Chapter-1.pdf

RESEARCH IN NURSING By: ELVIE A. IMASON-RAMOS, MAN, RN  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Learning Outcomes: Explore the definitions of nursing research. Differentiate research in nursing and nursing research. Identify goals or nursing research. Provide reasons for conducting rese...

RESEARCH IN NURSING By: ELVIE A. IMASON-RAMOS, MAN, RN  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Learning Outcomes: Explore the definitions of nursing research. Differentiate research in nursing and nursing research. Identify goals or nursing research. Provide reasons for conducting research.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Learning Outcomes: Discuss the general and specific purposes of nursing research. Critically evaluate the scientific approach to nursing research. Determine the characteristics of nursing research.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Learning Outcomes: Classify researches in nursing. Identify the research roles of nurses. Analyze the qualities of a good nurse researcher. Assess the alternative routes to problem solving. Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING “Research is the process of going up alleys to see if they are blind.” - Marston Bates  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Significance of Research for Nurses: Increasingly engaged in disciplined studies that benefit the profession and its client to the improvement of the entire health care system. Obliged to provide updated ways of addressing client concerns whether found in hospital, community center or any health care settings.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Significance of Research for Nurses: Expected to base their professional practices on emerging evidence from research. The 1st question that requires an immediate answer before conducting a research is “What is nursing research?”  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Research: Re-search simply means “to search again.” Research is a “methodic examination that uses regimented techniques to resolve questions or decipher dilemmas. (Broswell & Cannon, 2007)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: Is associated with theory development in the “patient outcomes, attitudes of nurses, effectiveness of administrative policy, and teaching strategies in nursing education” which contributes to the development and refinement of theory. (Schmidt & Brown, 2009)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: Is a systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics. (Polit & Beck, 2008)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: As the “systematic, objective process of analyzing phenomena of importance to nursing.” (Nieswiadomy, 2008)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: Is “a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences clinical nursing practice.” (Burns & Groove, 2007)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: As “a formal, rigorous and intensive process used for solutions to nursing problems or to discover and interpret new facts and trends in clinical practice, nursing education or nursing administration.” (Waltz & Bausell, 2001)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: As “rigorous guidelines to produce unbiased , trustworthy answers to questions about nursing practice.” (Houser, 2008)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: Nursing Research is “a systematic collection and analysis of data to illuminate and decribe or explain new facts and relationships.” (Treece & Treece, 2008)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: Is“a testing of knowledge that can be used to guide nursing practice” (National Center for Nursing Research)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: Is an honest, scientific investigation undertaken for the purpose of discovering new facts which will contribute to the present body of knowledge and can lead to effective to an effective solution of existing problems. It involves careful or critical thinking to revise or revalidate accepted conclusions and previously held concepts or to establish generalizations or principles.” (PNA, 1963)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: Problem/ Testing of Issues solution/ intervention Refinement of Theory New Knowledge derived from the conduct of systematic research  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research: RLE Skills Activity: Go over the definition of nursing research and list or highlight the words that uniquely describe nursing research for you. Explain why?  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Rationale for Conducting Clinical Nursing Research: Clinical Nursing Research is to “research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients.” (Polit & Beck, 2008)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Rationale for Conducting Clinical Nursing Research: Clinical Nursing Research is a research that is undertaken to produce knowledge that will affect the conduct of nursing practice.” (Nieswiadomy, 2008)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Rationale for Conducting Clinical Nursing Research: Nursing problems and issues are integral to the work situation. Personal satisfaction is derived from finding better ways of providing nursing care. No one has greater access to the client than the nurse.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Rationale for Conducting Clinical Nursing Research: It could be therapeutic and enjoyable for the client to participate in clinical research. Is a practical way for a nurse to help improve the health care of the sick and well individuals.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Lack of Clinical Nursing Research: Nurses tend to feel that they are “busy caring for patients.” Unless the nurse has had academic training in theoretical conceptualizations, research may not seem important.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Lack of Clinical Nursing Research: Unless the importance of research is felt and recognized, nurses may not be able to identify researchable problems. Many nurses do not have the academic training needed to feel confident in doing clinical research.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Lack of Clinical Nursing Research: The ethical requirements of research are difficult to comply with and tend to scare would-be researchers. Unless administrators are research oriented, the nursing staff feels the futility of support for nursing research.