Respiratory Physiology I PDF

KINE 1020: Respiratory Physiology I  Quick Review… Circulatory System Q: What are the components of the Circulatory System? A: Heart – Blood vessels - Blood - blood goes to the lings from right to get oxygenated - pulmonary artery...

KINE 1020: Respiratory Physiology I  Quick Review… Circulatory System Q: What are the components of the Circulatory System? A: Heart – Blood vessels - Blood - blood goes to the lings from right to get oxygenated - pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood - pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood What formulas should I remember? Q = SV x HR Q = cardiac output (CO-measured in litres or ml); SV = stroke volume (measured in ml); HR= heart rate (measured in beats per minute) Respiratory System Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 14 Respiratory System Function Point of entry Upper Respiratory Tract (RT) and mouth bring in alr > trachea - Nasal Cavity (nose Warms and cools air to body temp (needs to put molsture) Humidifies air particles dust Chair protect lungs remove toxins) , in nose , Filters air to Eliminates dust / other particles via mucous Sense of smell Pharynx Junction of oral and nasal cavities Warms / cools Humidifies air Also part of digestive system Larynx Vocal cords 15 Protects the lungs Lower Respiratory Tract From Upper RT to the Lungs flower (that will split into the left and Trachea right lung) Primary Bronchus Secondary Bronchus bronchus Tertiary Bronchus I and ↑ gets continues smaller and smaller the single tube Bronchiole Terminal Bronchiole Respiratory Bronchiole Alveoli (gas exchange here) cell sacs Ctiny single that allow exchange) 16 Respiratory Physiology Part 2 The Conducting Vs Respiratory Zone the you breathe In air - when , It to slow very fast you so want comes in , Diameter of airways ↓ down ↓ - If there is a large airway with high and it branches into smalleralways the speed , speed for should go up but there are more paths the air to flow Into (bronchioles will increaseasyoe down Number of branches ↑ > - slow down since there Speed of airflow↓ - > are more branches 2 Respiratory System and Vascular System Need to Slow Down for Effective Gas Transfer Air and blood speed both slow down to maximize time for gas exchange Loading… Major Highway Vein / Artery venvalesrtenoles ↓ 2-Lane Main Venule / Street Arteriole terminal bronchioles ↳ andreali Residential Street Capillary 3  Alveoli - single cell Alveolus (look like grapes each , Sac-like structure grape Is an alveolus) Primary site of gas exchange Tightly networked with capillaries (each alveoli to allow gas exchange) by capillaries is surrounded membrane slippery Wall is coated with surfactant > - that keep the already open so gas can flow Lowers surface tension In (can lose it from smoking Keep alveoli from over or under wealser) so gas exchange Is inflating & remember bronchiole , alveol , capillaries - tube that brings gas Into alveoli 4  Gas Exchange Movement of gasses is called Diffusion Driven by: Differences in pressure deoxygenated blood Aka “Pressure Gradient” "red cells High to low - oxygenated blood red Loading… - cerls Truck offloads 97 CO2 Truck picks up O2 Truck goes back to Heart gasxchange for delivery assignment 5 GasY Exchange: Oxygen Diffusion Lungs ① Pressure of O2 in alveoli ↑ concentration) ② O2 moves from alveoli (air) into parta (high alved: (air) is greater than in in sidea antent capillaries (blood) capillaries (blood) enou alveoli has a higher Since the partial pressure than the Venous side , - Oxygen goes from high to low concentration in) to the will diffuse (push the oxygen diffusion will push the the oxygen from high by filling up the - side lower cells that to low partial pressure hemoglobin , which will go to partial pressure fuel tissue then the need oxygen to 40s low high for pressurewithand heart and go back to lungs to get 100s is - blood will oxygen oxygenated saturated " when It has - blood/hemoglobin is 100mmig of oxygen ↳ Oxygen stays with hemoglobin until It reaches a low partial pressure O2 moves from capillaries ③ Pressure of O2 in blood (capillaries) is greater than (blood) into peripheral in peripheral tissue (ex. tissue Muscle) Muscle / Organs / Brain 6 Gas Exchange: Carbon Dioxide Diffusion opposite of oxygen Lungs diffusion ① ② CO2 moves from Pressure of CO2 in capillaries (blood) is capillaries (blood) into alveoli So greater than in alveoli It will push CO2 into into bloodstream to get the alrea for gas exchange ③ Pressure of CO2 in blood CO2 moves from (capillaries) is less than in peripheral tissue into peripheral tissue (ex. capillaries (blood) Muscle) Muscle / Organs / Brain 7  add that is attached you exercise , an -when to bicarbonate is produced/bicarb also carries (O2) Gas Exchange get rid of CO2 during ↳ So when you try to exercise, the blood will get acidic , and there will be a burning feeling and it gets , harder to push out CO2 HCO−3 When CO2 is travelling through the body, it is mostly