NMAT Biology 2_Organ System Part 1 PDF

Systems of the Human Body. By: Mark Kenneth Dairo Recall TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Digestive System Function: responsible for breaking down food into smaller components that can be absorbed by the body for use in energy production, growth, and repair. Parts: mouth, esophagus, stoma...

Systems of the Human Body. By: Mark Kenneth Dairo Recall TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Digestive System Function: responsible for breaking down food into smaller components that can be absorbed by the body for use in energy production, growth, and repair. Parts: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus, as well as associated organs such as the liver, pancreas, appendix, and gallbladder. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY)  Digestive System Processes:. 1. Mouth - food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that help break down carbohydrates. 2. Esophagus - It uses a series of coordinated muscle contractions called peristalsis to move the food down to the stomach. 3. Stomach - food is mixed with gastric juices, which contain hydrochloric acid and enzymes that break down proteins. 4. Small intestine - The majority of the nutrients from the food are absorbed into the bloodstream. 5. Large Intestine - the remaining waste products are passed where water is absorbs and the waste is formed into feces. 6. Rectum and Anus - The feces are then eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during bowel movement. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Digestive System Key Notes! Peristalsis – coordinated muscle contractions to move the food in the digestive tract. Chyme – mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the stomach Bolus - Food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva Villi - The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area available for absorption. The liver produces bile, which helps break down fats in the small intestine. The pancreas secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, while the gallbladder stores and releases bile into the small intestine as needed. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Muscular System Function: responsible for the movement of the body and maintaining posture. Types: Skeletal muscle: attached to bones Cardiac muscle: walls of the heart Smooth muscle: walls of internal organs (e.g. small intestine, stomach, blood vessels) TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Muscular System Skeletal muscles. The largest and most numerous type of muscle cells in the body They are responsible for voluntary movements such as walking, jumping, and lifting weights. These cells are multinucleated and have a striated appearance due to the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments within the cell. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Parts of Skeletal Muscle TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Muscular System Smooth muscles. Smooth muscle cells are found in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive system, respiratory system, and blood vessels. They are responsible for involuntary movements such as the contraction of the stomach during digestion or the constriction of blood vessels in response to stress or injury. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped and have a single nucleus. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Muscular System Cardiac muscles. Cardiac muscle cells, also known as cardiomyocytes, are found in the heart. Responsible for the rhythmic contraction of the heart that pumps blood throughout the body. These cells are also striated, branched and have a single nucleus. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Integumentary System Function: It serves to protect the body from external damage, regulate body temperature, and help with sensory perception. Three Layers of Skin Epidermis: outermost layer and composed of keratinocytes. Dermis: second layer composed of collagen, glands, and elastic fibers. Hypodermis: the subcutaneous layer that contains fat and connective tissues. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Integumentary System Key Notes!!! Hair and nails are also part of the integumentary system. Hair is composed of keratin and grows from hair follicles located in the dermis. Nails are composed of keratin and grow from nail beds located in the epidermis. The integumentary system also contains several types of glands. Sweat glands produce sweat, which helps regulate body temperature and eliminate waste products. Oil glands produce sebum, which helps keep the skin and hair moisturized. Mammary glands produce milk in females. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Lymphatic System Function: maintain the body's fluid balance, remove waste and foreign substances, and help defend against infection and disease. It consist of Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Bone marrow. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Lymphatic System Lymphatic vessels: are thin-walled vessels that transport lymph a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, throughout the body. They are similar in structure to veins and have one-way valves that prevent backflow. Lymph nodes: small, bean-shaped structures located throughout the body along lymphatic vessels. They filter lymph, removing bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. Lymphocytes are also found in lymph nodes and help identify and destroy foreign invaders. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Lymphatic System Spleen: largest lymphatic organ and is located in the upper left part of the abdomen. It filters blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells, and also helps fight infections. Thymus: a gland located in the chest that plays a key role in the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps defend against infection. Bone marrow: spongy tissue found inside bones that produces blood cells, including lymphocytes TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes in the body. It relies on chemical messengers called hormones to communicate with target cells and tissues. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System The endocrine system is comprised of several major glands, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads (testes and ovaries). TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System (Glands) Pituitary gland The pituitary gland, also known as the "master gland," is located at the base of the brain and is responsible for regulating the activity of other endocrine glands. It produces several hormones, including: Growth hormone (GH): stimulates growth and development in children and adolescents Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): regulates the activity of the thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): regulates the activity of the adrenal glands Prolactin: stimulates milk production in lactating women TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System (Glands) Pineal gland The pineal gland is located in the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, and is shaped like a pinecone. It is for regulating the body's sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm. Melatonin: It is produced in response to darkness and helps regulate the timing and quality of sleep. It is also involved in regulating other physiological processes, such as body temperature, blood pressure, and immune function. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System (Glands) Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces hormones that regulate metabolism. The two primary thyroid hormones are: Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4): increases metabolic rate and is necessary for growth and development. Parathyroid Gland The parathyroid glands are small glands located in the neck. Parathyroid hormone (PTH): regulates calcium levels in the body. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System (Glands) Adrenal Gland The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and produce several hormones, including: Cortisol: regulates metabolism and helps the body respond to stress Aldosterone: regulates salt and water balance in the body Epinephrine and norepinephrine: help the body respond to stress Epinephrine/Adrenalin: act mainly as a hormone Norepinephrine/noradrenalin: acts as a neurotransmitter TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System (Glands) Pancreas The pancreas is a glandular organ located behind the stomach that produces several hormones, including: Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells Glucagon: raises blood sugar levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System (Glands) Gonads The gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) produce several hormones that regulate reproductive functions, including: Testosterone: responsible for male sexual development and function It regulates sex drives, bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of sperm. Estrogen and progesterone: responsible for female sexual development and function It regulates the uterus and the menstrual cycle. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System (Hormones) Key Notes!!! 1. Growth Hormone (GH): stimulates growth and development in children and adolescents, and helps regulate metabolism in adults. 2. Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4): regulate metabolism and energy production in the body. 3. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): regulates calcium levels in the body by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and increasing its absorption in the gut and kidneys. 4. Cortisol: helps the body respond to stress by increasing blood sugar levels, suppressing the immune system, and promoting the breakdown of fat and protein for energy. 5. Aldosterone: regulates salt and water balance in the body by increasing the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys. 6. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline, these hormones help the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Endocrine System (Hormones) 7. Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells, and helps store excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles. 8. Glucagon: raises blood sugar levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the release of glucose into the bloodstream. 9. Testosterone: responsible for male sexual development and function, and helps regulate bone density, muscle mass, and red blood cell production. 10. Estrogen and Progesterone: responsible for female sexual development and function, and help regulate the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and bone density. 11. Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, and helps promote bonding between mothers and infants. 12. Vasopressin (ADH): regulates water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY)  Summarize (Endocrine Glands) TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Nervous System The nervous system is a complex network of nerves, neurons, and other specialized cells that communicate with each other to control and coordinate the body's functions. It is the body's control center and helps to maintain homeostasis, or a stable internal environment, by responding to internal and external stimuli. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Nervous System The nervous system is divided into two main parts: Central nervous system (CNS): made up of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS): is composed of all the nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Nervous System The nervous system is divided into two main parts: Central nervous system (CNS): made up of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS): is composed of all the nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Nervous System (CNS) The brain is the command center of the nervous system and controls all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, emotion, and thought. The spinal cord is a long, tubular structure that runs from the base of the brain to the lower back. It carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Nervous System (PNS) The PNS is divided into two main parts: Somatic Nervous System: controls voluntary movements and sensations, such as walking and feeling a touch on your skin. Autonomic Nervous System: controls involuntary functions, such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Nervous System (PNS) Somatic Nervous System: Sensory System – Peripheral → CNS Motor System – CNS → Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic - “rest and digest” and occur when the body is at rest (digestion, relaxation, and slowing the heart rate.) Sympathetic - "fight or flight" response when the body is faced with a perceived threat or stressor. (increasing heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure) TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Nervous System (Neurons) Key Notes!!! Neurons have three main parts: the cell body, dendrites, and axon. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles. Dendrites: short, branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons. Axon: long, thin extension that transmits signals to other neurons or to muscles or glands. Neurons communicate with each other at synapses, where chemical neurotransmitters are released from one neuron and bind to receptors on another neuron. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY) Nervous System (Neurotransmitters) Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released from neurons and bind to receptors on other cells. 1.Acetylcholine: involved in muscle movement, learning, and memory. 2.Dopamine: involved in movement, motivation, and reward. 3.Serotonin: involved in mood, appetite, and sleep. 4.Norepinephrine: involved in arousal and the "fight or flight" response. 5.GABA: involved in inhibiting neural activity and reducing anxiety. 6.Glutamate: involved in stimulating neural activity and enhancing memory and learning. TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY)  Summarize (Nervous System) TENTEN’s Academy (BIOLOGY)