods of variables & to develop data collection plan research variables. is a complex process. 4. designing the sampling plan 3. In applying the methods the researcher 5. finalizing & reviewing research plan. ensures representativeness of the 6. pilot study. selected sample. 4. Methods of sampling include-probability 2.1 SELECTION OF RESEARCH & non- probability sampling techniques. DESIGN. 1. Research design is the overall plan to 2.5 FINALIZING & RE-VIEWING THE obtain answers to RQ. RESEARCH PLAN. 2. The design specifies the various types 1. Researchers must finalize the research of R approaches that will adopted. plan by individuals, groups before the 3. As to how the researcher plans to actual implementation. implement specific controls to enhance the 2. The researcher must have their interpretability of the results. research plan approved by special 4. There are two major types of research – committees as to ensure that the plan Experimental & Non experimental. does not violate ethical principles. 2.2 IDENTIFYING THE POPULATION TO 2.6 CONDUCTING PILOT STUDY & BE STUDIED. REVISION. 1. The term population refers to the 1. The primary focus of the pilot study is to aggregate or totality of all the objects, assess the adequacy of the data collection members that conform to a set of plan. specifications. 2. The researcher needs to know the 2. The researcher identifies the population adequacy of the technical equipment. during the planning phase. 3. The tool for data collection is validated 3. The researcher must know the & is termed as pre-testing. characteristics of the study participants. 4. Pilot study should be carried out with care as a major study. 2.3 DESIGNING THE SAMPLING PLAN. 5. The pilot study subjects should be 1. As entire population cannot be studied chosen from the same population as of researcher uses a small fraction of the the main study. population.-sample. 2. The researcher employs many methods 3THE EMPIRICAL PHASE. to obtain the sample. 1. collection of data. 2. tabulation of data for analysis.  3. The reports could take various forms as 3.1 COLLECTING THE DATA. papers, 1. The researcher establishes plans & dissertations, journal articles, professional specifies the procedure for data collection. conferences. (when, where, how, from whom, consent etc.) 5.2 UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH 2. Collection of data involves clerical & FINDING. administrative works. 1. The concluding step of a high quality 3. The researcher ensures confidentiality study is to plan for utilization in the real of the data collected. world. 3.2 PREPARING THE DATA FOR ETHICAL ASPECT RESEARCH ETHICS ANALYSIS. 1. The investigator, transforms the data BACKGROUND collected into manageable form (coding) & - Human research is done in pursuit categorize the collected data into of generalizable scientific meaningful categories. knowledge. 2. The above said may be done manually ETHICAL PRINCIPLES or by transferring the information on to - Provided basis on which specific computer files. guidelines may be formulated, criticized and interpreted. 4) ANALYTICAL PHASE. ETHICAL GUIDELINES: 1. analysing the data. - For the protection of human 2. interpreting the results. subjects in research - To assess that research is 4.1 ANALYSING THE DATA. conducted in accordance with 1. The data collected do not answer our basic ethical principles. RQ. 2. The data needs to be processed & FUNDAMENTAL OF ETHICAL analyses in orderly & coherent fashion. PRINCIPLES FOR RESEARCH 3. Quantitative information is generally Respect for Persons analyzed through statistical procedures. Beneficence and Non-maleficence 4. It involves usage of broad range Justice techniques. E.g., Descriptive & Analytical statistics. RESEARCH ETHICS GUIDELINES Belmont Report - April 18, 1979 5) DISSEMINATION PHASE - Identified 3 basic principles, among 1. COMMUNICATING THE FINDINGS. those generally accepted in our 2. UTILIZATION OF THE STUDY cultural tradition, that are FINDINGS. particularly relevant to ethical research involving human subjects. 5.1 COMMUNICATING THE Council for International Organizations of FINDINGS. Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Guidelines 1. The results of research finding are of Used to guide the preparations of not use if they are not communicated. scientific proposals 2. The final task of the project is to May be expressed differently and prepare research report. given different moral weight  Their application may lead to Information different decisions or courses of Sufficient information action complete disclosure National Ethical Guidelines → Necessary The research protocol should - Minimal risk adequately address the identified - Debriefing ethical principles Comprehension It is mandated to ensure that all: Consider level of understanding phases of health research shall Voluntariness adhere to universal ethical Free of coercion/undue influence principles that value the protection Includes protection of persons with and promotion of dignity of health diminished autonomy (vulnerable research participants." PHREB population) Consider legal representative RESPECT TO PERSONS Situational factors Respect for Autonomy Relational factors - Act in such a way to respect the patient in his VULNERABLE POPULATION right to responsibility decide Children whether to accept or refuse Mentally challenge a suggested treatment Illiterate - Participants should be Senile (Dementia) given the opportunity to Unconscious choose what shall or shall Pregnant women not happen to them Poor participants Patients - Respect for personal Prisoners dignity and cultural values Military - Patient confidentiality Minority groups Best exemplified by the informed Victims consent process Three Elements of the Informed BENEFICENCE - research must be Consent something that will be helpful to the Information majority of people. Comprehension NONMALEFICENCE - research should Voluntariness not purposely cause harm. Researcher's responsibility to minimize Informed Consent risk & maximize benefits to participants Each potential subject must be adequately informed of the aims, methods, JUSTICE sources of funding, any possible conflicts of interest, institutional affiliations of the People ought to be treated fairly researcher, the anticipated benefits and Protection of participants from potential risks of the study and the incompetence and access to discomfort it may entail, and any other research treatments are relevant aspects of the study. expectations of the justice principle (Declaration of Helsinki)  Random selection of participants avoids potential bias and unfairness in sample selection Distributive Justice Fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of research Involvement of different population groups Standard of care Differences in distribution of burdens and benefits are justifiable only if they are based on morally relevant distinctions, such as vulnerability (CIOMS 2002) Compensatory Justice Insurance during research Monetary compensation Research should be responsive to the health needs and priorities of the population where the research is conducted Reciprocal Justice What should be given to participants after the end of the study. It is unjust for research subjects to be mad worse off afterwards than they were during the research. It is ethically unacceptable for external sponsors to conduct research in developing countries and leave nothing behind when research is over. INDIVIDUAL BENEFITS Who will benefit from the research? Which groups? - COMMUNITY BENEFITS  INITIAL PAGES DEDICATION This is the page for dedicating the Title Page thesis to certain people or groups Approval Sheet who have inspired the researchers Abstract while doing the thesis. Acknowledgment TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication essentially a topic outline of the thesis. Table of Contents compiled by listing the headings in the thesis down to whichever level TITLE PAGE you choose. The following information needs to be on LIST OF TABLES / LIST OF FIGURES this page Include a list of figures The title (and possibly the subtitle) (illustrations) and a list of tables if of your thesis you have one or more items in First name and surname of the these categories. author(s) Use a separate page for each list. Whether it is a 'Bachelor's thesis' List the number, caption, and page or a 'Master's thesis' number of every figure and table in Faculty and department the body of the thesis. Place and date of completion APPROVAL SHEET TITLE OF CHAPTERS to prove that the authors have Chapter 1 - Problem and Its Background passed the requirements needed Chapter 2 - Review of Related Literature for the thesis. and Studies signed by the thesis/FS adviser, Chapter 3 - Methodology of the Study panel and the Dean. Chapter 4 - Presentation, Analysis and states the grade obtained by the Interpretation of Data author/s Chapter 5 - Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ABSTRACT presents a brief summary of your thesis. The aim is to briefly provide the reader with the most important information from the entire text. An abstract never contains new information. This summary is no longer than 2 pages of A4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This is a page focused on expressing gratitude to organizations, agencies or individuals who, in one way or another, have aided the researchers in finishing the thesis.  REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4. must highlight the different areas where An examination of the research different studies agree and disagree and that has been conducted in a where knowledge gaps occur. particular field of study", Ferfolja 5. Must identify unstudied areas and and Burnett. proposes hypotheses that other "the selection of available researchers can study as well. documents...and the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR proposed", Hart (2003). LITERATURE REVIEW a written summary of published 1. PERIODICALS. research studies and relevant Newspapers works about a particular subject Popular social science magazines matter that is related to the researcher's main topic. 