in the form of; moleculethe e coxide - carbon Bicarbonate (85%) (HCO−3) H2CO3 Key in Acid-Base changes in the body Small portion binds to hemoglobin Small portion dissolves into the blood (plasma) but - CO2 is carried in hemoglobin mainly bicarbonate hemoglobin also carries oxygen When O2 is travelling through the blood; L 95% is bound to Hemoglobin in red blood cells 5% dissolves into blood (plasma) - can make more hemoglobin If you train at high altitudes 8 Gas Exchange color Hemoglobin (Hb) enchanges ande a T nemoglobin Every Hb molecule has 4 binding sites for O2 molecules Millions of Hb molecules in every RBC 9 The Oxyhemoglobin Curve The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve reflects the relationship between the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO2) and the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2). It can shift (Figure 1) depending on various factors. In normal physiology the body needs to offload oxygen to the tissues and muscles and, in contrast, also pick up oxygen within the lungs that is stored on our hemoglobin (Hgb) for future tissue oxygenation.  e muscle ·as working describes the capacity to lessoxygen low when the oxygen gets -graph is -partial pressure is the oxygen to give If to hemoglobin hemoglobin or working closer to muscle , so it will hold onto holding onto sticky) give the oxygen become less it can sticky so In a red blood cell oxygen not I Alveol muscle that is partial pressure is high near a - sticky O ↳ relationship can be or working so the stickiness is also high i S loose there are -"factors that can make oxygen sticker to hemoglobin even if there is low partial pressure (there is a working muscle that needs oxygen) 4) ex. If exercising in the cold , the oxygen becomes more sticky but will become more generous (less sticky) when temp How “sticky” * Loading… LD ex. Increases increasing hydrogen content can make it (more acidic) L more sticky oxygen is to the hemoglobin area that uses as - moves to an haemoglobin oxygen /has low partial pressure), molecule I becomes less be It wants sticky to give its oxygen (the oxygen becomes Peripheral loosely attached to hemoglobin so it can The amount of tissues give It away to the working muscle) oxygen close by - Video on this  used to measure - to Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) long functions see if there are issues with the lungs and gas transfer A group of tests that measure how well your lungs work. They help diagnose and monitor lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. PFTs are also used to evaluate respiratory function and when there are risk factors for lung disease, such as occupational exposure to something that might damage your lungs PFTs are also done if you have symptoms of respiratory disease or infection like asthma, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, smokers cough or long COVID  breathing patterns PFT tests can now measure big normal your breathe is used wine a in ↓ Spirometry: Measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it (measure the flow of air from inhaling and exhaling) Lung plethysmography: Measures how much air is in your lungs after you take a deep breath and how much is left after you exhale Lung diffusion testing: Measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your blood Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV): Measures how well you can breathe rapidly and deeply for a set period of time -advanced spirometry lab  Pulmonary Volumes What type of volumes can/should we measure? Normal breathing Inhaling / Exhaling Total lung capacity Why are they important? clung function tests Exercise performance M diagnose help Chronic diseases < - can COPD - asthma Bronchitis Emphysema How are they measured? Spirometry 15 Volumes AND Rates PFTs how much air you can blow out the , force of air) FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume in one second FEV1 measures the amount of air you can forcefully exhale in one second. It’s a critical indicator of lung function 2. A lower than normal FEV1 can suggest blockages or restrictions in the airway. For example, individuals with asthma may have a reduced FEV1 due to narrowed airways. FVC: Forced Vital Capacity (how long and hard you can blow out) FVC represents the total amount of air you can exhale forcefully after taking the deepest breath possible. This measurement helps in assessing the overall capacity of your lungs. A decreased FVC value might indicate restricted lung function or the presence of a lung disease 3. (more about how much ar you breathe out) FEV1/FVC ratio (what percent of all your alr is getting breathed out) The FEV1/FVC ratio is used to differentiate between obstructive lung diseases, where expelling air quickly is a challenge, and restrictive diseases, where lung capacity is diminished. In healthy adults, this ratio should typically be approximately 75-80%. A lower ratio suggests obstructive lung disease, such as COPD, whereas a normal or