Autonomic Nervous System Notes PDF

AutonomicNervous system ANS Uselfgoverned PartOfEfferentdivision FUNCTIONS FEATURES adjustsactivityofglandscardiac smoothmusclevisceralorgansbloodvessels involuntary unconscious 2Divisions sympatheticsnsparasympatheticPSNS visceralReflexes visceralreflexes auto...

AutonomicNervous system ANS Uselfgoverned PartOfEfferentdivision FUNCTIONS FEATURES adjustsactivityofglandscardiac smoothmusclevisceralorgansbloodvessels involuntary unconscious 2Divisions sympatheticsnsparasympatheticPSNS visceralReflexes visceralreflexes autonomicinvoluntary stereotyped likesomaticreflexesexceptslowerandinvolvevisceralreceptorseffectors 8 FUNCTION Maintainhomeostasis reflex BP exBaro Thereceptorsenses BP Travelstotheintegratingcenter throughtheglossopharynge nerve Travelstotheeffectort hroughthevagusnerve HR BP Scis.Aonomicmotorcntro.IE tiiEinp 1 neuronfromspinalcord onlymyelinatedfiber Flaysexcitatory ftp.a tginY ti iaa.am 2neuronsfromspinalcord myelinatedpre ganglionicfiber g anglionic unmyelinatedpost or'putonomic meet theneurons ganglion where SympatheticNervoussystemt FlightorFight Fromexercise stress traumadanger Causes bloodflowto skeletalm usclesTHR BP respirationrateairflow bloodglucose dialatespupils alertness bloodflowtodigestivesystem ThoracolumbarDivision T L2 adrenalmedulla exception shortbrteganglionicfibers sympatheticchainganglia long postganglionic fibers Nervesmayhavebranches Widespreadeffect BMEM.PT etiggYTussystm g normalbodymaintenance calmingeffect causes HR constrictspupils e limination Reproduction glycogensynthesisNRG digestion waste stora craniol sacralDivision brainstem52 54spinalnerves lionicfibers Terminalganglia hearttargetorgan shortprostganglionicfibers Long pregling Fewbranches muchmoreselective  VagusNerve I carries190 ofallPSNSFibers NeurotransmittersoftheAN.su AchR maticNs CNS skeletalm usclesandarealways excitatory Ach N NS Autonomic ganglion smooth cardiacmuscles61 N AChR Achareexcitatory M AChr PENS EYE m uscle 01 we Adrenergicreceptors g anglionicfibers smooth cardiac canshe YET 19 19 nth.BYorfhortpre EPI Adrenalmedulla secretes e pinephrine Norepinephrine Ne directlyintobloodstream continueto widespread lastingeffectsofSNS long Dualinnervation AhostorgansreceivebothSNS orPSNSinput Theeffectscanbe SNS HRDilatepupil PSNS HRconstrictpupil each antagonisticoppose other cooperative unifiedoveralleffect savilation SNSsecretemucusPSNSs ecreteswateryfluid sensest InAfferentdivision somatic visceral generalsenses specials ensory tastesI mell hearingequilibrium vision SensoryReceptors convertschemicalp hysicals timulus intonervesignal lang rayof nervoussystem Sensation awareness nerve signalmustreachbrain detectstimulus somearesensoryneuronssomearereceptor cellsthatstimulate s ensoryneurons sensoryneuronssendstimulusN RG membranetocreateAP throughreceptor Sensorgans haveneurons othert issuesthatenhancestimulus exeye ear coding stimuliareconvertedintoa patternofAPthatprovidesinformation Sensory location intensityduration about Stimuluslocation areainnervated ReceptiveField bysensoryneuron stimulationanywherewithin receptive fieldactivatessameneuron largeReceptiveFields lesssensitive hardtopinpointstimulus visceralorgansback SmallReceptiveFieldsMoresensitivefiner touchdiscrimination FingerLips Stimulusintensity stimulusstrength activatedneuron APFrequency brainwillperceivestimulus asmoreintense StimulusDuration sensoryadaptation ADfiringgetsslower orstopovertimesoyoubecomelessaware phasic adaptrapidly smellreceptors hair mum t tempreceptors Tonic APFrequencyovertime bodyposition painreceptors StimulusType modality differentreceptors are designed torespond todifferentstimuli AP from each receptortravel alonguniquepathwaystobe a specific region of thebrai associatedwith thattype ofstimulus labledlinecode Info from sensoryneuronscombines w other sensesmemoryemotionswhichthengoes preparation and Interpretation PerceptionFactors Receptoradaptation emotions personalityexperiencefilteringbythalamusdamagedpathw SensoryReceptors General receptors inskin musclesvisceralorgans touchpressure stretchtemppain Special