KINE 1020: Respiratory Physiology I
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary physiological need for oxygen in the body?

  • To transport carbon dioxide to the lungs
  • To offload oxygen to tissues and muscles (correct)
  • To increase blood pressure
  • To boost metabolic rate
  • What role does hemoglobin (Hgb) play in oxygen transport?

  • It stores oxygen for future tissue oxygenation (correct)
  • It regulates body temperature
  • It breaks down carbon dioxide in the lungs
  • It directly consumes oxygen in the muscles
  • How does the partial pressure of oxygen affect hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?

  • Higher partial pressure decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
  • Partial pressure has no effect on hemoglobin's binding capacity
  • Higher partial pressure increases the stickiness of hemoglobin to oxygen (correct)
  • Lower partial pressure makes hemoglobin more sticky for oxygen binding
  • What happens to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen in working muscles?

    <p>It decreases, allowing for more oxygen release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can contribute to hemoglobin becoming more 'sticky' for oxygen, even in lower partial pressures?

    <p>Higher carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the alveoli in the lungs related to oxygen?

    <p>They facilitate gas exchange by allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does low partial pressure of oxygen have on hemoglobin's oxygen binding?

    <p>It decreases oxygen binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between muscle activity and oxygen demand?

    <p>Muscle activity increases the need for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hemoglobin during low oxygen environments is correct?

    <p>Hemoglobin becomes less effective at delivering oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen does room air contain?

    <p>21%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can affect total lung capacity and FEV1?

    <p>Fitness level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do high oxygen pressure levels promote in the lungs?

    <p>Oxygen diffusion into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of transit time in oxygen extraction?

    <p>It limits the time for diffusion to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of exhaled air at rest, what does the measurement of oxygen indicate?

    <p>The percentage of oxygen retained by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body characteristic is NOT typically related to lung capacity and function?

    <p>Hair color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is knowing the volume and percent of oxygen important in respiratory physiology?

    <p>It indicates the efficiency of oxygen utilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may happen in the presence of airway obstructions, such as asthma?

    <p>Reduced oxygen extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pulmonary function tests (PFTs)?

    <p>To diagnose and monitor lung diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your blood?

    <p>Lung diffusion testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would likely prompt a healthcare professional to order a PFT?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FEV1 specifically measure in pulmonary function tests?

    <p>Volume of air exhaled in one second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung disease could potentially show a reduced FEV1 due to airway narrowing?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does lung plethysmography specifically measure?

    <p>The total amount of air in the lungs after inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) assesses a person's ability to:

    <p>Breathe quickly and deeply for a time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do PFTs play in relation to chronic lung diseases such as COPD?

    <p>Diagnosing and monitoring disease progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

    <p>CO = SV x HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the diameter of airways affect airflow speed?

    <p>Larger airway increases speed until branching occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does surfactant play in the alveoli?

    <p>Prevents alveolar collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mucous in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Filters and humidifies air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the relationship between oxygen and partial pressures during gas exchange?

    <p>Oxygen moves from alveoli to capillaries due to higher partial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which structure does the voice production occur?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system serves as the junction between the oral and nasal cavities?

    <p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to airflow as the number of airway branches increases?

    <p>Airflow slows down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the loading of oxygen in the gas exchange process?

    <p>Oxygen moves from alveoli into capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Warms and humidifies incoming air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood flow through the circulatory system relate to respiratory function?

    <p>Slow blood flow maximizes gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form in which CO2 is transported in the body?

    <p>As bicarbonate (HCO−3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many binding sites does each hemoglobin molecule have for oxygen molecules?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the blood when you exercise?

    <p>The blood gets acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What small percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?

    <p>The relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological adaptation occurs when training at high altitudes?

    <p>Increased hemoglobin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen dissolves directly into the blood plasma?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component plays a key role in acid-base balance related to CO2 transport?

    <p>Bicarbonate (HCO−3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to CO2 levels when you exercise intensively?

    <p>They accumulate and become harder to exhale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FVC measure in respiratory assessment?

    <p>The total volume of air exhaled after a deep inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decreased FVC value typically indicate?

    <p>Restricted lung function or lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for the FEV1/FVC ratio in healthy adults?

    <p>75-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lung condition is suggested by a lower FEV1/FVC ratio?

    <p>Obstructive lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) measure?

    <p>The highest speed at which air can be exhaled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total Lung Capacity is defined as?

    <p>Vital capacity plus residual volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?

    <p>Inspiratory is air that can be inhaled after normal breath; expiratory is after exhaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pulmonary measure represents the volume of air during normal breathing?

    <p>Tidal Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by Residual Volume?

    <p>Air left in the lungs after maximum expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can influence pulmonary volumes?

    <p>Age, height, and weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during a spirometry test?

    <p>Assessing the volume of air inhaled and exhaled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio with reduced values suggest?

    <p>Restrictive lung conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement helps assess how much air is exhaled forcefully?

    <p>FEV1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    KINE 1020: Respiratory Physiology I

    • Course focuses on respiratory physiology.

    Quick Review: Circulatory System

    • Components include the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    • Blood travels from the right heart to the lungs to become oxygenated, then returns to the left heart.
    • Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
    • Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs.
    • Cardiac output (Q) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR).