high ratio with reduced FEV1 and FVC values may indicate a restrictive lung condition 4. PEF: Peak Expiratory Flow I highest speed when you exhale Measures the highest speed at which you can exhale, offering insights particularly relevant for asthma management. Spirometry 17 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNDKD_xI684 Pulmonary Volumes Total Lung Capacity (the amount of vital capacity plus residual volume) Total amount of air if lungs fully inflated Vital Capacity I taking full inhalation air exhaled) and seeing the maximum the taller you are the greater - Maximum amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation , the lung capacity/volume ↳ Tidal Volume lung volume is affected by (measured from the start to end of normal breathing) age height and , , weight Volume of air in/out during normal breathing (typically * 2) Inspiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that COULD be inhaled after tidal volume inhale Expiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that COULD be exhaled after tidal volume exhale but don't there is still a little air trapped In the lungs Residual Volume (what's left over after maximum expiration) want too much trapped 18  Amount of air left in respiratory tract after maximum exhale FEV1 and FVC - breath flows down slower after peal expiratory flow maximum Inhalation & spirometry tests - time FEV1 and and speed dependent - flow volume FVC loop-take a possible breath to find In speed and blow of airflow out as fast as forceofexprea Spirometry tests forceritalcapais together out Pulmonary Volumes factors that affect Factors effecting pulmonary volumes? M I total lung capacity and FEVI) Body size - height Sex - weight Fitness Airway obstructions (ex asthma. Function of ventilatory muscles 20 Composition of Air Inhaled Air O2 delivery and utilization in the body 21 % is room air of oxygen but the oxygen at the measuring - Nitrogen Inhaled Air maI end of the breath shows how much , Oxygen the body removed doxde carbon knowing volume and percent - of oxygen expiratory VOz Exhaled Air at Rest Exhaled Air at Rest nice/ Nitrogen oner  Oxygen Extraction taking oxygen in the bloodstream - and removing my elf from there Limited area and therefore time (transit time) for diffusion to occur High O2 molecules Pressure oxygen - Low O2 Pressure Oxygen follows the pressure gradient (ie. diffusion)  Oxygen Extraction capillaries arterioles Blood flow in capillaries and oxygen venules needs in the tissue (muscle) determine O2 uptake High O2 Pressure Low O2 Pressure Oxygen follows the pressure gradient Can we measure whole body (ie. diffusion) oxygen utilization? If we could is it important? Exercise and Heart Rate Heart Rate: Vagal (parasympathetic) withdrawal ~100-110 bpm (quick) Sympathetic activation HRmax (slower) (will increase Age-predicted heart rate maximum = 220 – age Usually accurate within 10-15 beats per minute 10 Used to predict exercise intensity 09 much easier than measuring stroke % of 0 8 volume or oxygen uptake (VO2) M 0 7 ax 0 im 6 al 0 5 H 0 4 ea 0 3 rt R 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 at 0 % 0 of 0 0 0 Exercise and Stroke Volume Stroke Volume: Increases with exercise Greater contractility (Frank-Starling mechanism) Reduced peripheral resistance (vasodialation) Increased ejection fraction (heart empties more) Elite athletes have higher stroke volumes St ro k e V Rest Exercise ol u m VO2 e  Calculating oxygen consumption (VO2) This can also be called “O2 Fick’s Equation Cardiac output (O2 delivery) extraction” or “a-v O2 difference” VO2 (ml/min/kg) = HR (bpm) x SV (ml) x (CaO2 – CvO2) (ml O2/100ml blood) Heart rate= how fast O O2 extraction= how Stroke volume= how H St your heart beats/min x much oxygen your much blood your heart e ro beats/beat muscle cells extract y per unit of blood ar k g t e e R V n at ol E e u xt Exercise intensity m Exercise intensity Exercise intensity ra (watts, calories, e (watts, calories, (watts, calories, ct VO2, RPE) VO2, RPE) VO2, RPE) io n VO2= “volume or amount of oxygen taken up and utilized by the body for energy metabolism” https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=yosN0b8fEL8 VO2 increases with exercise workload 1 L O2 = 5 kcal Work VO2 Oxygen Deficit Work Work VO2 VO2 moderate intensity exercise (jogging) Heavy intensity Low intensity exercise (running) exercise (e.g. Oxygen Debt walking) The oxygen uptake is a little sluggish to rise but eventually reaches a steady state to meet the energy demands using aerobic metabolism This process takes time (called the O2 deficit because the work is still getting done). Where does the ‘extra’ energy come from??  What happens with exercise? How do we get more O2 consumption as the exercise gets harder and harder??? Oxygen Deficit Fick’s Equation VO2 VO2 = Q x (CaO2 – CvO2) Work Loading… HR x SV O2 extraction Oxygen Debt O2 delivery Optimal situation would be that you deliver more blood rich with oxygen and extract a greater proportion of the oxygen