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Lack of Clinical Nursing Research: Research takes time and time costs money. Without sufficient funding, research may not be conducted due to lack of resources.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing: It refer to research done in the course of nursing practice. It is distinguished by the subject matter of the research.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing: “Nursing Research” refers to research done on addressing the health concerns of clients and application of the research on their care. “Research in Nursing” refers to studies on the particular concerns of nurses themselves.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing: Is a useful general guide to a researcher in the choice of topic to study. RN requires a broader study of the nursing profession, its concept, theories, principles and policies or guidelines inherent in the practice of nursing.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing: RN it also dwells on historical, ethical, legal and moral standards as well as the duties and responsibilities of a nurse practitioner and the implications of these to individual clients and to society. NR is still need to continuously delve into the issues.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Nursing Research vs. Research in Nursing: Many researcher believe that its is easier to do RN. They find out that what is more important in the choice of the study is interest in the choice of research problem. RN & NR are worthy of one’s time and effort.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Examples of Nursing Research: An exploratory study of mothering for teens with Attention Deficit Disorder. Development of a nursometric (nursing measurement) instruments for use in quantifying diet change patterns among  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Examples of Nursing Research: Disengagement behaviors of adult children toward their elderly parents.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Examples of Research in Nursing: Job satisfaction and acculturation of Filipino Nurses in Australia. Performance of nursing graduates from Manila and other Regions in the Licensure Examination in 2009-2011.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Examples of Research in Nursing: Leadership and management styles of nurse leaders in selected Metro Manila Hospitals.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Goals of Nursing Research: Provide Efficient and Effective Nursing Care. Promote the Worth and Value of the Nursing Profession to Society. Identification, Implementation and Evaluate Effective Health Care Modalities. Utilize CNR as EB data to provide Quality Care to Clients.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing: Gathers data or information on nursing situations or conditions about which little knowledge is available. Provides scientific knowledge base from which nursing theories emerge and develop.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing: Helps correct, clarify, validate and expand perceptions. Provides theoretical and scientific basis for nursing practice. Defines parameters of nursing and identifies its boundaries.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing: Documents the social relevance and efficiency of nursing practice to people and health care providers. Describes the characteristics of the nursing situation about which little is known.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing: Predicts probable outcomes of nursing decisions in relation to client care. Provides knowledge for purposes of problem solving and decision making.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing: Develops and evaluates nursing theories and concepts and practices these for clarity and validity of nursing actions. Prevents undesirable client reactions.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Reasons for Conducting Research in Nursing: Develops considerable degree of confidence. Professional undertakings are intended to achieve desired client behaviors.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Purposes of Nursing Research: It answers questions to solve problems. It provides tools for observation to generate knowledge as basis for predicting and controlling phenomenon.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Purposes of Nursing Research: A nurse can apply this knowledge in practice and prescribe accurately and professionally without untoward client response or reactions to nursing interventions. (Polit & Beck, 2008)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Purposes of Nursing Research: Best practices are those that “produce the most desirable patient outcomes through scientific data.” (Boswell & Cannon, 2007)  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Tasks of Research: Identification Description Exploration Explanation Prediction & Control  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Tasks of Research: Identification It assesses situations that need clarification or identification. There is awareness that a problem or issues exists. This requires from the nurse a quick identification of the cause of the problem.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Tasks of Research: Description It aims to describe phenomenon that relates to nursing profession. It also observes, defines ad documents nursing situations inquiry. It determine the relationship between and among variable investigated.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Tasks of Research: Exploration It explores phenomenon by observing and recording events and situations occurring in that phenomenon. It answers “what” questions on the phenomenon. To understand the phenomenon precisely and accurately.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Tasks of Research: Explanation It seeks clarification of a prevailing situation to answer questions that ask “why” a phenomenon occurred. It calls upon existing theories for clarifying, explaining and integrating ideas. To determine the reasons for existence of a particular phenomenon.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Tasks of Research: Prediction & Control It anticipates possible psychological and physiological reactions to nursing interventions. It provides a basis for decisions by eliminating barriers and sourcing ways and strategies that would bring about effective client care outcomes.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Tasks of Research: Prediction & Control Prediction ( Research Projects situations or events that could arise from research investigation) Control (Research puts up a barrier to hinder or minimize the effects of anticipated outcomes or reactions.