receptorsinhead tastesmellhearingequilibriumvision ReceptorTypes Modality Thermoreceptors Temperature photoreceptors light nociceptorspaintissue damage  P 1 chemoreceptors chemicals mechanoreceptors physicaldeformation proprioceptors bodpos mum't Generals enses Thermonociceptors paintemp Freenerveendings metathesis YouThe's'Ve Fact.it dischairreceptortactilecorpuscle proprioceptorsmechano musclespindles tendonorgan endbulbbulbouscorpusclelamellarcorpuscle Pain Discomfortcausedbyinjury ornoxiouss timulation leadstoevasivea ction releasec hemicalsthatactivatenociceptors injuredcells FastPaintravelthroughmyelinatedfibers 1230msec sharppain Slowpain travelthroughunmyelinatedfibers0.52mseddullpain Referredpain paininvisceral organsthatisperceivedtocomefromsomewhereelse duetoneuralpathwaysfromvisceralorgans skincoverageonsameinterneuronsinCNSbraincan'td istinguishsource AscendingPathways generalsensoryinfo 1storderneuron 2ndordern euron 3rdorder cortexpost neuron somesthetic central gyrus otherpathwayssend paintolimbicsystem hypothalamus proprioception tocerebellumvisceraltomedullaoblo pain Modulationof b lockpain endogenousopioids transmission inspinalcorddontperceivepainwhen theresastimulus painperceptionishighlyvariablesubjectivevariustechniquescanlessenpain taste Gustation chemicalss timulatetaste cellswithintastebuds ions Nat ut salty metal sweet sugars sour acids bitter alkaloids umamin aminoacids taste combo perceived of5tastes smelltemptexturesight t asteb udsonpapillae 14000 stem cellsreplacetaste every710 cells days ansand Tastec ellsareepithelial have c hemoreceptors release of Ntontosensory n eurons Facialv11glossoixvagus Smell olfaction Olfactorybulb upper anterior nasalc avity cribiform plate olfactorymucosa sensory cellsresponsiblefordetectingodors Olfactorycelln euron contains1 of 350kindsofonemoreceptorsthatbindodorantm olecules adaptrapidly phasic perceptioneffected byhungersextagememory basalcellsreplaceolfactorycellsevery60days olfactorybulb olfactorytract c ortex primaryolfactory hypothalamus amygdala smellinfo doesnotgothroughthalamus Anatomy of ear outer Funnelforconductingsoundwavestoeardrum Auricle auditorycanal middle ossiclesstapesincusmalleus tubepassageway upper auditory throatnasalequalizep ressure m embrane tympanic inner ductsnequilibrium vestibulesemicircular cochleamhearing  auditorytubeisshorterhorizontalonkids soeasierforinfections spread to perilymph CSF scalavestibule scalatympani Endolymph ISF cochlearduct spiral organconvertsvibrationsinto nerveimpulsesTectoral hairs narrells basilar physiologyofhearing soundwavesaudiblevibrationsofmolecules Frequencyofwave Ditch Amplitudeof wave loudness wavesof compression moleculespushagainsteach other soundwave goesthroughtympanicmembranetoairfilledmiddleearthroughoralwindowtofluidfilledinnerea basilarm embranesthroughroundwindow through Vibrationswavesmove chambers through basilarm embranetovibrateincertainlocations causing soundwaves basilarm embrane tomove Tectorialmembranedoesn'tmove c ause haircellsp ushedagainsttectoria membrane ciliabend connectedbytiplinks tiplinkspullionchannelsopen flowinanddepolarizeHaircellstha ions NTreleasedontocochlearnerveinthatlocation mechanomoreceptors Pitch determined bywhichpartofbasilarmembranevibrates lowfrequency 20800ns Hz cannearbest mediumfrequency 1,5004,000 highFrequency 7,00020,000Hz loudnesshowmanyhair bend increased APfrequency cells Equilibrium vestibularApparatus ductsanteriorlateralp osterior vestibulesacculeutricle semicircular Staticequilibrium perceptionoforientation ofheadwhenstationary utriclesaccule Dynamicequilibrium perception ofmotionacceleration linear changeinvelocity instraightline utriclesaccule angular changeinrate ofrotation semicircular mechanoreceptors Otiolithsaddweighttomembrane whenheadpositionchanges membranebendshaircells mechanoreceptors vestibularpathways vestibularcortex8awareoforientationofhead Nucleifor mum 8keep eye eyesontarget balance Vestibularcerebellum motorcoordination keep spinaltracts posturalreflexeskeepbalance Vestibulo vision 6extrinsiceyemuscles nerve oculomotor ill superiorrectusmedialrectusinferiorrectus