Untitled Note PDF

Untitled Note Wed, Oct 02, 2024 12:01PM 1:22:14 SUMMARY KEYWORDS gender expectations, Republican motherhood, midwife occupation, Martha Ballard, cult of domesticity, true womanhood, sexual purity, moral sanctuary, enslaved women, prostitution causes, Dr. William Sanger, Harriet Jacobs, slave...

Untitled Note Wed, Oct 02, 2024 12:01PM 1:22:14 SUMMARY KEYWORDS gender expectations, Republican motherhood, midwife occupation, Martha Ballard, cult of domesticity, true womanhood, sexual purity, moral sanctuary, enslaved women, prostitution causes, Dr. William Sanger, Harriet Jacobs, slave girl, abolitionist activism, maternal bond Four gender expectation lectures, and then look at sort of a piece of propaganda, advertising Republican motherhood, and then we have our presentation scheduled so okay. So for quiz number two, what it covers is, if you open to page 10 of your syllabus, it addresses the section of chapter two on witchcraft And heresy that we did not cover on the first quiz, the witchcraft and heresy, and then definitely when we get week four. Chapter Three, all about the Revolutionary War and Republican motherhood that Dr rush the Judith rotary promoted education for women. And Chapter Four about true womanhood or domesticity middle girls, how slavery evolved, and the two presentations that we have scheduled for today on the history of prostitution and incidents in the life of a slave girl, I forget Jacobs. So questions deal with heresy of who was the most probably famous heretic in the colonial era? Remember who we talked about? What her violation was, accused of heresy. Dan Hutchinson, it reveals how severely society dealt with a woman who failed to conform to their gender expectations, and then witchcraft, and then a lot of questions about the Revolutionary War, the activity that you did on Monday, where you were talking about how the war impacted the diverse populations of women in North America, and were analyzing whether it was considered a revolution or not. That will help you prepare for that. And what you need is a scantron 882, just like you had for the first one. And then what we're talking about today, Republican motherhood, more about that and the cult of womanhood under domesticity. And one topic we haven't had a chance to watch part of a documentary yet, so I need to just share that with you. There was a question about it, so the highest paid occupation available to a woman, she could earn the most money or financial reward in the late colonial, early National Era, was working as a midwife to someone who helps women give birth and someone who helps families in a time of illness. And so that was the highest speed of occupations available to women, if she was a femme co bear who would be entitled to her money and compensation, the midwife was a femme co bear who would be entitled, though, to the money that she received or the payment, or Her husband, yeah, or her birth father, but generally, a woman would be more mature, and she had the birth experience herself. And so our best known midwife from the late colonial, early National Era is a woman named Martha Ballard, and she's very well known because she kept diaries of her experience for almost 50, almost 25 years, and every day, almost every day, she wrote in the diary. And the diary becomes a legal document, in some cases, because the midwife records when there's a word. She records when a woman makes a charge of rape, and that was probably the most famous criminal trial that Martha Ballard testified at when a woman became pregnant when her husband wasn't ready, because she was raised by other men. So really horrible things that she writes about in her diary, but also beautiful things about recovery and babies being born successfully. And Martha released very many babies at all when she was assisting women. And she also, with all of our concern about political modern medical care, she writes down records what she was paying. And essentially, her clients paid her according to their ability. So really, wealthy families paid her in shillings. She got money. Other people gave her like a chicken. They had similar financials, and she accepted it, and nobody tried to be cheap with Martha, she she kind of knew where they were economically, but they gave what they could in honor of her services. So it's a powerful account, and one of the things that makes it especially valuable is is I'd like us to watch part of the documentary, and I may have to assign it as a home project homework, but it recreates the scenes that she describes, so we get to see what it was like to live in an early national household. How did people cook? How did they sleep, what did they wear, how did they relate to one another? What type of social gatherings did they have? How did a midwife work? And the other thing is, the diaries got passed down in Martha Ballard's family, and eventually they ended up in the hands of an older descendant, who was female doctor by the 1930s and she made the agreement with the state of Maine that she would donate this collection of diaries if Maine would hire someone to transcribe them so that they could be read typed. Well, they hired a male historian in the 1930s and that person determined that only about a third of the diaries contained content that was worthy of typing out. The rest of this stuff, he said, were mundane, daily details. So there Martha Ballard's diary set at least in a temperature controlled archive. But people weren't accessing them because it was considered, oh, it's just daily details. But then, after the 1970s when the field of women's history emerges, people want to read about those daily details. And what historian who has now retired from Harvard, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, who wanted to specialize in women's history and was discouraged from doing so because her advisors told her that she wouldn't be able to find enough evidence and documents to write about women's history, and she wouldn't finish her research to give up she did, and she got permission to actually work with the diaries. And the documentary shows her a lot of times she has to wear less cotton gloves so that she doesn't get her oils on these delicate papers, and she produces a book that is awarded the Pulitzer Prize for history, which is the highest honor that a publishing historian achieved. So by working with what