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system includes the circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, skeletal system, and muscular system.
    • The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    • The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
    • The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
    • The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
    • The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, and joints.
    • The muscular system includes skeletal muscles.

    Respiratory System Function

    • Upper respiratory tract: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
    • Nasal cavity warms, cools, humidifies air, filters out particles, and detects smells.
    • Pharynx is the junction of oral and nasal cavities. Also part of the digestive system.
    • Larynx contains vocal cords. Protects the airways.
    • Lower respiratory tract: Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs.
    • Trachea (windpipe) connects to the lungs.
    • Primary bronchi branch into smaller tubes.
    • Lungs are the primary organs for gas exchange, filled with alveoli.

    Lower Respiratory Tract

    • Trachea branches into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi.
    • Bronchioles are smaller branches of bronchi.
    • Terminal bronchioles lead to alveoli, the site of gas exchange.
    • Alveoli are tiny air sacs where oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.

    Respiratory Physiology Part 2

    • Conducting zone vs. Respiratory zone: different sections of the respiratory system with different functionalities
    • Conducting zone includes airways which filter, warm, and moisten incoming air.
    • Respiratory zone contains alveoli (and the surrounding capillaries) for gas exchange.
    • Alveoli contain a large surface area and thin walls for efficient gas exchange.

    Respiratory System and Vascular System Need to Slow Down for Effective Gas Transfer

    • Air and blood flow is slowed to maximize gas exchange time.
    • The design of the respiratory and vascular systems has many branches and thin walls to maximize surface area.
    • Air and blood pressure are designed to be optimal pressures for gas exchange.

    Alveoli

    • Alveoli are sac-like structures forming the primary site of gas exchange.
    • They have thin walls for efficient gas diffusion.
    • Surrounded by capillaries for rapid transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    • Surfactant lowers the surface tension to prevent over- or under-inflation.

    Gas Exchange

    • Diffusion is the primary mechanism for gas exchange.
    • Pressure gradients (difference in gas pressure) drive the movement of gases from high-pressure areas (like the alveoli) to low-pressure areas (like the capillaries).
    • Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries.
    • Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the alveoli.

    Gas Exchange: Oxygen Diffusion

    • Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood.
    • Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (air) is higher than in the capillaries (blood).
    • Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen to peripheral tissues.
    • Partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is lower than in the capillaries.
    • Oxygen moves from the blood into the tissues.

    Gas Exchange: Carbon Dioxide Diffusion

    • Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli.
    • Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the capillaries (blood) is higher than in the alveoli (air).
    • Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the blood as bicarbonate ions.

    Gas Exchange: When CO2 is Traveling Through Body

    • Bicarbonate is a key component of acid-base balance in the body.
    • A small portion of carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin.
    • The majority of carbon dioxide dissolves into the blood plasma.

    Gas Exchange: When O2 is Traveling Through Body

    • Most oxygen (95%) binds to hemoglobin.
    • The remaining 5% dissolves into the blood plasma.

    Hemoglobin (Hb)

    • Hemoglobin has 4 binding sites for oxygen molecules.
    • Millions of hemoglobin molecules are present in red blood cells.
    • Hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body.
    • Hemoglobin structure changes color depending on if it is bound to oxygen

    The Oxyhemoglobin Curve

    • Relationship between oxygen and saturation of hemoglobin and partial pressure of oxygen.
    • The curve can shift depending on various factors.
    • Normal physiology involves offloading oxygen in tissues and picking it back up in the lungs.

    Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)

    • Group of tests measuring lung function.
    • Diagnose lung diseases (asthma, COPD, and lung cancer or exposure and other factors).
    • Assess risk factors for lung disease.
    • Important for monitoring disease progression and treatment effectiveness.
    • Examples of PFTs include spirometry, lung plethysmography, lung diffusion testing, maximal voluntary ventilation.

    Pulmonary Volumes

    • Normal breathing (inhalation and exhalation)
    • Vital lung capacity (maximum amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation)
    • Total lung capacity (amount of lungs when fully inflated)
    • Measured using spirometry.

    Factors Effecting Pulmonary Volumes

    • Body size
    • Sex
    • Fitness
    • Airway obstructions
    • Function of ventilatory muscles

    Composition Of Air

    • Inhaled air contains roughly 21% oxygen.
    • Exhaled air has a lower amount of oxygen.
    • Various gases are present.

    Oxygen Extraction

    • Oxygen moves from high-pressure areas (alveoli) to low-pressure areas (tissues/capillaries).

    Exercise and Heart Rate

    • Heart rate increases with exercise.

    Exercise and Stroke Volume

    • Stroke volume increases substantially with exercise.

    Calculating Oxygen Consumption (VO2)

    • Calculated using Fick's equation (HR x SV x (CaO2 - CvO2)).

    VO2 Increases With Exercise Workload

    • Oxygen uptake reaches to a steady state to meet the energy demands from aerobic metabolism.

    What Happens With Exercise?

    • Oxygen deficit and oxygen debt during exercise reflect the fact that oxygen consumption increases with workloads.

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    Respiratory Physiology I PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of respiratory physiology in this quiz. Focus on the interaction between the respiratory and circulatory systems, their structures, and functions. Perfect for KINE 1020 students looking to reinforce their understanding of how oxygen is transported in the body.

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