KINE 1020: Respiratory Physiology I
61 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary physiological need for oxygen in the body?

  • To transport carbon dioxide to the lungs
  • To offload oxygen to tissues and muscles (correct)
  • To increase blood pressure
  • To boost metabolic rate

What role does hemoglobin (Hgb) play in oxygen transport?

  • It stores oxygen for future tissue oxygenation (correct)
  • It regulates body temperature
  • It breaks down carbon dioxide in the lungs
  • It directly consumes oxygen in the muscles

How does the partial pressure of oxygen affect hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?

  • Higher partial pressure decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
  • Partial pressure has no effect on hemoglobin's binding capacity
  • Higher partial pressure increases the stickiness of hemoglobin to oxygen (correct)
  • Lower partial pressure makes hemoglobin more sticky for oxygen binding

What happens to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen in working muscles?

<p>It decreases, allowing for more oxygen release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can contribute to hemoglobin becoming more 'sticky' for oxygen, even in lower partial pressures?

<p>Higher carbon dioxide levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the alveoli in the lungs related to oxygen?

<p>They facilitate gas exchange by allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does low partial pressure of oxygen have on hemoglobin's oxygen binding?

<p>It decreases oxygen binding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between muscle activity and oxygen demand?

<p>Muscle activity increases the need for oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hemoglobin during low oxygen environments is correct?

<p>Hemoglobin becomes less effective at delivering oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen does room air contain?

<p>21% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can affect total lung capacity and FEV1?

<p>Fitness level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do high oxygen pressure levels promote in the lungs?

<p>Oxygen diffusion into the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of transit time in oxygen extraction?

<p>It limits the time for diffusion to occur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of exhaled air at rest, what does the measurement of oxygen indicate?

<p>The percentage of oxygen retained by the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body characteristic is NOT typically related to lung capacity and function?

<p>Hair color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is knowing the volume and percent of oxygen important in respiratory physiology?

<p>It indicates the efficiency of oxygen utilization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may happen in the presence of airway obstructions, such as asthma?

<p>Reduced oxygen extraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pulmonary function tests (PFTs)?

<p>To diagnose and monitor lung diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your blood?

<p>Lung diffusion testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would likely prompt a healthcare professional to order a PFT?

<p>Shortness of breath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does FEV1 specifically measure in pulmonary function tests?

<p>Volume of air exhaled in one second (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung disease could potentially show a reduced FEV1 due to airway narrowing?

<p>Asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does lung plethysmography specifically measure?

<p>The total amount of air in the lungs after inhalation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) assesses a person's ability to:

<p>Breathe quickly and deeply for a time period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do PFTs play in relation to chronic lung diseases such as COPD?

<p>Diagnosing and monitoring disease progression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

<p>Gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

<p>CO = SV x HR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the diameter of airways affect airflow speed?

<p>Larger airway increases speed until branching occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does surfactant play in the alveoli?

<p>Prevents alveolar collapse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mucous in the nasal cavity?

<p>Filters and humidifies air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between oxygen and partial pressures during gas exchange?

<p>Oxygen moves from alveoli to capillaries due to higher partial pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

<p>Pulmonary artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which structure does the voice production occur?

<p>Larynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system serves as the junction between the oral and nasal cavities?

<p>Pharynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to airflow as the number of airway branches increases?

<p>Airflow slows down (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the loading of oxygen in the gas exchange process?

<p>Oxygen moves from alveoli into capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the upper respiratory tract?

<p>Warms and humidifies incoming air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood flow through the circulatory system relate to respiratory function?

<p>Slow blood flow maximizes gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form in which CO2 is transported in the body?

<p>As bicarbonate (HCO−3) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells?

<p>95% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many binding sites does each hemoglobin molecule have for oxygen molecules?

<p>4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in the blood when you exercise?

<p>The blood gets acidic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What small percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin?

<p>15% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?

<p>The relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological adaptation occurs when training at high altitudes?

<p>Increased hemoglobin production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen dissolves directly into the blood plasma?

<p>5% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component plays a key role in acid-base balance related to CO2 transport?

<p>Bicarbonate (HCO−3) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to CO2 levels when you exercise intensively?