was considered insignificant, mundane, daily, daily details, it gave her insight into what it meant to be a woman in the late 18th century. So I hope that we get to that. But you would need to know that for a quiz as a freebie, what's the highest paid occupation available to women in this era that we're setting midwife, big midwife, and what's the famous midwife we talked about, Martha, Bella, everybody should get one point. Okay, so Sarah, elizabe is here sage is sage here? Georgia Natalia, Camila is here, Sienna here, Savannah Brenda is here, Breanna is here, Risa is here, Sean's here, Mesa is here, Lauren is here, Orlando is here, calamity is here, Milo is here. Danielle Harris got be here. Kaya is here. Yadira is here, Harmon is here. Debbie Bree Johnson, Victoria anachafor is here. Isabella, Mary Lasher, Wendy, Wendy and I emailed with you. Wendy, George is here. Lexi is here. Adriana Toby's here, Caroline, Sarah, strella, sudai, Michael is here and Josepha is here. All right, so let's look at the gender expectations for women. So in the 19th century, from chapter four, this set of expectations that your textbook calls the cult of true womanhood were also referred to as the cult of domesticity, emerges. So by poll cleaning, everyone buys into this. They adopt these traits and virtues and they act accordingly. And so the purpose of these emerging gender expectations is they really grow out of Republican motherhood, and let's review what was Republican motherhood about, to raise the next generation of boys to grow up and become What Republican and like small r Vietnam, our modern day Party Patriots and what are they supposed to do? Political dedicated to public service, being good citizens, because our democracy needed that right. The democracy is not going to succeed without dedicated, virtuous male citizens who are willing to put their own personal interests maybe aside to promote the common good, not unlike many people in this class who are helping people out with notes and so forth, right that we would be good Republican citizens helping each other out. Okay, so the cult of domesticity was intended to confine women to the private sphere, and let's talk a little bit about that. So we've already talked about a population where there was a men's world and a women's world very distinct. Both were valued, but there was specific spheres or world. Do you remember the population that we've already talked about that had two distinct word worlds? Lauren the Iroquois, and what were the two worlds that the Iroquois men and women were expected to occupy, the forest world and the village world, right? So, men's domain was the forest world, women's domain was the village world. Well, what we see happen here by the early 19th century is that there's a public and a private sphere emerging. And I'll write that word sphere kind of like rail where they belong. So they they're side by side, but they're supposed to be separate. You. And so in the public sphere, in this new democracy, is where politics are decided. So people, men, who are elected to public office, make decisions. That occurs in what we consider the public sphere. It's also where commercial production occurs commercial production that is paid. This is about profit. We normally talked in this class that both men and women worked right, but only self work is compensated financially. And so the work that is completed in the public sphere, with some significant exceptions, is financially compensated. The work that is completed in the private sphere, with a few exceptions, is not financially compensated. So this is men's domain, the public sphere, the private sphere that is to be focused on home and family, and there's plenty of unpaid work going on here, right? One that we could see sort of process would be if a woman goes to work in another person's home, it's like a domestic she might be paid to do that, but she's in their home. I just shared the highest paid occupation, the midwife. She's not going to hospitals. She's going to the homes in the very private spaces of those homes, right? Other women let her into their bedrooms. They let her into the most intimate parts of their lives because they need it for healing. And so there is some paper, but predominantly not. As the economy starts to develop and we become a little bit more industrialized, people are encouraged to pursue their self interest and profit, while we're also asking them to be dedicated to the public. So there's a little bit of tension in how people are supposed to conduct themselves, but society comes to recognize that sin and corruption and temptation prevails here in the public space, in the public space, and it takes the form of increased alcoholism. Sort of have significant problems with alcoholism and increase of prostitution as both the size and the scale, the number of cities, but also the size of cities grows. You see an increase in prostitution developing, and that's considered very immoral. And so we expect, then the homes the private sphere, to be these moral sanctuary environments where women work to instill a sense of virtue and morality against the corrected influence of the public sphere. Like us look around our classroom. Do we see mud? Dirty? But we don't actually see mud, so we would think of ourselves as this clean, pure, pristine, private sanctuary. And let's say that there's no asphalt out there. It's dirt, and it starts pouring rain. It's muddy. If someone from outside comes into the class, what are they bringing in with them? From that mud, that dirt from the public sphere. And so society recognizes that men go into public sphere, are going to be immersed in this sin and corruption and temptation, but then they impose on women. You keep them moral, you get them back on the moral path. But understand like you understand like there's going to be facing that mud it's going to spill into their private sphere. So the way this occurs is there's the expectations of the cult of domesticity, and then there is the reality i So here's the expectations that women are to embrace the fault of domesticity, or true womanhood, by embracing these Four Virtues. So first of all, they should be pious and the state of the pious, or piety means that they're very devout and religious. They should be concerned with the gospel. So we're talking about Christianity and predominantly Protestantism. So they