rev .pdf

## MODULE 2 ### History of Interior Design Reviewer ### ROOF FORMS * **BCE:** Before the Common Era * **BC:** Before Christ * **AD:** Anno Domini * **Latin of "In the Year of Our Lord":** in year 525 #### Part and Lintel A long, basic form of construction that involves a spanning member (the b...

## MODULE 2 ### History of Interior Design Reviewer ### ROOF FORMS * **BCE:** Before the Common Era * **BC:** Before Christ * **AD:** Anno Domini * **Latin of "In the Year of Our Lord":** in year 525 #### Part and Lintel A long, basic form of construction that involves a spanning member (the beam). #### Arch A structural support where the span is supported by a curve. #### Truss An assemblage of beams forming triangles, used to span greater distances. Two beams are placed on a flat and meet in the middle. | Beam or Lintel Construction | Simple Truss Construction | Semicircular Arch Construction | Segmental Arch Construction | |---|---|---|---| | | | | | #### Pediments A style of the space that forms the gable of a long, pitched roof and is usually filled with relief sculpture. * **Triangular** * **Segmental** * **Broken** * **Scroll** #### Columns Posts or isolated supports that hold up the beams/lintels. #### Mechanical Curves Formed using compasses and consisting of expanding or all of a circle. #### Free Curves Freehand sweeps and cannot be classified as either mechanical or mathematical. #### The Gregorian Calendar (Oct 1582) * Named after Pope Gregory XIII * Calendar most used in the world. #### Periods in History * **Prehistory** * Refers to the history before the invention of writing. * Stone Age to Ice Age. * **Ancient / Antiquity** * Documenting the rising empires of the Mesopotamian plains to ancient Greece and Rome. * **Middle Ages** * Deals with the upheaval of Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. * **Renaissance** * Rebirth of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. ## Early Modern * Deals with the expanding empires of Europe and exploration of regions. ## Modern * The drive of commerce, aided by the age of industrialization brought in the change of times. ## Elements of Art * **Line**: Most basic visual element, connection of two points. * **Color**: "Hue", Shape and Form: Shape builds on line and color, form is an actual, three-dimensional shape. * **Space**: Refers to an area and a period of time where objects and people exist, move and interact. * **Texture**: Feeling of the surface, real or represented. * **Balance and Symmetry**: The even use of elements. * **Emphasis**: To draw attention to one or more points in a work. * **Movement**: Sense of motion. * **Scale**: Relationship of parts to the whole image. ## Classification of Art * **Fine Art** * Artworks created primarily for aesthetic relations than functional use. * **Visual Art** * Includes all fine arts, new media, and contemporary forms of expression. * **Decorative Art** * Denotes functionality, but ornamental, art form. * **Applied Art** * Involves the application of aesthetic designs to everyday functional objects. * **Performance Art** * Public performance events. * **Plastic Art** * 3D works with materials that can be molded, shaped, or manipulated. ## MODULE 3 ### Lithic (Stone) #### Stone Age: First evidence of the evolution of the human species. Subdivided by 3 periods: * **Paleolithic** * **Mesolithic** * **Neolithic** #### Paleolithic Era * Old Stone Age, Homo erectus to Homo sapiens to modern humans. * First tool-making mammals representing art. * Hunter-gatherer societies. #### Stone Tools and Stone Art (AMAM) 1. **Acheulian culture** * Most critical and most dominant tool-making tradition of the Paleolithic Era. * **Cupules** - small hemispherical holes pounded into flat, sloping, or vertical rock surfaces. 2. **Mousterian culture** * Flake tool industry. * **Levallois technique** - method of chipping flint to make tools. 3. **Aurignacian culture** * Introduced more tools such as bone implements like points with grooves cut in the bottom for attachment to hands / spears / chisels. #### Aurignacian Rock Art 4. **Magdalenian culture** * Smaller and more sophisticated tools (barbed points to needles, well-crafted scrapers to parrot beak gravers). ### Mobility Art - Sculptures * Small scale objects that are transportable, often in the form of carved figurines. #### Venus Figures * General terms used to describe the statuettes of women found to belong to the Upper Paleolithic. * First depiction of obesity, mostly fertility symbols. #### The Lion Man of the Hohlenstein Stadel * Found in a cave in Southern Germany. * Made from mammoth tusk. * Oldest ivory sculpture as well as the oldest representation of a non-physical being. #### The Venus of Berekhat Ram and the Venus of Tantan * Berekhat Ram: * Found in the Golan Heights between Israel and Syria. * Venus of Tantan: * Found in Morocco. * Oldest figurine discovered. #### The Venus of Hohle Fels * Made from mammoth bone. * Oldest of all Venus figures and earliest undisputed example of figurative art. #### The Venus of Willendorf * Found in Austria. * One of the most famous and compelling Paleolithic sculptures due to its graphic depiction of obesity. #### The Venus of Brassempouy (Lady with a hood) * Found in Southwest France in a cave at Brassempouy. * Oldest known portrait of the human face dating back to the Gravettian era. #### Paleolithic Architecture #### Paleolithic Dwelling Typologies * **Huts** - oval shape and plane. * **Lean-tos** - often erected against walls of caves. * **Fents** - made of wooden posts and covered with skins that were weighed down with pebbles. * **Pithouses** - constructed by making a depression in the ground and surrounding it with a ring of bones or artifacts. #### Paleolithic Art * Artistic expressions produced during the Paleolithic. * **Petroglyphs** - images made by chipping away on the surface of the rock or cave face. * **Pictographs** - images made by the application of natural pigments extracted from soil, by hands or spitting. #### Parietal Art * Denotes all art found within the interiors of a cave. * **Relief sculpture** - works that project from the wall or other types of background surfaces. #### Pottery / Ceramic Art * Creation of objects mainly for cooking or storage vessels. #### Theories on the Functions of Paleolithic Art * **Totemism** - a micro-religious system, characteristic of hunter-gather tribal society. * **Shamanism** - a religious practice where there is communication with good and evil (contact spirits). ## MODULE 3 ### Types of Magic in Paleolithic Culture * **Fertility Magic** - to assist the pro-creation of useful species by depicting pregnant females or animals. * **Propitiation Magic** - used to pacify the dead. * **Death (Hunting) Magic** - weapons painted on animals were used as talismans to guide the hunter's aim. ### Mesolithic Period * The transitional era between the ice-affected hunter-gatherer culture of the Paleolithic and farming culture of the Neolithic.