<p>They accumulate and become harder to exhale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does FVC measure in respiratory assessment?

<p>The total volume of air exhaled after a deep inhalation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a decreased FVC value typically indicate?

<p>Restricted lung function or lung disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for the FEV1/FVC ratio in healthy adults?

<p>75-80% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lung condition is suggested by a lower FEV1/FVC ratio?

<p>Obstructive lung disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) measure?

<p>The highest speed at which air can be exhaled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Total Lung Capacity is defined as?

<p>Vital capacity plus residual volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?

<p>Inspiratory is air that can be inhaled after normal breath; expiratory is after exhaling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pulmonary measure represents the volume of air during normal breathing?

<p>Tidal Volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by Residual Volume?

<p>Air left in the lungs after maximum expiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors can influence pulmonary volumes?

<p>Age, height, and weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a spirometry test?

<p>Assessing the volume of air inhaled and exhaled (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a normal or high FEV1/FVC ratio with reduced values suggest?

<p>Restrictive lung conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measurement helps assess how much air is exhaled forcefully?

<p>FEV1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiratory System Function

The primary function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide.

Nasal Cavity Functions

Warms and cools air to body temperature, humidifies air, filters air to remove dust and other particles, eliminates dust and other particles via mucous, and provides the sense of smell.

Pharynx Function

The junction of the oral and nasal cavities. It warms, cools, and humidifies air. It is also part of the digestive system.

Larynx Function

Contains the vocal cords, and protects the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trachea Function

The trachea is the primary airway leading to the lungs. It branches into the left and right primary bronchi.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bronchi Structure

Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi, which further branch into tertiary bronchi. These bronchi continue to branch into smaller and smaller airways called bronchioles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bronchioles Function

The smallest branches of the bronchi, where air passage gets smaller and slower.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alveoli Function

Tiny air sacs in the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. They are surrounded by capillaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Surfactant Function

A slippery substance that coats the walls of alveoli, reducing surface tension and preventing them from collapsing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gas Exchange

The movement of gases between the alveoli and capillaries, driven by their differences in pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen Diffusion

Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen Pressure Gradient

The difference in pressure between the oxygen in the alveoli and the oxygen in the capillaries drives the diffusion of oxygen into the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen Diffusion to Tissue

Once oxygenated blood reaches the tissues, oxygen diffuses from the capillaries into the cells, supplying them with the oxygen needed for cellular respiration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbon Dioxide Diffusion

Carbon dioxide produced by cells diffuses from the tissues into the capillaries, then travels back to the lungs to be exhaled.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiac Output Formula

The formula Q = SV x HR relates cardiac output (Q) to stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR). It helps understand how the heart pumps blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capillaries

The tiny blood vessels where gas exchange occurs between blood and tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hemoglobin

A molecule that carries oxygen in the blood, found in red blood cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as bicarbonate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

The relationship between the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin and the oxygen pressure in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen Saturation (SaO2)

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen (PaO2)

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why does breathing become harder during exercise ?

When you exercise, your muscles produce more CO2, making your blood more acidic and harder to breathe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acid-Base Balance

The body's ability to buffer changes in pH (acidity and alkalinity).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hemoglobin carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Hemoglobin can carry both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Training at higher altitudes

Training at higher altitudes can increase the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hemoglobin's oxygen affinity

The tendency of hemoglobin to hold onto oxygen, measured by how tightly it binds to oxygen molecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)

The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture, such as the air we breathe, specifically referring to the amount of oxygen present.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen transport

The process where red blood cells deliver oxygen to the tissues and pick up carbon dioxide for transport to the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High pO2 (in the lungs)

The oxygen content in the lungs, typically high due to the constantly replenished oxygen supply from breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Low pO2 (in working muscles)

The oxygen content in working muscles, typically low because the muscles are constantly using oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factors affecting oxygen affinity

Factors that influence how strongly hemoglobin holds onto oxygen, impacting the delivery of oxygen to tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High oxygen affinity

When hemoglobin binds tightly to oxygen, making it less likely to release oxygen to the tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Low oxygen affinity

When hemoglobin binds loosely to oxygen, making it easier to release oxygen to the tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypoxia

A condition where the body's tissues lack sufficient oxygen, often due to decreased oxygen delivery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperoxia

A state of high oxygen levels in the blood, usually occurring in the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)?