should be reading the Bible. They should be sharing the Bible stories with their children, especially the way in which they're encouraged to conduct themselves, and they should be pure purity. And the type of purity we're talking about is sexual purity. So by the early 19th century, women are discouraged from the the from being particularly sexually active, and of course, we're expecting them to marry in heterosexual relationships, and so scholars who have studied this look at what happens. So do we know if they have sex before marriage? Well, we can look at surviving documents. So examinations of women in the colonial era reveal that in many areas where the documents give us insight, about 30% of the colonial brides were pregnant at the time of their marriage, and the surviving documents would be a marriage license, marriage certificate and a birth certificate. So it's not just nosy people in a community counting up. Are there nine months from the time they got married to when they had their peace baby? There are legal records that support that, and so as long as they were members of Puritan church was pretty rigid. They required husband and wife stand up for the congregation and publicly confess their sexual indiscretion. If their child was born less than nine months after their marriage or they would not get their baby baptized. So that was shameful, humiliating, but they weren't getting banished like Anne Hutchinson. That makes you feel better about their circumstance. Other churches weren't gonna pick on him so much. Well, they wouldn't know necessarily that what they had done before they married, but it's if that before they get that baby baptized, they have to just they wouldn't allow them to stay part of that church, the parenting church, loses a lot of members, so not just that they're kicking people out. But there's also religious awakenings that are more tolerant and people liked the more positive messages. Yeah, so there wasn't a huge stigma for most people, if they got pregnant before marriage, as long as they married by the time that baby was born. Okay, so, of course, people might gossip a little, but the big expectation was make sure that that child is born to a married couple. Why was it so important that babies be born to a husband and a wife? Legitimacy? And why is legitimacy so important to them? There's a sense of propriety, but it's also very practical. Sean inheritance inherited. So if this child is going to inherit a man's identity and status, we need to know that it's that man's child. And why did communities not want they had really bad names for children who didn't have a father married to their mother? Why was that so bad? What would the community be obligated to do? They have a mother with a child without a father? They have to care for them. People resent the need for charity and also just sort of the vulnerable nature of that family too, so there are financial liability. So what we know is about 30% of colonial brides were pregnant at the time of their marriage. Among this target population for the cult of domesticity, 10% 10% so we could say, well, maybe women are getting access to contraception and not getting pregnant if they have pre marital sex, but the type of contraception available to them was not particularly reliable, and we do know that it's by the mid 19th century that we first began seeing states pass laws prohibiting abortions, and the original reason behind those anti abortion laws was not about the fetus or the baby. It was about protecting women's health. Because women were dying, they don't yet have antibiotics, penicillin, if it was a surgical procedure, it can be very unsafe for women. And so the first laws are passed to protect women's health. So that's not necessarily a reliable reason. And then these women are becoming literate so they can read, and by 1850 90% of what we would consider middle, more affluent women can read at what we would equate today about an eighth grade level. So they might be challenged with your textbook. But if they were reading Sacramento Bee, they they'd be fine. They get good. So they are reading advice manual that tells them when they marry, like how to manage a household. So it's got recipes, how to make things, how to take care of the home, how to do laundry, how to get various yucky stains out of their clothes, all of that. And then in the back chapters, it's more private topics health related to sexual health, and they actually discourage women from frequent sexual intercourse. They warn women that they could quote, unquote, damage the female apparatus, and that it would lead to ill effects, so the more pregnancies that a woman had, the more exposure she is to a complication with that pregnancy and potentially a death. But they're essentially scary women, and so that is a plausible explanation why among the target population, there were great falls. Right? The colonial families having about seven, okay among our corporate domesticity target population three. So fewer kids, fewer brides are pregnant at the time of their marriage. So this purity expectation is getting through. We expect women to be domestic. She must marry a man. She must dedicate herself to motherhood. Motherhood was the most important role for a woman, so she needs to be focused on home and family and creating this highest moral sanctuary environment and women should be submissive, submissive to male authorities and submissive to the gospel. So who can do this? Who can dedicate herself to remaining confined to the private sphere focused on her home, on her family, middle class or over middle class, right? It takes affluence, because they don't need her to be bringing in money. She does work though or oversee work in the home. There is work always to be done in the home. Isn't there any idea I'm looking at you not going to not have work done in the home, but has to be, not necessarily compensated. So the reality is, is that this applies to privileged women. So the Middling Sort more affluent, and we also see that women come to be recognized as more interested in religion and morality. There's the Second Great Awakening in the 1830s these religious revivals, and by then, the Puritan church is really the rigid expectation did not survive well in our democratic society, but ministers find that women participate in these revivals at a rate of three to two for men, they