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Questions and Answers
What is the primary physiological need for oxygen in the body?
What is the primary physiological need for oxygen in the body?
What role does hemoglobin (Hgb) play in oxygen transport?
What role does hemoglobin (Hgb) play in oxygen transport?
How does the partial pressure of oxygen affect hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?
How does the partial pressure of oxygen affect hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?
What happens to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen in working muscles?
What happens to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen in working muscles?
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What factor can contribute to hemoglobin becoming more 'sticky' for oxygen, even in lower partial pressures?
What factor can contribute to hemoglobin becoming more 'sticky' for oxygen, even in lower partial pressures?
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What is one function of the alveoli in the lungs related to oxygen?
What is one function of the alveoli in the lungs related to oxygen?
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What effect does low partial pressure of oxygen have on hemoglobin's oxygen binding?
What effect does low partial pressure of oxygen have on hemoglobin's oxygen binding?
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What is the relationship between muscle activity and oxygen demand?
What is the relationship between muscle activity and oxygen demand?
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Which statement about hemoglobin during low oxygen environments is correct?
Which statement about hemoglobin during low oxygen environments is correct?
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What percentage of oxygen does room air contain?
What percentage of oxygen does room air contain?
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Which factor can affect total lung capacity and FEV1?
Which factor can affect total lung capacity and FEV1?
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What do high oxygen pressure levels promote in the lungs?
What do high oxygen pressure levels promote in the lungs?
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What is a key role of transit time in oxygen extraction?
What is a key role of transit time in oxygen extraction?
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In the context of exhaled air at rest, what does the measurement of oxygen indicate?
In the context of exhaled air at rest, what does the measurement of oxygen indicate?
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Which body characteristic is NOT typically related to lung capacity and function?
Which body characteristic is NOT typically related to lung capacity and function?
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Why is knowing the volume and percent of oxygen important in respiratory physiology?
Why is knowing the volume and percent of oxygen important in respiratory physiology?
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What may happen in the presence of airway obstructions, such as asthma?
What may happen in the presence of airway obstructions, such as asthma?
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What is the primary purpose of pulmonary function tests (PFTs)?
What is the primary purpose of pulmonary function tests (PFTs)?
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Which test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your blood?
Which test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your blood?
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Which of the following conditions would likely prompt a healthcare professional to order a PFT?
Which of the following conditions would likely prompt a healthcare professional to order a PFT?
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What does FEV1 specifically measure in pulmonary function tests?
What does FEV1 specifically measure in pulmonary function tests?
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Which lung disease could potentially show a reduced FEV1 due to airway narrowing?
Which lung disease could potentially show a reduced FEV1 due to airway narrowing?
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What does lung plethysmography specifically measure?
What does lung plethysmography specifically measure?
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Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) assesses a person's ability to:
Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) assesses a person's ability to:
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What role do PFTs play in relation to chronic lung diseases such as COPD?
What role do PFTs play in relation to chronic lung diseases such as COPD?
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What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
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How does the diameter of airways affect airflow speed?
How does the diameter of airways affect airflow speed?
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What role does surfactant play in the alveoli?
What role does surfactant play in the alveoli?
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What is the purpose of the mucous in the nasal cavity?
What is the purpose of the mucous in the nasal cavity?
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Which of the following describes the relationship between oxygen and partial pressures during gas exchange?
Which of the following describes the relationship between oxygen and partial pressures during gas exchange?
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What component carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
What component carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
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In which structure does the voice production occur?
In which structure does the voice production occur?
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Which part of the respiratory system serves as the junction between the oral and nasal cavities?
Which part of the respiratory system serves as the junction between the oral and nasal cavities?
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What happens to airflow as the number of airway branches increases?
What happens to airflow as the number of airway branches increases?
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What occurs during the loading of oxygen in the gas exchange process?
What occurs during the loading of oxygen in the gas exchange process?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the upper respiratory tract?
Which of the following best describes the role of the upper respiratory tract?
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How does blood flow through the circulatory system relate to respiratory function?
How does blood flow through the circulatory system relate to respiratory function?
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What is the primary form in which CO2 is transported in the body?
What is the primary form in which CO2 is transported in the body?
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What is the percentage of oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the percentage of oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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How many binding sites does each hemoglobin molecule have for oxygen molecules?
How many binding sites does each hemoglobin molecule have for oxygen molecules?
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What physiological change occurs in the blood when you exercise?
What physiological change occurs in the blood when you exercise?
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What small percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin?
What small percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin?
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What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?
What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?
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Which physiological adaptation occurs when training at high altitudes?
Which physiological adaptation occurs when training at high altitudes?
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What percentage of oxygen dissolves directly into the blood plasma?
What percentage of oxygen dissolves directly into the blood plasma?
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Which component plays a key role in acid-base balance related to CO2 transport?
Which component plays a key role in acid-base balance related to CO2 transport?
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What occurs to CO2 levels when you exercise intensively?
What occurs to CO2 levels when you exercise intensively?
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What does FVC measure in respiratory assessment?
What does FVC measure in respiratory assessment?
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What does a decreased FVC value typically indicate?
What does a decreased FVC value typically indicate?
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What is the normal range for the FEV1/FVC ratio in healthy adults?
What is the normal range for the FEV1/FVC ratio in healthy adults?
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Which type of lung condition is suggested by a lower FEV1/FVC ratio?
Which type of lung condition is suggested by a lower FEV1/FVC ratio?
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What does the Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) measure?
What does the Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) measure?
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Total Lung Capacity is defined as?
Total Lung Capacity is defined as?
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What is the primary difference between inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?
What is the primary difference between inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?
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Which pulmonary measure represents the volume of air during normal breathing?