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Scientific Approach to Nursing Research To seeks to harness the intellectual capabilities of the individual to discover, interpret, and develop methods to advance knowledge in various fields. It uses scientific methods to seek the truth of a matter.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Scientific Approach to Nursing Research It provides scientific information and theories to explain the problem. Its ultimate goal is the practical application of the research findings. It make use of empirical data gathered through five senses.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Scientific Approach to Nursing Research It uses the scientific methods to obtain knowledge that can be generalized across similar clients suffering the same disease albeit in different situation.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Characteristics of Research 1. Orderly and Systematic 2. Control 3. Empirical 4. Generalization 5. Intensive  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Characteristics of Research: Orderly & Systematic identify the problem determine the purpose of the study review of related literature theoretical/conceptual framework study assumptions acknowledge the limitation of the study  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Characteristics of Research: Orderly & Systematic formulate the null hypothesis define study variables choice of research design identify the target population choose the study samples conduct the field test  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Characteristics of Research: Control To ensure precision and validity of results. To justify and validate conclusions drawn from the investigation. In experimental research, controlled subjects or controlled procedures permit comparison with results.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Characteristics of Research: Empirical It uses results of experiences and observations rooted in objective reality as a sources of knowledge. It must be objective, precise, verifiable and replicable. To replicate and to assess the validity and reliability.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Characteristics of Research: Generalization The findings of the study are deemed to have an applicability to the entire population. It is based on the results obtained on the sample cases and instances having common traits and characteristics as the universe.  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Characteristics of Research: Intensive Is used to ensure that all the possible loopholes in the study are covered. It is usually done by carefully selecting the population and sample, formulating the method by which data would be gathered and analyzed, including appropriate statistical tool. If men liked shopping, they’d call it research. - Cynthia Nelms  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Classification of Nursing Research According to APPROACH According to MEASUREMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS According to TIME FRAME According to MOTIVE OR OBJECTIVE According to RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Classification of Nursing Research: Approach Experimental – cause & effect relationship Non-experimental – describe & analyze Quasi-experimental – partial experiment Combined – mixed methods, triangulation  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Classification of Nursing Research: MDA Quantitative – frequency, magnitude of events Qualitative – perceptions, insights Combined – mixed methods  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Classification of Nursing Research: Time Frame Longitudinal/prospective – future data Cross-sectional – present data Retrospective – past data  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Classification of Nursing Research: Motive Basic research – knowledge generation Applied research – improve professional practice Historical – meaning of past events  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Classification of Nursing Research: RE Field research – community research Laboratory research – demonstration research Clinical research – related learning experiences  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Role of Nurses in Research As Principal Investigators As a Member of a Research Team As Evaluator of Research Findings As Consumers of Research Findings As Client Advocates in a Research Study As Subjects of Research  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Qualities of Good Nurse Researchers Honest and credible Accurate in data collection Organized and systematic Logical Exhibits self-aware Imaginative and curious  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Qualities of Good Nurse Researchers Persistent with barriers Establishes good relationships with Respondents and other researchers Updated and informed of present issues and events  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Alternative Routes to Problem Solving Ignore or redefine the problem Faith, habit or traditional practice Authority Human experience Trial and error Logical reasoning  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING Alternative Routes to Problem Solving Common sense Problem and the nursing process Research and problem solving  PROBLEM SOLVING NURSING PROCESS a. Identify the problem a. Client assessment b. Gather information b. Nursing diagnosis c. Generate alternative c. Plan of action solutions d. Consider the outcomes d. Goal and objective setting e. Choices of solution e. Alternative nursing actions f. Implement solution f. Implementation g. Evaluate results g. Evaluation  RESEARCH PROBLEM SOLVING Identify the problem Identify the problem Review of Related Literature Gather pertinent information Theoretical framework Suggest solutions Questions to be answered or Consider outcome hypothesis to be tested Research design and Choice of solution methodology Data gathering Implements solution Analysis and interpretation of Evaluate results of data implementation Summary, conclusions and Modify, revise, change recommendation  Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING There are many similarities between the two. Both follow the same process except that research has a broader application than that of simple problem solving that is limited to the specific issue in question. Chap. 1: RESEARCH IN NURSING “If we knew what we were doing, it wouldn’t be research.” - Albert Einstein Thank you!