are more interested in religion than men are. And it's interesting. I just read an article over the weekend about their evangelical Christian churches, they said, among the young adult population, you know, the ministers are saying, recognizing who are more active in churches, in groups and services today, young men so very different than this era, when it was more women were showing up. And so that solidif helps underscore this idea that women are more pious and pure and they're going to be concerned about the sin and corruption of the public sphere, especially the increase of alcoholism and growth of prostitution. Women see these as particularly damaging to the home, and we will talk more about the movements against alcoholism and prostitution, but that defies the moral integrity of the family and alcoholism exposed women and children to violence and poverty. So it wasn't just like immoral it's not good to drink alcohol. It was that it was really threatening and harmful to their well being. All right? So the reality is, is that it's more privileged women who can participate and and buy into the cult of domesticity, and some populations of women cannot. So a large group of women who are expected to conform to the cult of domesticity that's held up as these are the proper gender roles, though they cannot and that's enslaved women. Do they have is their sexual purities protected? No, no, they're exposed to sexual abuse and violence, above all the domestic emphasizes that women marry and be mothers. The Maternal bond for enslaved women is not protected. Marital relations are not protected. They're vulnerable. And this idea that women need to focus their energies and attention and work in the domestic sphere does not hold up under slavery, either, because once slavery grows by natural population, it's about an equal number of males and females, and so the Need for domestic labor, whether it be a large plantation or a smaller unit and small farm, maybe even a trade or a shop, they don't need that much domestic work. There's a greater need for agricultural work, and so women are assigned field work. Enslaved women are assigned field work, what would have been perceived as male work. So all of these notions about what it means to be a proper women, women, enslaved women, vulnerability and expectation does not create a situation where they can embrace from all of those expectations, and then in chapter four, you're reading about so they're free, and they are oftentimes recent immigrants take this job, hiring Irish the Irish immigrants, yes, they work in the factories that are starting to grow the mills. And the mills are hydropower, so they're located next to rivers. But the industry that attracts women is cotton. The growth of cotton and cotton impacts both enslaved women and male girls, so as they began producing more cotton by the early 19th century to a to manufacture workflows demand for it. So think about enslaved women being expected to grow and harvest cotton in the fields of the South, and for women in more than factories expected then to monitor the weeding lips. The weaving, and Henry Cabot Lodge creates a rationale for why women should do this work. Who had done the spinning and the weaving when it was done in the home for women, women and so factories are technically in the public sphere, but if he hired men to do that work, he would have to pay them money to support a family. He doesn't want to do that. So if he hires young women who would have been doing that spinning and weaving in the home, they can come here and do that. Their parents don't want them to do that, though, because if they send their daughters into the public sphere, it would be like walking out here into this mud fest. And if their daughters are not considered pious and pure, they weren't going to get those girls married off. They'll have bad reputations. So they need assurance that their daughter's virtue will be protected. How does Henry Cabot Lodge convince families that their daughter's moral integrity will be preserved? So they're living in dormitories, supervised dormitories, so these girls are working six days a week. So our notion of a 40 hour work week, five day work week does not exist. Six days a week has 1214, hours a day, depending on how busy the season was, and the one day that they have off would be Sunday, but they don't get to sleep in because to assure their parents that they're being virtuous and highest What are they doing on Sunday morning, going on church. Yeah, up. And then Sunday afternoon will be there one time for leisure to pass when they do their laundry and maybe write letters. And so while their virtue was being protected, and it was very strict, so if someone didn't follow the rules of conduct, they were kicked out. They couldn't live in the dorms. They can't work in the factories, and so it assured families that they were sending their daughters off to work in the mills and live in dorms where they would be living with reputable, well paid folks. The reality is is they're exhausted six days a week, hard work and the core reputation that film girls had when they went back to their communities wasn't that they were not virtuous or proper, it was that they would have a life more help because They were worked so hard and our expectations today, that we have a restricted work week, that we get over time, that our workplace is safe, that if we're injured on the job, we receive medical care coverage, none of that existed so if they're injured, the view was it was because of their own lack of attention and negligence, and so they can't live in the dorms because they can't pay the dorm they can't stick around there until they are making money. And so people who are injured just go back to their communities until they're well enough to work. So why would young women choose to be a mill girl. If they have choice for money, they're hoping to earn money, a little bit of independence, a little bit of freedom. They think, yes. So there and Henry cavillo and the mills have like magazines that are essentially propaganda that make it look idyllic, and then the letters that the older sisters sent to are the real deal, but it was maybe a better option than they had available to them. So I think that's powerful, just to think about how the need for cotton, the demand for cotton escalates, and what it leads to is this creation