Which pulmonary measure represents the volume of air during normal breathing?
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What is represented by Residual Volume?
What is represented by Residual Volume?
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Which factors can influence pulmonary volumes?
Which factors can influence pulmonary volumes?
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What occurs during a spirometry test?
What occurs during a spirometry test?
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What does a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio with reduced values suggest?
What does a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio with reduced values suggest?
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Which measurement helps assess how much air is exhaled forcefully?
Which measurement helps assess how much air is exhaled forcefully?
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Study Notes
KINE 1020: Respiratory Physiology I
- Course focuses on respiratory physiology.
Quick Review: Circulatory System
- Components include the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Blood travels from the right heart to the lungs to become oxygenated, then returns to the left heart.
- Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs.
- Cardiac output (Q) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR).
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system includes the circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, skeletal system, and muscular system.
- The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
- The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
- The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, and joints.
- The muscular system includes skeletal muscles.
Respiratory System Function
- Upper respiratory tract: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
- Nasal cavity warms, cools, humidifies air, filters out particles, and detects smells.
- Pharynx is the junction of oral and nasal cavities. Also part of the digestive system.
- Larynx contains vocal cords. Protects the airways.
- Lower respiratory tract: Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs.
- Trachea (windpipe) connects to the lungs.
- Primary bronchi branch into smaller tubes.
- Lungs are the primary organs for gas exchange, filled with alveoli.
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Trachea branches into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi.
- Bronchioles are smaller branches of bronchi.
- Terminal bronchioles lead to alveoli, the site of gas exchange.
- Alveoli are tiny air sacs where oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.
Respiratory Physiology Part 2
- Conducting zone vs. Respiratory zone: different sections of the respiratory system with different functionalities
- Conducting zone includes airways which filter, warm, and moisten incoming air.
- Respiratory zone contains alveoli (and the surrounding capillaries) for gas exchange.
- Alveoli contain a large surface area and thin walls for efficient gas exchange.
Respiratory System and Vascular System Need to Slow Down for Effective Gas Transfer
- Air and blood flow is slowed to maximize gas exchange time.
- The design of the respiratory and vascular systems has many branches and thin walls to maximize surface area.
- Air and blood pressure are designed to be optimal pressures for gas exchange.
Alveoli
- Alveoli are sac-like structures forming the primary site of gas exchange.
- They have thin walls for efficient gas diffusion.
- Surrounded by capillaries for rapid transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Surfactant lowers the surface tension to prevent over- or under-inflation.
Gas Exchange
- Diffusion is the primary mechanism for gas exchange.
- Pressure gradients (difference in gas pressure) drive the movement of gases from high-pressure areas (like the alveoli) to low-pressure areas (like the capillaries).
- Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries.
- Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the alveoli.
Gas Exchange: Oxygen Diffusion
- Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood.
- Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (air) is higher than in the capillaries (blood).
- Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen to peripheral tissues.
- Partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is lower than in the capillaries.
- Oxygen moves from the blood into the tissues.
Gas Exchange: Carbon Dioxide Diffusion
- Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli.
- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the capillaries (blood) is higher than in the alveoli (air).
- Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the blood as bicarbonate ions.
Gas Exchange: When CO2 is Traveling Through Body
- Bicarbonate is a key component of acid-base balance in the body.
- A small portion of carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin.
- The majority of carbon dioxide dissolves into the blood plasma.
Gas Exchange: When O2 is Traveling Through Body
- Most oxygen (95%) binds to hemoglobin.
- The remaining 5% dissolves into the blood plasma.
Hemoglobin (Hb)
- Hemoglobin has 4 binding sites for oxygen molecules.
- Millions of hemoglobin molecules are present in red blood cells.
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body.
- Hemoglobin structure changes color depending on if it is bound to oxygen
The Oxyhemoglobin Curve
- Relationship between oxygen and saturation of hemoglobin and partial pressure of oxygen.
- The curve can shift depending on various factors.
- Normal physiology involves offloading oxygen in tissues and picking it back up in the lungs.
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
- Group of tests measuring lung function.
- Diagnose lung diseases (asthma, COPD, and lung cancer or exposure and other factors).
- Assess risk factors for lung disease.
- Important for monitoring disease progression and treatment effectiveness.
- Examples of PFTs include spirometry, lung plethysmography, lung diffusion testing, maximal voluntary ventilation.
Pulmonary Volumes
- Normal breathing (inhalation and exhalation)
- Vital lung capacity (maximum amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation)
- Total lung capacity (amount of lungs when fully inflated)
- Measured using spirometry.
Factors Effecting Pulmonary Volumes
- Body size
- Sex
- Fitness
- Airway obstructions
- Function of ventilatory muscles
Composition Of Air
- Inhaled air contains roughly 21% oxygen.
- Exhaled air has a lower amount of oxygen.
- Various gases are present.
Oxygen Extraction
- Oxygen moves from high-pressure areas (alveoli) to low-pressure areas (tissues/capillaries).
Exercise and Heart Rate
- Heart rate increases with exercise.
Exercise and Stroke Volume
- Stroke volume increases substantially with exercise.
Calculating Oxygen Consumption (VO2)
- Calculated using Fick's equation (HR x SV x (CaO2 - CvO2)).
VO2 Increases With Exercise Workload
- Oxygen uptake reaches to a steady state to meet the energy demands from aerobic metabolism.
What Happens With Exercise?
- Oxygen deficit and oxygen debt during exercise reflect the fact that oxygen consumption increases with workloads.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of respiratory physiology in this quiz. Focus on the interaction between the respiratory and circulatory systems, their structures, and functions. Perfect for KINE 1020 students looking to reinforce their understanding of how oxygen is transported in the body.