inferioroblique Trochlearn ervein superioro blique Abducens nerve V1 lateralrectus eyelidskeepsthingsout eyelasheseyebrows ofeye flowacross Lacrimalglandsecretestearstears into eye m ose theycleanselubricatedeliveroz nutrientstoconjunctiva eyefromdryingoutandishighlyvascular thatp revents pinkeye conjunctiva transparent mucusmembrane contuctivitis Anatomy ofeye 3layers 1 scleratcornea 28choroid iris ciliarybody 38Retina opticnerve Fibrouslayer thetraitspithiest Famit reflectlight vascularlayer Choroidhighlyvascular pigment Cilliarybodymuscularringaroundlens iris controlspupildiameter Neurallayer Retinacontainsp hotoreceptors OpticnerveCN II opticalc omponentsrefract Focuslight body gellthatmaintainsshapeof eye keepretinginplace vitreous cataractscloudingoflens Glaucoma pressure ineye bloodsupplytoretina damage imageformation Refraction8bendingoflight rays Whenlightraysstrike atangle bend most corneab endslight lensfinetunes Accommodation changeincurvatureoflenstofocusnear objects Infocusdistantvisionhasrelaxedciliarymuscles flattenedlens outofocusnearvisionw oaccommodation infocusnearv isionwaccommodationhas moreconvexlenscontractedciliarymuscle Defectsofimage formation Emmetropia normal Hyperopia Farsighted eyeballtoshort Myopia nearsighted eyeballtoo planeinfrontofretinauseconcavelens long focal Retina Foveacentralis imagesfocusedhere b chighconcentration ofcones MaculaLutea maculardegeneration8Fatbuildupofextrabloodvessels deteriationofmacula causesblurry vision alteredcolorp erception disc whereaxonsleaveretinatobecome CNIIhasnophotoreceptors blindspot optic photoreceptors sensorycellsthatrespondtolight Rods forlowlightvision highsensitivity lowresolution nocolorconcentratedinperiphery visionfinedetailhighresolutiononlyworkinbrighterlightlow cones forcolor sensitivity concentrated foveacentralis pigments 400700wavelength rods Photo Rhodospin cones1of3typesof p horospin spinsthat areactivated perceivedcolorbasedon3typesofphoto soitdoesn'treflect pigmente pithelium absorbslight back visualpathway each eyehasleft rightvisualfield eye nerve Hemi optic tract chiasm optical decussationoptic thalamus lobeprocesses visualcortex occipital leftvisualfieldgoestorightsideofbrain Rightvisualfieldgoestoleftsideofbrain  g niIE1yhTse9hfEcEiffel.comsulsesandNT Yfhtm.tt itEEi adaptsq uickly muimoms Endocrinesystem communicates bymeansofhormones into releasesh ormones bloodstreamfor generaldistribution generalw idespreadeffects s lowlytostimulisec reacts days afterstimulusstops continuetorespondlong adaptsslowlydayweeks Exocrine outside secrete Endocrine8insidesecrete useducts noducts secretionsontosurfaceorintotract secretions into bloodstream ex sweatglanddigestiveenzymes ex hormones Modes of communication 1 hormonesecretingglandcell intobloodstreambloodvessel canactfarfromsecretionsight targette hormone released 2Nervecellnerveimpulse NT neuronofeffectorcell 3Localcell paracrineagentnexttosecreteintotissuefluidactoncellscloseby targetc ell 4 localcell autocrinecell selfsecreteactsoncellthatsecretes.it Hormonereceptors8determinewhichtissuesrespondto ahormone 1 secretorycell 2 chemicalmessenger 3 allthathasthereceptor 4 createsresponse celltypesexpressdifferentreceptors Different onlycellsthathave areceptorforahormonewillrespond tothath ormone Typesof hormones Peptides8musth ormones steroids8 Monoamines madefromaminoacids madefromcholesterol madefrom tyrosine hydrophilick likes20 hydrophobicdo notlike H 2o Thyroidhormone hydrophobic travelfreelyinblood tobindtotransportproteinsinblood need thyroxine blindtoextracellularreceptors bindtointracellularreceptors catecholamineshydrophilic Fasteffect slowerefrect Epi Ne Rapidlydegraded longlasting Epinephrine Transport Mechanism ofaction Hormone Freehormones peptidehormones inblood totargetcell activates2ⁿᵈmessanger Hydrophilich ormonebinds System releaseATPppitCAMP enzymeactivation variousm etabolice ffects Changcellactivityfast Boundhormones steroid thyroidbind totransportp roteins inblood hydrophobichormone receptorinnucleusbin tointracellularreceptor genetranscription Changgeneslow MRNA proteinsynthesis