for especially immigrant and poor, rural girls in the mills, and increased reliance on the labor of enslaved people. What happened for enslaved women? And I now want us to take a look at a piece of propaganda produced during the Second Great Awakening. It is a sermon that many sermons, and what's a sermon? My God. Like a lesson. And where do people get this lesson? In church? So an advice given, or it gets published for this more literate population to read. And so in 1833 as part of the second grade awakening, Minister Abbott publishes mother at home advice to women. So I will ask this copy back, and I think two volunteers. It does not matter one's gender identity, although in 1833 it would have only been a man, but two volunteers in this class have always wanted to be had the opportunity to be a quiet, passionate minister, to read a paragraph for us, or just two volunteers who are willing to Read for us, anybody who's a paragraph Toby and Camila, thank you so much when you look at the this column that will column, and if there's something that's a little there's a couple of words that are different. These are, Like I said, strange. I All right, so as we read this, I want you to think about who is Minister Abbott telling mothers that they need to really focus on who should be the focus of their attention. And why is it mothers who have this responsibility? What is the responsibility? And why is it mothers, what are they supposed to do? And then, do you think that women would feel special and chosen and honored that they are being given this unique responsibility. So do they feel chosen and honored, or do they feel burdened like you have to do this? You see the difference. And Toby, do you want to come and speak from a podium, or do you want to share at your desks? Want to Read it over there? I thus far, because world has been composed with the generations of oppressed oppression and blood, war has scattered in its unmembered woes. The Cry of the press have has increasingly ascended to heaven, where we to look for influence which shall change the sea and fill the earth with difference of peace and beloved it is to the power, to the power of Divine truth, to Christianity, as taught from mother's lips in the vast majority of cases, the first six or seven years decide the character of The man if the boy leaves the paternal root uncontrolled. Turbulent and dishes, he will in all probability, rush in the Mad career of self indulgence, indulgence. There are exceptions, but these exceptions are rare. If, on the other hand, your son goes from home accustomed to control, to control himself, he will probably retain that habit in life. If he has been taught to make sacrifices of his own enjoyment that he may promote the happiness of those around him, it may be expected that he will continue to practice beloved and consequently, will be respected in your school. And if he has adopted firm resolutions to be faithful in all the relations of his life, he and all probability, will be a virtuous man and citizen and benefactor of his own race. Is try to speak up a little other causes May and carry it onward in its improvement, but the mothers of our race must be the chief instruments in its redemption. This sentiment will be their examining, and the more it is examined, the more manifesto and true it will appear it is a life to dictate of philosophy and experience, the mother who is neglected, reluctant personal effort and relying upon other influences from the formation of virtuous or proven children will find, when it is too late, that she is fatally there, the patriot who hopes that schools license and general education will promote the good order and happiness of the community, often, the government is neglected, will find that he is attempting to verify the scenes which are calling from a corrupt foundation and his internal influence, after all, which might must be, which must be the right handed in the hands of God and bringing back her guilty grace to duty and happiness. Oh, that mothers can feel this responsibility as they are. Men, would the world assume a different aspect then? Should we, less frequently, be bold, unhappy families and brokenhearted parents, a new race of men would enter upon the busy scene of life cruelty and kindly pass away. Oh, mother, reflect upon the power of your maker has placed in your hands. There is no earthly influence to be prepared. There is no accommodation of causes so powerful happiness or the miso the instructions God has constitute the Guardians. Thank you to our readers to quickly find someone, one other person, two people to share with. Who is Abbott telling these women they need to focus their attention on why? Why is it so important that they focus on this particular family member? What is it that they're doing? They discuss that with someone, and then may not all agree, if women are going to hear this message and feel chosen and special, or are they going to feel this message and their shoulders are going to slump? Okay? Who needs help finding someone to share with and share with three people, or, you know, two other people if you need to. Okay, so I clap. Yes, it's for women, mothers, but I, I think it's for like, lower grade, like low class, yeah, because, like she said when she was going on in the lecture, she said that the privileged women were most likely the highest the peer, because they accepted Just stay now taking care. But these male girls had to go somewhere else. Okay, you know, they have different struggles than just being happy to stay at home. Obviously, that's for before they have children, because male girls would sleep in dormitories. But I think the message was for them, so when they do have children, they take this on as a responsibility. What do you think? And do you know why I think it's like just to raise the kids and let them Go? Yeah, she says, if the mothers have a powerful influence over the welfare of future generation, right? And then it says, Your son goes from home to control himself, he will Probably retain that habit through life. That's the why I race. Okay, so the main purpose is so that he can be a virtuous man, estimable citizen, and a benefactor of his race. That's the wine. That's the whole reason why he's doing that. And then he says, what, what is to make sure that the women raise them correctly for the future generation. I think this is a