2. SCHOLARLY JOURNALS Article or book reviews IMPORTANCE Scholarly journals that can be 1. Helps the researcher to understand the accessed online different studies done on his or her chosen 3. BOOKS. topic. 4. DISSERTATION AND THESIS. 2. Delimits the researcher's topic. It can 5. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS. provide him or her with additional 6. POLICY REPORTS AND information as to how he or she will CONFERENCE PAPERS. discuss the topic. Published by government and 3. Provides the researcher with sources of private research institutes and information that he or she can use to learn policy centers. more about his or her chosen topic. 4. Simulate the creativity and curiosity of the researcher because it can provide new The Literature Review Process insights and ideas about his or her chosen 1. Select a topic topic. Choose a research interest: 5. A researcher can learn about the writing - Mass Communication - skills of other researchers through a Media literature review. Select a research interest from the everyday interest: CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD - Film Industry - the recent LITERATURE REVIEW rise of Superhero films Use 1. must explain the body of knowledge in the research interest to area including the major issues about the choose the research topic. topic. 2. Search & Choose the literature 2. increase the reader's confidence with Find materials relevant to the regards to the competence, ability, and research subject. academic preparation of the researcher. In scanning literature, manage 3. able to sketch the direction of the your data properly by documenting research. It should be able to the author, book title etc, and the contextualize the research project key idea(s) expressed. properly.  Map your materials - decide what data would be relevant to your 1. Null Hypothesis research. Definition: A statement that there is no - This stage gives you the relationship or difference between researcher a chance to refine variables. It assumes that any observed and/or expand your research topic effect is due to chance. 3. Analyze and Interpret the literature Example:There is no significant difference in recovery time between Developing the argument and patients who receive physical therapy and critiquing the literature to ensure those who do not." that it supports the thesis. 4. Write the review 2.Alternative Hypothesis Definition: A statement that contradicts Composing, molding and refining the null hypothesis, proposing that there is the literature. a significant relationship or difference The written literature review between variables. becomes a work that accurately Example: "Patients who receive physical conveys the research that can be therapy will have a shorter recovery time understood by the intended than those who do not." audience. Beginning the Literature Review 3. Directional (One-Tailed) Hypothesi: Introduce your LR by defining or Definition: Specifies the direction of the explaining your research problem. expected relationship or difference between variables. It predicts the nature of Write in the PAST TENSE, except when the effect. discussing their significance - use the Example: Increasing physical activity will PRESENT TENSE. improve cognitive function in elderly patients. Primary Data Sources Questionnaire Survey 4. Non-Directional (Two-Tailed) Photograph Collection Hypothesis: Secondary Data Sources Definition: Does not predict the direction Books Published of the relationship but simply that a Journals difference or relationship exists. Reports, Example: "There is a difference in Internet cognitive function between elderly patients News papers who engage in physical activity and those Articles who do not." Hypothesis 5. Simple Hypothesis: A research hypothesis is a specific, Definition: States a relationship between testable prediction about the expected two variables, usually an independent and outcome of a study or experiment, often dependent variable. derived from a theory or prior research. It Example: "Smoking increases the risk of establishes a relationship between developing lung cancer." variables that researchers aim to prove or disprove. Hypotheses can be broadly classified into different types: 6. Complex Hypothesis: Definition: Involves more than two variables and examines relationships between multiple independent or dependent variables. Example: "Smoking and alcohol consumption increase the risk of developing lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases." 7. Associative Hypothesis: Definitio: Predicts that two variables are related or associated but does not imply a cause-and-effect relationship. Example: "There is a relationship between stress levels and blood pressure." 8. Causal Hypothesis Definition: Predicts a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, where changes in the independent variable cause changes in the dependent variable. Example: "Regular exercise reduces the likelihood of developing hypertension.”