metaboliceffects Endocrineglands notanatomicallyconnected notnecessarilyphysiologicallyconnected  IP 9 1 havemultiplenonendocrinefunctions somesecretemultiplehormones pituitarygland8hypothalamus posteriorlobe anteriorlobe posteriorpituitary posterior nervoustissue nervesignalfromhypothalamuscausesrelease ofh ormonesfromposteriorpituitary hormonesmade incellbodiesin hypothalamus oxytocin OTuterinecontractionsmilkrelease ADH waterretentioninkidneys hormones are storedinaxonterminals inposteriorpituitary 8 Anteriorpituitary Hypothalamichormones GNRHTRHCRH GHRHSS travelshortdistancein bloodvesselstostimulatethereleaseof anteriorlobehormones Anteriorlobehormones FSH LHTSHACTHGH bloodvesselsconnect hypothalamuswithanteriorpituitary Hormonepathways 8 TRH8Hypothalamus anterior pituitary TSH thyroid TH GnRH8Hypothalamus anteriorpituitary LH FSH testisor ovary testosterone or estrogenprogesterone CRH8Hypothalamus anteriorpituitary ACTH adrenal cortex cortisol GH RHHypothalamus anteriorpituitary GH Oliveror fatmusclebone IGF fatmusclebone Negativefeedback abilitytosense change activatemechanismstomaintainhomeostasis stimulus Hypothalmanneriffarryonormorantonaringland normones metaboliceffects ownsecretion regulates Thyroidgland largestpureendocrine gland secretes13TH thyroidhormone TH Thyroidhormone Stimuluscold Hypothalatanriffomonyroidglandtitotaryorgans TH8 metabolicrate Nat K ATPase p umps moreATP heat use SNSresponse PHRrespiratoryratealertness effect ofgrowthhormone GH FetalNSdevelopment Hyperthyroidism TH s ecretion lowof Hypo resultsinlowmetabolismfatigueweight gain HRcold intolerance Hyperthyroidism TH highOF resultsinnervousnessanxiety insomniaTHRweightlossheatintolerance goiter Goiter enlargedthyroid proplem noTHlackof Iodine lose n egativefeedback TRH TSH Thyroid glandgrows Adrenalglands8 nearkidney connectivetissue Adrenalcortexglandular Adrenalm edullanervoust issue AdrenalMedulla8 9 by stimulated SNS releasesEPI NE intobloodstream SNSeffects HRBP Etc glucose Fattyacidsfor fuel sympathetic d ivision Adrenalc ortex8steroid h ormone Sexsteroids8Androgenstestosterone estrogen secondarysexcharacteristics malereprodevelopment in Utero 8 Mineralocorticoids aldosterone tellskidneystokeepNatto BP Glucocorticoids8cortisol stimulus stress fuel bloodglucose antiinflamitory antiimmune fat protein catabolism For Chronicstress SNS HRBP RBC's cat osteoclasts immuneresponse toreproduction growth Adrenaldisorders Adrenal insufficiency Addisonsdisease s ecretionof cortisol hypo aldosterone lowBPlowbloodglucoseanxiety fatigue secretionofcortisol cushingssyndrome Hyper osteoclasts muscleweakness immunesupport highbloodglucosehighBP redistributionoffat Endocrinec ontrolof growth Stimulussexhormonessleep exercise lowbloodglucose Hypothalamus GHRH somatostatinanterior pituitary GH liver 1OF1 celldivision glucose fattyac GH8bonegrowth osteoblasts muscle growth proteinsynthesis Dwarfism GH IGF 1 othergrowth factord eficiency Receptorinsensitivity Acromegaly8hyper secretionofGHafterepiphysealplates close bonethickeninghandsheadfeet enlargedorgans heart bloodglucose mimicsdiabetes secretion ofbitbeforeepiphysealplatesclose Gigantism hyper somesymptomsasacromegalybutwillbevery tall 8ft parathyroidglands PTH notregulatedbypituitarygland 4tinyglandsonposteriorsurfaceofthyroid bloodcut parathyroidglands PTHpeptide resultsina osteoclast osteoblast catexcretedbykidneys Pancreas Alphacells secreteglucagon bloodglucose Betacells secretesinsulin bloodglucose storesnutrients glucose glycogen fatstorageproteinsynthe  Glucagon cortisol EpiNedGH 94 9ᵗʰ 91 1 manyhormones bloodglucose only1hormone bloodglucose insulin RegulationofInsulinandGlucagon8 Duringmeal blood gthottaatrirrgoin.ua odglucose betweenmeat abloodliothmargagaganguoundbloodglucose Diabetes Type18 Destructionofbetacells autoimmune noinsulinsecretion 5 hyperglycemia bloodglucose Fatcatabolism act nerve bloodvessel damage dehydration Type28 Desensitizedinsulinreceptors obesity insulin responsiveness 95 same butmildersymptomsas type1 treat withdiet execise otherorganssecretehormonestoo heart liverkidneydigestivetract etc