good reason for what let me suggest to you that there's probably a sentence or two in this this is a good reason for what let me suggest to you that there's probably a sentence or two in this document that really stands out to you, right? And so one of the things you can do is write this down in your notes and cite it as being from Minister Abbott's advice to mothers. And this can form one of your golden nuggets for the first historical reflection. Here's his quoted sentence. This comes from advice to women in the early 19th century, informing women that they're expected to do. We'll talk about it just a minute and why that resonated with you. Okay, so then you've already got one of those golden nuggets done. So let's share who is Minister Abbott overall, telling women they need to focus on who should be the real focus of their attention and energy, their children, but their sons need special attention, and what is it that they're supposed to be doing for their sons to ensure that Their sons grow up to be virtuous and esteemable figures? Is So we want them to be raised to be religious moral, because they're going to be the next generation of leaders in this democracy. We don't want them uncontrolled and turbulent. Why do mothers have that responsibility of ensuring that their sons are raised to be virtuous and dedicated citizens? Why is it mothers? Oh, because they are able to bring the baby, they're the only ones that could give life. It says it in the last sentence, it says, God has constant constituted you the guardians and the controllers of the human family, because the women are having the children, they're having the children, and they're the Guardians, so they have a unique role as mothers, and I want to build on that. Yadira, Lauren, the mothers who wants their mothers for me, mothers to lead their children towards like their children, or allow their children their sons. Okay, so Lauren is focusing on Eve and Yadira is saying women are these special guardians. And so Abbott is producing this right in the era where he's saying these women, you need to be creating a moral sanctuary environment really act as moral guardians. And women, you need to be creating a moral sanctuary environment really act as moral guardians. And then in one of the sentences that Toby read that's on that right hand side, about three lines down, she who was first in the transgression, must be yet the principal earthly instrument in the restoration who was first In the transgression. So, because she's a woman, she's responsible for raising the next moral generation. Okay, so overcome for the mistakes of Eve centuries ago. So how many of you feel like women hearing this message would feel chosen and select like, really, it forced me to do this. Lauren, who else feels like women, not that you necessarily individually, but you feel like women would feel like, wow, this is empowering. It's a democracy. So I'm seeing about four or five people there, so essentially telling women, indirectly, through your role as mothers, you're ensuring the success of our society. How many of you feel like no women would feel burdened by this message, like a few more of you who from the chosen group wanted to tell us why you think women would find that special reason so I was raised to bring, I guess, like picture of religions growing up, like first Mormonism and later Islam, and specifically whenever, like my sister or family or other women that we knew were given like their responsibility. Meant for women. A lot of times when there was a specific role, even there that was, like, voluntarily taken up, because it was, like, empowered. So like, for example, like the hijab, it's not just like, oh, cover your hair, because that's just for your husband. It's it's a form of, like, a woman choosing to maybe look to phrase it more as like a woman choosing to feel that and so that would voluntarily make a lot of women feel like by upholding these things that they are like part of some I guess you could Say like chosen people in a way, so they feel chosen and special, and no one else can do it. And as Yadira pointed out, in a most peculiar sense, they've been entrusted. And that being said, I did want to say that retroactively, it makes a lot more sense for us to look back and say that this looks like it'd be more of a burden, but it depends on, like, how deeply religious leaders Good, good point. So if they really are religion, they're going to be religious. We'll go right along with that. Now I think that this is going to be received more. You want to tell us why, as I'm reading it and knowing the whole context to it, you explained how the men go out there, sin, blah, blah, blah, when they come to our home, we are responsible for make making that for being the moral sanctuary, right? Yes, yeah, that's a lot of responsibility. So for us, my perspective is we're not allowed to be sinful. We have to be perfect. Like it's too much stress on top of that, of having this moral sanctuary, of tending to the home and all of that. On top of that, I have to be the be the reason why my son is good, and if he's bad, it's my fault. Yes, that's my burden. Yes, because, and yetira, you have shared that you are a parent, yes. So it's actually telling these mothers, if your son goes from the home uncontrolled and turbulent, it's our it's because in the first six years, you didn't do your job. Yes, so some people don't like that, because kids are a little bit like playing poker, right? You can have skill and you can do the best, but you just don't always know how they're going to turn out. All the time, I speak on that because I'm doing a great job as a mom, but if my son ends up not being a great manly figure, it's because the dad wasn't in the home. It's because he lacks some guidance from the Father. Also, I did everything I could, and that's what I'm thinking about. Like these men are out there doing whatever it is they're doing, but when they come back home, they're expected to be treated like kings in the home, and we have to be their moral sanctuary, but nobody takes care of us. It's just me. So mothers are a significant influence, but they're not the only influence. Yeah, all right, so I'm going to ask you to return these, but if you want to take a minute to type out, or if you want to hold on to it, that's fine, too. So if you want to take a minute to write out one of the