A group of tests measuring lung function, including how much air you can exhale and how quickly, the amount of air in your lungs, and how well oxygen moves into your blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is FEV1?

This test measures the amount of air you can forcefully exhale in one second. A lower than normal FEV1 can indicate airway blockages or restrictions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does Spirometry measure?

Measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can exhale it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does Lung Plethysmography measure?

Measures how much air is in your lungs after a deep breath and how much is left after you exhale.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does Lung Diffusion Testing measure?

Measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) measure?

Measures how well you can breathe rapidly and deeply for a set period of time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why do we use PFTs?

Used to evaluate respiratory function and diagnose lung diseases such as asthma, COPD, and lung cancer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the key uses of PFTs?

They help diagnose and monitor lung diseases, evaluate respiratory function, and identify risk factors for lung disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

The maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after taking the deepest possible breath.

Signup and view all the flashcards

FEV1/FVC Ratio

The ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC). It helps distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)

The highest speed at which a person can exhale. This is particularly relevant for asthma management.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

The total amount of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation, including the vital capacity and the residual volume.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vital Capacity (VC)

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after taking a maximal inhalation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tidal Volume (TV)

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Residual Volume (RV)

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Volumes

Factors that influence pulmonary volumes include age, height, and weight.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spirometry Tests

Spirometry tests are used to measure lung function, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Time (Spirometry)

The time taken to exhale air during a spirometry test.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flow (Spirometry)

The speed at which air flows out of the lungs during a spirometry test.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Volume (Spirometry)

The volume of air exhaled during a spirometry test.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen Diffusion & Pressure Gradient

Oxygen's movement from the alveoli (lungs) into the blood relies on a difference in pressure (gradient), like water flowing downhill. Higher oxygen pressure in the alveoli drives it into the lower pressure blood in the capillaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen Extraction

The amount of oxygen that gets absorbed by the body is measured by taking the difference between the oxygen levels in the air you breathe in and the air you breathe out.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factors Affecting Lung Capacity & Oxygen Use

Factors like body size, sex, and fitness can influence how much air your lungs can hold and how efficiently your body uses oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alveoli Role in Gas Exchange

Alveoli are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. Their thin walls and close contact with blood vessels allow oxygen to pass into the blood and carbon dioxide to be removed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

The amount of air a person can exhale forcefully after taking a deep breath.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Total Lung Capacity

The total volume of air your lungs can hold; it's a maximum capacity measure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen Levels in Inhaled & Exhaled Air

The air you breathe in contains around 21% oxygen. However, the body consumes some of this oxygen, so the air you breathe out has a lower percentage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

KINE 1020: Respiratory Physiology I

  • Course focuses on respiratory physiology.

Quick Review: Circulatory System

  • Components include the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
  • Blood travels from the right heart to the lungs to become oxygenated, then returns to the left heart.
  • Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
  • Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs.
  • Cardiac output (Q) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR).

Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system includes the circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, skeletal system, and muscular system.
  • The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
  • The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
  • The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
  • The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
  • The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, and joints.
  • The muscular system includes skeletal muscles.

Respiratory System Function

  • Upper respiratory tract: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
  • Nasal cavity warms, cools, humidifies air, filters out particles, and detects smells.
  • Pharynx is the junction of oral and nasal cavities. Also part of the digestive system.
  • Larynx contains vocal cords. Protects the airways.
  • Lower respiratory tract: Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs.
  • Trachea (windpipe) connects to the lungs.
  • Primary bronchi branch into smaller tubes.
  • Lungs are the primary organs for gas exchange, filled with alveoli.

Lower Respiratory Tract

  • Trachea branches into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi.
  • Bronchioles are smaller branches of bronchi.
  • Terminal bronchioles lead to alveoli, the site of gas exchange.
  • Alveoli are tiny air sacs where oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.