sentences that you want to use for a golden nugget, you may and you now have two presentations that go along with women who are not able to buy into the cultic domesticity. So the autobiography of an enslaved woman, the autobiography of an enslaved woman, and women are arrested for prostitution, held in jail, and then are served by a doctor. Dr William Sanger writes about the 2000 women he provided medical care too. So who would like to present first? Harriet Jacobs or the DR Williams Sanger? Lauren, I've got yours called up. Did you want to go first? Sure? All right, Hi, I'm Lauren. I'm fellowship hall, and we did our project on the history of cross section by Dr William so dr singer was a resident physician in the law Hospital in New York City in the 1850s he held conventional ideals on women's femininity, which was in line with the beliefs at the time. He wrote that the force of desire exists in women in a slumbering state until aroused by external influences, while men's sexual desire is aggressive. They thought that women couldn't have like their own sexuality, that women weren't like inherently sexual beings. So he thought that women wouldn't start a life of casual sex on their own, like in prostitution. They must have been driven to it through desertion, seduction, or being ill treated by their family. There must have been some catastrophic event that led to these women into a life of prostitution, and he maintained like a sort of middle class attitude towards female sexuality, and he recognized that these women used agency with the few opportunities that they had, just to do what they had to do. So he wanted to know what caused these women to become prostitutes. At the time, people considered it to be a lack of virtue. So, like, if they didn't have, like, chastity, or they didn't maintain high moral values, they weren't virgins. He just wanted to know, like, what was the cause? Was it a lack of virtue? So he interviewed 2000 women who were at the law hospital where he worked. Of the 2000 women, he found that most of them were young adults, teenagers, 15 to 20 years old. Say fifths of them were native born. So I believe he meant like born in the United States. Of the immigrants, 60% were Irish. A fifth of the women were married, so they weren't all like just unmarried women. 50% had children. 50% were domestic servants, and many of the women did contract syphilis the estimated length of life after they entered prostitution was about four years. So it wasn't a very long term thing, unfortunately. And while he interviewed 2000 women, he estimated that there was about 6000 prostitutes living in New York City at that time. So um, so there was this like graph at the beginning of the article, and he had interviewed these women to see, like, what were the causes? It looks like my format got a little messed up on the slide. But anyways, the number one cause was destitution. The second leading cause was inclination, which was considered to be like they freely sought to be prostitutes to satisfy their own like sexual passions. Women were abandoned. They were alcoholics and had the desire to drink, so they had to be able to afford it themselves. They were treated poorly by their family or their husbands. Some were persuaded by other prostitutes, etc. So he did interview. This is just out of the 2000 women the numbers that he collected. So at the time, they thought that it was due to a lack of virtue. But Dr singer didn't think that it that that was the cause. He thought that it was because of the relentless financial pressure on the four urban women. He found that destitution was the leading cause of prostitution, and he said it was a literal battle for life, and the result life is too often preserved only by the sacrifice of virtue. He shared the story of a 17 year old girl who had to care for her dissenting sister with no family assistance. At the time, the girl couldn't afford to maintain like rent, just like dating, like daily necessities and also things that were required for her to care for her sister, so she had to turn to prostitution in order to keep them fed. Unfortunately, her sister died a few weeks after she became a prostitute, but since the girl had already been defiled, she was unable to find work elsewhere, and had to continue living as a prostitute, and she ended up in the law hospital. Inclination was the second leading cause, which is considered to be a voluntary resort prostitution to gratify their own sexual passions. However, the stories that Dr singer shared were more about like women's alcoholism, whether they their alcoholism was not supported by their husbands, so they had to have their own money to like, support their habits. Or if they were put out by their husband because the women were alcoholics, or they were persuaded by other prostitutes, the third main reason that he discussed was ill treatment by their parents, relatives and husbands, he included several stories about women who had been abandoned by their husbands. For one girl, Father had like claimed that she was a prostitute. She wasn't, but her mother was a drunkard, and so she had no one to blame her and take care of her. So she was forced into prostitution because she had no familial support. Ultimately, Dr Sanger asserted that women were victims of men's callousness and their own lack of economic opportunity. asserted that women were victims of men's callousness and their own lack of economic opportunity. Yeah, he said it was a non performance of the husband's duty that urged nay positively, forced her to sit the man whose desert she compelled her to violate the law of chastity in order to support his children. So he's talking about, it's not the woman's like ultimately they did. The woman did still sin, but it wasn't of her own choice. She was forced into this position by a lack of support by her husband or her family. She didn't have an opportunity to gain, like men's wages like enough money to support her family. So it was this or starvation. Sandra targeted the main three audience. The first one is the lawmakers. He wanted to create more opportunities for women to find a better paid jobs. Second one is public health. He wanted to raise the awareness of the spray of social transmitted disease. Transmitted Disease. He wanted the woman to get treated and examined. And the third one is general public. He wants to reduce the negative judgment and encourage people to be more understanding and compassionate about propositions that they don't have Many choices in jobs and they have not many choice in work the context. The first one is the social expectation, the more woman should be married and depend on their husband if they're not married or options to choose and not many option of survival, So that to choose the prostitution second one is the lack of education, which means they have a fewer job opportunities. The third one is alcohol was the big impact of breaking families, so that's why women have to go out. Find more jobs to support their families and themselves. The last one is public health concern about the vulnerable diseases that were linked to the documentation do linked to the documentation. Who were the authors? Again, the author of the William Sanger, Dr William Sanger I so that's the doctor, or the like author's name, dr, William W Sanger, I don't know the full title of this article. Was the history of prostitution, its extent causes and effects throughout the world. So Dr Senger served women who were incarcerated hospital. What did he say was the average life insurance company started prostitute? Four years dead, and then she died. So unfortunately, it was a short means to an end. A lot of women entered prostitution in order to keep themselves alive when their families from starvation. Women had children, but it was not a long term means to an end, because typically, yeah, they did die approximately four years after they entered. Yeah, is it? Because? Don't specifically know? I would presume so, because when Syphilis is left untreated, it's very harmful to the body, but I'm not entirely sure. I don't know that it's specifically said in the article or in the preface to the article about that victim test disease and violence and violence. That makes sense when if you've been arrested, Other questions, comments, concern? No, all right, I asked a question, but We're going to keep going for the next presentation, and so we can come back to that on Monday. I think it would be good to hear from the class on that. She I didn't say the question, can we discuss it? I know, I'm going to keep it secret, and then you're going to Add, do for some reason, it's not really downloaded or so we have documented in the life of a slave girl by Harriet Jacobs, Adriana Wendy and Cody i is the summary so incident to the left of a slave girl is written by Gary Jacobs using the Linda Brandt. At age six, she became the property of Dr Who she refers to as Dr Flynn. Linda was 15 when Dr Flynn began to sexually abuse her. To escape his advances, she sought the conception of another white man, Mr. San who was a neighbor. When she returned to Dr Flynn, he continued to abuse her physically and mentally. There was a time he threw her down the stairs. Oh, I forgot to leave out. Do? Back from Mr. Stan, she did come back with two children, and that is who Dr Fletcher and to self. And when he found out about her second pregnancy, he kept her ear and struck her newborn salaries. A slave, she eventually escaped a decade later, but because of her profound attachment to her children, she remained nearby and her grandmother's attic ruined for seven years until she was able to take her children to escape to the north. The next slide is summer key points on enslavement. She was enslaved by age of six by Dr James. He was sexually abused. At the age of 15, she asked her children with a white man and Mr. Sam, she escaped to hide in her grandmother's attic. In 1842, she fled from her grandmother's to North. She successfully escaped to New York. Writing and narrative at the age of 48 she wrote and published incidents in the life of a slave girl in 1861 under the dome Linda Brandt, later in life, settled in New York. Still was an activism helping black African American women. Was also involved in American Equal Rights Association activism, actively working as a colonist. I advocate for both of allness, of women rights, believing the two moments were interconnected. So a little bit of our author. Her name was Harry Jacobs report. She was born in Edmonton, North Carolina, February 18, 13. Her mother was an enslaved African American. Father was a white male who was a carpenter. She was born into slavery, became a slave later at the age of six for Dr Flint, which is Dr narcom. And at the age of 16, she became pregnant with Joseph Second. Second child was Louisa. Father was Mr. Sands. In 1835, at the age of 22 she fled to she fled from her masters to hide in her grandmother's attic for seven years. In 1842 she moved to New York and worked as a nurse and domestic servant. In her last days, she worked at National Association of colored women and the American Equal Rights Association. She later passed in March 7, 1897 97 in Hume, New York, as she was aged 84 the attendant audience was alert of all of it for several reasons, she needed people to hear her story with the public, to alert them of a harsh reality of enslaved woman. She focused on women because they have more chances of being abused sexually. This is the main reason why she looked for more abolitionist, abolitionist because they understand her pain and share similar experience. They were they helped people escape from their master and gain freedom in the month of the United States and in Canada. We also believe that her intended audience was the middle class that were in the fact that they had little they had little experience with slavery, but because they shared that maternal feeling and they were all runners, her goal was to aim at that, because I definitely a dad. They are different, but they're mothers, and they shared that other vegan suit their children. It would create humanity, or it would break it down the race. So historical context during this time, as we heard in the class the North had the ideology of true womanhood, which were pure and reserved women. But this was even more south the women, they weren't reserved, and they were pure. They were they were violent and they were evil as They as as they abuse the slaves. Additional historical context, 1961 activity. Can you scroll to the first one? Sorry and the Civil War was in 1961 the same year that she released, or she published her book. I and we'll start with that on Monday, if we need to write down your questions over the me see if I can make it up bigger than