Respiratory Physiology Part 2

  • Conducting zone vs. Respiratory zone: different sections of the respiratory system with different functionalities
  • Conducting zone includes airways which filter, warm, and moisten incoming air.
  • Respiratory zone contains alveoli (and the surrounding capillaries) for gas exchange.
  • Alveoli contain a large surface area and thin walls for efficient gas exchange.

Respiratory System and Vascular System Need to Slow Down for Effective Gas Transfer

  • Air and blood flow is slowed to maximize gas exchange time.
  • The design of the respiratory and vascular systems has many branches and thin walls to maximize surface area.
  • Air and blood pressure are designed to be optimal pressures for gas exchange.

Alveoli

  • Alveoli are sac-like structures forming the primary site of gas exchange.
  • They have thin walls for efficient gas diffusion.
  • Surrounded by capillaries for rapid transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Surfactant lowers the surface tension to prevent over- or under-inflation.

Gas Exchange

  • Diffusion is the primary mechanism for gas exchange.
  • Pressure gradients (difference in gas pressure) drive the movement of gases from high-pressure areas (like the alveoli) to low-pressure areas (like the capillaries).
  • Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries.
  • Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the alveoli.

Gas Exchange: Oxygen Diffusion

  • Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood.
  • Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (air) is higher than in the capillaries (blood).
  • Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen to peripheral tissues.
  • Partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues is lower than in the capillaries.
  • Oxygen moves from the blood into the tissues.

Gas Exchange: Carbon Dioxide Diffusion

  • Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli.
  • Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the capillaries (blood) is higher than in the alveoli (air).
  • Carbon dioxide is transported primarily in the blood as bicarbonate ions.

Gas Exchange: When CO2 is Traveling Through Body

  • Bicarbonate is a key component of acid-base balance in the body.
  • A small portion of carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin.
  • The majority of carbon dioxide dissolves into the blood plasma.

Gas Exchange: When O2 is Traveling Through Body

  • Most oxygen (95%) binds to hemoglobin.
  • The remaining 5% dissolves into the blood plasma.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

  • Hemoglobin has 4 binding sites for oxygen molecules.
  • Millions of hemoglobin molecules are present in red blood cells.
  • Hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body.
  • Hemoglobin structure changes color depending on if it is bound to oxygen

The Oxyhemoglobin Curve

  • Relationship between oxygen and saturation of hemoglobin and partial pressure of oxygen.
  • The curve can shift depending on various factors.
  • Normal physiology involves offloading oxygen in tissues and picking it back up in the lungs.

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)

  • Group of tests measuring lung function.
  • Diagnose lung diseases (asthma, COPD, and lung cancer or exposure and other factors).
  • Assess risk factors for lung disease.
  • Important for monitoring disease progression and treatment effectiveness.
  • Examples of PFTs include spirometry, lung plethysmography, lung diffusion testing, maximal voluntary ventilation.

Pulmonary Volumes

  • Normal breathing (inhalation and exhalation)
  • Vital lung capacity (maximum amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation)
  • Total lung capacity (amount of lungs when fully inflated)
  • Measured using spirometry.

Factors Effecting Pulmonary Volumes

  • Body size
  • Sex
  • Fitness
  • Airway obstructions
  • Function of ventilatory muscles

Composition Of Air

  • Inhaled air contains roughly 21% oxygen.
  • Exhaled air has a lower amount of oxygen.
  • Various gases are present.

Oxygen Extraction

  • Oxygen moves from high-pressure areas (alveoli) to low-pressure areas (tissues/capillaries).

Exercise and Heart Rate

  • Heart rate increases with exercise.

Exercise and Stroke Volume

  • Stroke volume increases substantially with exercise.

Calculating Oxygen Consumption (VO2)

  • Calculated using Fick's equation (HR x SV x (CaO2 - CvO2)).

VO2 Increases With Exercise Workload

  • Oxygen uptake reaches to a steady state to meet the energy demands from aerobic metabolism.

What Happens With Exercise?

  • Oxygen deficit and oxygen debt during exercise reflect the fact that oxygen consumption increases with workloads.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Respiratory Physiology I PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of respiratory physiology in this quiz. Focus on the interaction between the respiratory and circulatory systems, their structures, and functions. Perfect for KINE 1020 students looking to reinforce their understanding of how oxygen is transported in the body.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser